aliis erepta sunt. Ingratus est injustusque civis, qui armorum periculo liberatus, animum tamen retinet armatum ut etiam ille sit melior, qui in acie cecidit, qui in causâ animam profudit; quae enim pertinacia est quibusdam, eadem aliis constantia videri potest. Sed quia jam omnis fracta dissensio est armis, et extincta aequitate victoris; restat, ut omnes unum velint, qui modò habent aliquid non solùm sapientiae, sed etiam sanitatis. Nisi te, C. Caesar, salvo et in istâ sententiâ, quâ cum antea tum hodie vel maximè usus es, manente, salvi esse non possumus. Quare omnes te, qui haec salva esse volumus, et hortamur et obsecramus, ut vitae, ut saluti tuae consulas: omnesque tibi, (ut pro aliis etiam loquar, quod de me ipse sentio) quoniam subesse aliquid putas, quod cavendum sit, non modò excubias et custodias, sed etiam laterum nostrorum oppositus et corporum pollicemur.

XI. Sed ut, unde est orsa, in eodem terminetur oratio mea; maximas tibi gratias agimus, C. Caesar, majores etiam habemus. Nam omnes idem sentiunt, quod ex omnium precibus et lacrymis sentire potuisti. Sed quia non est stantibus omnibus necesse dicere, a me certè dici volunt, cui necesse est quodammodo, et quod volunt, et quod, M. Marcello a te huic ordini populoque Romano et reipublicae reddito, praecipuè id a me fieri debere intelligo; nam • laetari omnes, non ut de unius solùm, sed ut de communi omnium salute, sentio: quod autem summae benevolentiae est, quae mea erga illum omnibus sem

2. Non est stantibus omnibus necesse-When any Senator spoke, he stood up, but when he only assented to what another was saying, he continued sitting.

per nota fuit, ut vix C. Marcello, optimo et amantissimo fratri, praeter eum quidem cederem nemini; cum id solicitudine, curâ, labore tamdiu praestiterim, quamdiu est de illius salute dubitatum; certè hoc tempore magnis curis, molestiis, doloribus liberatus praestare debeo. Itaque, C. Caesar, sic tibi gratias ago, ut omnibus 3me rebus a te non conservato solùm, sed etiam ornato, tamen ad tua innumerabilia in me unum merita, quod fieri jam posse non arbitrabar, maximus hoc tuo facto cumulus accesserit. 4

3. Me......non solum conservato, sed ornato-Knowing Cicero to be an amiable man, from whom he had not much to fear, but might receive great benefit, Caesar with apparent pleasure pardoned and honoured him, after the battle of Pharsalia.

4.-Notwithstanding the honourable exertions of the Senate and Marcellus' friends in his favour, that illustrious Roman did not receive much benefit from their exertions and success. As he was returning to Rome he was basely assassinated at Athens, but by whose influence is unknown. Caesar has been much suspected of this secret villany, but Cicero acquits him of the accusation.

ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO.

INTRODUCTION.

THIS oration, which is said to have made Caesar tremble, was pronounced a short time after the oration for Marcellus was delivcred, and was similar to that in its subject. The facts, which oceasioned it, are as follow: Before there was an appearance of a civil war, Quintus Ligarius went into Africa in the capacity of Lieutenant to the Proconsul Caius Considius. So satisfactory was his conduct in this station, that when Considius departed from the province, he determined to gratify the inclinations of the people, and confide its government in the hands of Ligarius. Ligarius, after long and unavailing refusal, unwillingly received it, and resigned it with pleasure, when Attius Varus came to take possession of it. In the mean time the war between Caesar and Pompey commenced; and Lucius Tubero, with his son Quintus, was sent by the Senate into Africa to obtain provisions. Although Ligarius and Varus were of Pompey's party, as well as Tubero, they would not receive him, nor suffer him to put his sick son on shore. Being driven to Macedonia, Tubero then joined Pompey, and there took arms against Caesar; but, having seen his party ruined at the battle of Pharsalia, he aban doned his unsuccessful General, united himself to Caesar, and followed the conqueror to the Alexandrine and African wars. Afterwards when the war was concluded, and when Caesar had forgiven many, who had been opposed to him, the two brothers of Ligarius, who had ever been the friends of Caesar, and many of their relations interceded for his pardon. Caesar was much offended with Ligarius, and wished to reject the petition; but when he saw Cicero, Pansa, Brocchus, and others join in the request made for his pardon, he began to be inclined to grant it. At this time Quintus Tubero, son of Lucius, influenced by motives of revenge for not having been formerly received into Africa, and being therefore desirous to obstruct any favour, intended to be bestowed upon Ligarius, that he might effectually gratify his vindictive desires, brought forward an accusation against Ligarius, charging him with having prosecuted the war in Africa against Caesar with uncommon zeal and violence. Caesar, who was greatly exasperated against those, who through aversion to him had renewed the African war, was pleased by the accusation, and, being greatly prejudiced against the defendant, changed his former determination, and became resolved to sacrifice him to the gratification of his own revenge. Plutarch relates, that Caesar was so much prepossessed against Ligarius, that, when the trial came on, and he was told that Cicero intended to plead for him, he said, he saw no reason why he should attend to him, as it was evident that Ligarius was an enemy, and therefore criminal. He however permitted the orator to speak.

