gestures of the hands are requisite to be used along with language, as Artemidorus says. He has even declared in "those works of his which remain, that if a public speaker "should dream that he had many hands, he might expect the most fortunate events of profit and honour from his studies "in oratory. In my judgment, therefore, the hand may properly be called a second tongue, because nature has adapted "it by the most wonderful contrivance for illustrating the art "of persuasion." "Since then nature has furnished us with two instruments "for the purpose of bringing into light and expressing the "silent affections of the mind, language and the hand; it has "been the opinion of learned and intelligent men, that the "former would be maimed and nearly useless without the "latter; whereas the hand, without the aid of language, has produced many and wonderful effects."** 66 2 The contents of Cresollius's 9th chapter are in the following strong expressions: Manus divinæ mentis opificium mirabile, rationis et sapientiæ ministra. Sine manu eloquentia nulla. à doctis ea ponitur inter præcipua recitantium adjumenta. ... Cous Homo inquam plenus consilii et divinitatis, truncus modo atque stipes videri potuisset, nisi hoc mentis interprete atque internuncio fuisset ornatus. medicorum omnium coryphæus manuum usum esse dixit κάλλισον διδασκαλεῖον, optimum dicendi magistrum. Clarissimus D. Basilii frater. negat futuram in nobis vappov φωνὴν articulatam quasi vocem εἰ μὴ παρῆσαν αι χεῖρες τῷ σώματι, nisi in corpore manus extitissent. Itaque Sapientes apud Egyptios, qui sacras notas adinvenerunt, sermonem inquentes, γλῶσσαν καὶ χεῖρα ὑποκάτω, linguam subtusque manum pingebant. (Horus in Hyeroglyph.) Vates anonymus de manu, ย Pugnat, ludit, amat, bacchatur, vertitur, astat, Illustrat verum, cuncta decore replet. : Nimirum fatendum est in manu sita esse omnia: hæc vim et colorem addit Cresollius, after this passage, refers, as an example of the extraordinary effects of the eloquence of the hand, to the stories told by Philostratus concerning Apollonius Tyanæus during the period of his Pythagorean silence.-How he quieted many seditious cities by his looks and gestures alone; and above all, how he obliged certain monopolists of Aspendium in Pamphylia, to sell out their corn to the starving people, and so saved their governor, whom they were going to put to death and all this without speaking a single word: Philostratus indeed allows that in the last instance, he wrote a pretty strong sentence for the consideration of Aspendian monopolists. Whatever effects the eloquentiæ, hæc dictioni robur et lacertos adjungit, quæ alioqui languida et humi repens et defecta viribus obsolesceret.`. . . Hinc factum fuisse videmus, ut manus quoque apud Onirocritas sermonem significet, quod una cum sermone, manuum quoque motus requireretur, ut ait Artemidorus, (l. i. c. 45.) qui etiam monumentis suis prodidit, oratori in agendis causis nobili et honoris studioso felicissimos eventus portendi, qui se plures manus habere somniaverit. Manum proinde linguam veluti alteram jure quispiam meo judicio nominaret, quam natura maximo quasi artificio fabricata sit ad suadam illuminandam. . . p. 289. ... Quare cum duo nobis instrumenta natura concesserit ad tacitas animorum affectiones in lucem et cognitionem expromendas, sermonem atque manum: docti homines et polito judicio præditi existimaverunt, illum sine hac mancum esse ac prope inutilem : manum autem sine copia orationis multa et eximia præstitisse. Ib. 4 Caussinus speaks of the hand in the same manner. Membrorum omnium totius humani corporis, manus ut habilissima et in omnem partem motu facillima; ita etiam ut multiplicis habitus artifex et varia significationis est index. De Eloq. Sac. et Prof. l. ix. 5 Philostratus de Vita Apollonii Tyanensis. 7. i. c. 16. Edit. Olearii, p. 19. Τιμῶν δὲ τὸ τῆς σιωπῆς δόγμα, γράφει ἐς γραμματεῖον ἐπίπληξιν, καὶ δίδωσιν ἀναγνῶναι τῷ ἄρχοντι, ἡ δὲ ἐπίπληξις, ὧδε είχεν. *Απολλώνιος σιτοκαπήλοις Ασπενδίων. ἡ γῆ πάντων μήτηρ, δικαία γάρ. ὑμεῖς δὲ ἄδικοι ὄντες, πεπόιησθε αυτῶν αυτὴν μόνων μητέρα.. καὶ εἰ μὴ πάυσεσθε, ἐκ ἐάσω ὑμᾶς ἐπ ̓ αὐτῆς εσάναι. Ταῦτα δέισαντες ἐνέπλησαν τὴν ἀγορὰν σίτε, καὶ ἀνεβίω ἡ πόλις. But reverencing his obligation to silence, he wrote a remonstrance on a tablet, and gave it to the prefect to read. The remonstrance was in these terms: "Apollonius to the monopolists of Aspendium. The earth is the the countenance and the gestures of the hand may have towards obtaining the attention of an angry mob, to what a grave personage might have to say; and we have high poetical authorities for this much; 7.9 neither experience nor poetry authorize