4 Enamels for Sheet Steel. maple floor, the coarser material on the bottom and the finer on the top. This pile is thoroughly mixed by shovelling, and is loaded into an electric elevator, which hoists it to its bin. There is a bin for each different kind of enamel, and a travelling bucket which holds a melt (abou 1200 lbs.) carries the mix to the tank furnaces where it is melted into a liquid glass. These tank furnaces are regenerative, reverberatory furnaces like those used in the manufacture of glass, and natural gas or crude oil is an ideal fuel for them. However, in the older enamelling works, coal is used directly, and in the later ones producer-gas is used as a fuel. The temperature required for smelting the different enamels varies from 1000° C. for a glaze to 1300° C. for a ground coat, and, in most enamelling works, pyrometers are installed to assist in controlling these temperatures. Each furnace will give seven or eight melts in twenty-four hours. After the enamel is melted into a liquid glass, a fire-clay plug in the front of the furnace is pulled out and the glowing liquid stream plunges out and is caught in a tank The reaction is terrific and the of cold running water. glass mass is torn and shredded, cracking into small pieces like popcorn, each of which is a myriad of microscopic seams and fissures. This "quenching," as the process is called, toughens the enamel and facilitates the process of grinding which comes next. The water is drained from the tanks, leaving the "enamel frit." This is shovelled into pans (a certain weight to a pan) and is ready for grinding. In the mill room, the enamel frit is ground in large ball mills for about thirty hours. These mills are cylindrical, about 5 feet long and 6 feet in diameter, and are lined with porcelain bricks. The frit is put into them with 50 per cent of water and several per cent of white ball-clay. For the white cover-coat enamels, tin oxide is also added. The mill revolves and the constant impact of the flint stones against the glass particles grinds them to an impalpable powder, which mixes with the water and the clay, forming a mass which has the consistency of rich cream. This is loaded into tanks, where it is allowed to age a week or so. Application of the Enamel.-From the mill room the enamel is taken to the dipping room, where it is put into tanks that are like large dish pans. These are sunk into The slusher tables, and at each tank a slusher works. takes the stamped-out steel vessel, which has been thoroughly cleaned, and plunges it into the enamel. When taken out, the wet enamel forms a thin film over the entire surface. By a gentle swinging motion, the excess of enamel is thrown off, and the vessel is placed bottom down on three metal points projecting from a board. Three or four vessels are put on a board; these are placed on racks and when the vessels are thoroughly dry they are carried to the furnace room. The furnace room contains a long bank of mufflefurnaces, and in these the ware is put after drying. The temperature in these furnaces is about 1000° C., and here the little powdered particles of enamel are fused together in a solid glass coating over the vessel, the process requiring from three to five minutes. Each coat is burned separately. For instance, we have a pudding pan that is to be a three-coat white inside, It is first dipped in the turquoise-blue mottle outside. ground coat enamel, the excess is shaken off, and the vessel put on a three-pointed rack and dried. After drying, the enamel stands in little grains all over the surface of the ware, adhering to the metal on account of the raw clay ground with it. At this stage every care must be taken, for a scraping, even of the finger nail, would take off some of the powdered particles of the enamel. This pan is then put into the muffle of the furnace, and the heat fuses all the little particles together, leaving a tight-holding vitreous coating all over the surface of the vessel. This fundamental coating is nearly black, due to the oxides of cobalt and nickel which it contains, and shines with a glass-like lustre, Jan. 3, 1913 It After the vessel has cooled at the ordinary temperature of the room, it is again brought to the slushing room, and here is covered with an enamel-this time a white. black bead is brushed around the rim. On account of the goes through the same process as before, except that a dark colour of the first coat showing through, this second coat, after it is burned, has a grey appearance, and is The vessel is ΟΙ "first white.' grey coat called the " again sent to the slushing room, and is dipped into a white enamel, the excess shaken off, and before drying the bluegreen enamel is sprayed on the outside. This spraying process was at one time done by dipping a wire brush into the wet blue-green enamel and the slusher shaking it over the surface of the vessel, causing the blue enamel to fall in little speckles all over the white In most factories, however, spraying machines, enamel. which work on the principle of an atomiser, have been installed. A tank full of the coloured enamel stands over the table and the enamel is forced out through a nozzle in a spray by compressed air. The flowing of the enamel is controlled by the foot of the slusher as he holds the The vessel is then dried and the vessel in the spray. coating is fused in the muffle-furnace, the result being The finished ware is assorted into three lots: firsts, turquoise-blue spots on a white blackground. seconds, and job lots. Some of the seconds and job lots are fit for re-dipping. They may have some little spots where the original vessel was not properly cleaned, and where, on account of the rust or dirt, the enamel did not adhere. These spots are filed or are held under a sand-blast until the exposed surface is perfectly clean, and then the vessel is covered with another coat of enamel. There are schemes for saving money in all manufacturing plants, and in the enamelling business a large part of the profit comes from the residues. For instance, every bit of enamel is scraped from the tanks and tables, all sweepings from floors are saved, and all the waste water from the various departments is first carried into catch basins, and every few days these are cleaned and the residue, which has settled to the bottom, is taken out. The residues from all these sources are again melted with the proper amount of fluxing material and colouring matter, and this dark coloured enamel is used for coating the cheaper wares. A German White Enamel.