NOVUM crimen, C. Caesar, et ante hunc diem inauditum 1propinquus meus ad te Q. Tubero detulit, Q. Ligarium in Africâ fuisse: id C. Pansa, praestanti vir ingenio, fretus fortasse eâ familiaritate, quae est ei tecum, ausus est confiteri. Itaque, quò me vertam, nescio; paratus enim veneram, cum tu id neque per te scires, neque audire aliunde potuisses, ut ignoratione tuâ ad hominis miseri salutem abuterer. Sed quoniam diligentiâ inimici investigatnm est id, quod latebat, confitendum est, ut opinor, praesertim cum meus necessarius C. Pansa fecerit, ut id jam integrum non esset omissâque controversiâ, omnis oratio ad misericordiam tuam conferenda est, quâ plurimi sunt conservati, cum a te non liberationem culpae, sed errati veniam impetravissent. Habes igitur, Tubero, quod est accusatori maximè optandum, confitentem reum : sed tamen ita confitentem, se in eâ parte fuisse, quâ te, Tubero, quâ virum omni laude dignum, patrem tuum. Itaque priùs de vestro delicto confiteamini necesse est, quàm Ligarii ullam culpam reprehendatis. Q. igitur Ligarius, cum esset adhuc nulla belli suspicio, legatus in Africam cum proconsule C. Considio profectus est: quâ in legatione et civibus et sociis ita se probavit, ut decedens Con

1. Propinquus meus-It is unknown what connexion Tubero had with Cicero. The old scholiasts say, that he married a sister of the

orator.

2. C. Pansa-Pansa was a famous orator, and had much influence with Caesar. He was very serviceable to those, who, having been friends of Pompey, supplicated Caesar's forgiveness.

3. Itaque prius de vestro delicto, etc.-Tubero himself had fought against Caesar: it was impossible therefore, that he could accuse Ligarius, before he confessed his own criminality.

sidius provinciâ satisfacere hominibus non posset, si quenquam alium provinciae praefecisset. Itaque Q. Ligarius, cum diu recusans nihil profecisset, provinciam accepit invitus : cui sic praefuit in pace, ut et civibus et sociis gratissima esset ejus integritas et fides. Bellum subitò exarsit: quod, qui erant in Africâ, antè audierunt geri, quàm parari; quo audito, partim cupiditate inconsideratâ, partìm caeco quodam timore, primò salutis, pòst etiam studii sui, quaerebant aliquem ducem: cum Ligarius domum spectans et ad suos redire cupiens, nullo se implicari negotio passus est. Interim P. Attius Varus, qui praetor Africam obtinuerat, Uticam venit ad eum statìm concursum est; atque ille non mediocri cupiditate arripuit imperium: si illud imperium esse potuit, quod ad privatum, clamore multitudinis imperitae, nullo publico consilio deferebatur. Itaque Ligarius, qui omne tale negotium cuperet effugere, paulùm adventu Vari conquievit.

II. Adhuc, C. Caesar, Q. Ligarius omni culpâ vacat: domo est egressus, non modò nullum ad bellum, sed ne ad minimam quidem suspicionem belli : legatus in pace profectus, in provinciâ pacatissimâ ita se gessit, ut ei pacem esse expediret. Profectio certè animum tuum non debet offendere; num igitur re

4. P. Attius Varus-Varus was the first, who took possession of Africa on the part of the republick; but, being afterwards defeated by Caesar, he fled with Sextus Pompeius into Spain, and was killed in the battle of Munda..

5. Si illud imperium, etc.—By a law of the people, the power of a magistrate must be conferred upon private persons by a decree of the Senate: Cicero therefore seems to doubt, whether the authority conferred by Considius upon Ligarius could with propriety be called imperium.