us to attribute much greater effects to dumb shew; words must be added. Having supported on sufficient authorities the general importance to the orator of attention to the gestures of the hand; I proceed now to enter upon the detail of some of the most usual and necessary of its positions and motions. The ancient Roman critics and orators attributed considerable importance to the manner of disposing the fingers in delivery: 10.11.12.13 attributing "mother of all, and she is just. But you in your injustice have made her the mother of Jamque faces et saxa volant, furor arma ministrat : Ille regit dictis animos, et pectora mulcet. Fert animus calidæ fecisse silentia turbæ Qui postquam voce manuque tumultum Composuit vultu, dextraque silentia fecit. "Seneca implies thus much in this exclamation: Virg. En. 1. Per. Sat. 4. Met. l. i. Lucanus. Senec. 1. iii. cont. O digitum multum significantem! "Cresollius thus explains the præcept of Cicero. Nulla argutia digitorum.—Sunt vero digitorum celeres quædam et subtiles motiones, quales præstigiatorum esse consueverunt qui fucum faciunt, oculosque illudunt. Hinc manus argutæ furum dictæ, quæ celeriter to each particular disposition of them a significancy or suitableness for certain expressions, of which we do not always see the force. We may be allowed to conjecture from the gesticulations of the fingers used by the modern Italians in common discourse, that the value of these dispositions has been handed down to and admitted by them. As matter perhaps rather of curiosity than of absolute use, yet immediately connected with my subject, I shall report what Quintilian has said upon the fingers: and then shall borrow from him what appears most suitable to my purpose. Fig. 43. "It is a very common gesture to bend down the "middle finger to the thumb, and to extend the other three "This gesture is suited to the opening of an oration; and is "moderately extended with gentle motion towards either side, "at the same time the head and shoulders sensibly accompany "the direction of the hand. In narration this gesture should be "decided and then a little more advanced; in reproach or argu"ment, it should be sharp and earnest. For it is extended farther " and more boldly in these parts of the discourse. But it is a " vicious custom to push it so far towards one side, as if aiming emicant et è conspectu modo abripiuntur, modo emergunt et in omnem partem cientur. Cresoll. Vac. Aut. 1 Suetonius de Tiberio Cæsare ita memorat, vix unquam loquebatur sine molli quadam digitorum gesticulatione. Suet. c. 68. Cresol. Vac. Aut. 13 Cresollius thus describes certain awkward gestures of the hands: Novi senatorem unum è curia, virum amplissimum, judicio vere magno et exacto, sed qui externam actionem non opere magno curet. Vix sententiam potest unquam dicere quin sinistram manum alterius manus digitis fricet obiter atque scabat, seu prurigine titillante, seu consuetudine illiciente, seu fixa in gravibus negotiis mente, quæ proinde minus cogitet de externis. Nonnunquam vero lævam manum ad pectus applicatam et quietam leviter alia et subinde quatit manu. Aliquando terit utramque manum, ut fieri ab aliis solet, qui inter utramque volam crebra manuum agitatione terere aliquid atque imminuere volunt: quod ipsc tamen rarius facit atque lentius. Cresoll, Vac. Aut.p. 364. " at the left shoulder; though some stretch their arm across " even in a more faulty manner, and gesticulate with their elbow. Fig. 44. "The two middle fingers are also contracted under "the thumb. This gesture is still more vehement than the former, and is not suited to the exordium or to the narration. Fig 45 and 66. "But when the three last are bended in"wards and are pressed down by the thumb, then that finger "is extended, which, as Cicero says, Crassus used to such advantage. This gesture is used in reproach and indication "from which last it has its name, (index.) And, when the "hand is raised and turned towards the shoulder, it affirms "by a small inclination. When turned towards the earth and pointing as it were downwards, it is urgent; sometimes it "stands for a number. Fig. 46 and 47. "This finger also when its upper joint is lightly held at both sides, whilst the other two fingers (but "the little one less so), are moderately bended, is proper for "disputation. Fig. 48. "But they seem to dispute with more eagerness "who rather hold the middle joint, contracting the last fingers "the more in proportion as the first go down. Fig. 49. That gesture is also well suited to a modest oration, in which, lightly collecting together at their points "the four first fingers, the hand is brought near to the lips or |