-In order to give an idea of the composition of a white cover-coat frit, such as is used on cooking utensils, and to show the method used by ceramists to calculate its so-called molecular formula, the 1911 edition of the "Taschenbuch für Keramiker," p. 18, is following enamel, the formula of which is taken from the used: Felspar 38.6 per cent, quartz 19 per cent, borax 15'4 per cent, cryolite 117 per cent, saltpetre 6.5 per cent, calcite 6.5 per cent, fluorspar 13 per cent, and magnesium carbonate 10 per cent. Enamel Materials.-All the materials used were practically pure except the felspar, which was a pegmatite of the following composition : Per cent. 70.66 16.85 5'93 4.61 0.52 0'41 I'02 01528 00572 0.0855 00119 00920 0'7725 0.0806 0.1841 (a) A complete description of the manufacturing of this enamel, and of the physical properties of a ware coated with it, is given by the writer in "A Comparison of Ten White Enamels," in the Trans. Am. Ceramic Soc., xiv. (b) Molecular equivalent equals per cent used divided by M.W. Straits Settlements; Frederick Lyle Grützmacher, Technical College, Rockhampton, Queensland; Max Hilbert, Hamburg, Germany; Tanjore S. Natrajan, Bikshandarkoil P.O., Srirangam, Trichinopoly ; Carl Alfred Nowak, B.Sc., 2739, Mildred Avenue, Chicago, Ill., U.S.A. Of the following papers, those marked were read :*290. "The Change in the Boiling points of the Trioxide and Tetroxide of Nitrogen on Drying." By HERBERT BRERETON BAKER and MURIEL BAKER. As a result of a private communication from Prof. A. The above total corresponds to the following molecular Smith as to the volatility of dried calomel, the authors formula of enamel :: found, on consulting their notehook containing the description of the experiments on the vapour density of dried nitrogen trioxide (Trans., 1907, xci., 1862), two instances in which the liquid had failed to boil rapidly at 15°. A specimen of the liquid had fortunately been kept, which had been allowed to remain over phosphoric oxide for three -Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, iv., years. This was sealed off in bulbs by immersing the No. 8. PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES. CHEMICAL SOCIETY. Prof. PERCY F. FRANKLAND, LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the Chair. THE PRESIDENT referred to the loss sustained by the Society, through death on November 9th, of Prof. John William Mallet, LL.D., F.R.S., of the University of Virginia, who was elected a Fellow on December 15th, 1857, and an Honorary and Foreign Member on March 2nd, 1911. Certificates were read for the first time in favour of Messrs. Neil Kensington Adam, 21, Barton Road, Cambridge; Crellyn Colgrave Bissett, B.Sc., B. Met., 10, Claremont Place, Sheffield; Daniel James Davies, B.Sc., 177, Le Marchant Road, St. John's, Newfoundland; James Henry Edmondson, Newcroft, Urmston, Manchester; Ulick Richardson Evans, The Kier, The Common, Wimbledon; Alfred Leslie Howells, Bank Field, New Mill Road, Holmfirth; Peter Thomas Leitch, care of John Edgar, Esq., 176, West George Street, Glasgow; Thomas Joseph Nolan, M.Sc., 32, Newmarket, Dublin; Cornelius Theodore Pollard, B.Sc., 21, Wharncliffe Road, Broomhall Park, Sheffield; Siddons Siddons Wilson, 154, Burges Road, East Ham, E.; Bertrand Turner, B.Sc., 55, Golden Hillock Road, Birmingham. Certificates have been authorised by the Council for presentation to ballot under By-law I. (3) in favour of Messrs. James Crawford Douglas, Christmas Island, whole in liquid air, and two of these were placed in tubes containing nitrogen, dried by contact with phosphoric oxide. After six months' keeping the bulbs were broken, and the boiling point of the liquid at atmospheric pressure (757 mm.) was found to be 43°, instead of -2°, which is the boiling point of the ordinary liquid. On cooling the tube to +10°, green drops formed at once, showing that undissociated nitrogen trioxide was present. When a small quantity of nitrogen, dried by passing through a long column of phosphoric oxide, was admitted to the apparatus, the very small quantity of moisture which it contained produced vigorous dissociation, and the expansion blew out the stopper. It has also been found that dried nitrogen tetroxide could be kept at a temperature of +69° without boiling. The ordinary boiling point of this liquid is +22°. Further experiments on the boiling-points of dissociable substances are in progress. *291. "The Tendency of Atomic Weights to Approxi mate to Integral and Semi-integral Values." By ERNEST FEILMANN. (Will be inserted in a subsequent issue). *292. "The Constituents of Taraxacum Root." By FREDERICK BELDING POWER and HENRY BROWNING, jun. The material employed for this investigation consisted of the air-dried fresh roots of taraxacum (Taraxacum officinale, Wiggers). collected in the autumn from plants grown in England. The root was found to contain an enzyme which slowly hydrolysed amygdalin, and an alcoholic extract of the root, when distilled with steam, yielded a small amount of a yellow essential oil. From the portion of the alcoholic extract which was soluble in water the following compounds were isolated :(i.) p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, C8H8O3; (ii.) 3: 4-dihydroxycinnamic acid, C,H8O4; and (iii.) choline, C5H15Ó2N. The aqueous liquid also contained a quantity of sugar, which apparently consisted chiefly of lævulose. The portion of the alcoholic extract which was insoluble in water consisted of a soft oily resin, amounting to 1.8 per cent of the weight of the root. From this material the following compounds were obtained :-(i.) Two new monohydric alcohols, taraxasterol, C29H47 OH, and homotaraxasterol, C25H39 OH, from which several derivatives were prepared (i.) cluytianol, C29H46O(OH)4; and (iii.) palmitic, cerotic, and melissic acids, together with a mixture of unsaturated acids consisting chiefly of oleic and linolic acids. The degree of dissociation at a given concentration and the rate of dissociation with dilution depend on the nature of the solute and the solvent, a condition which is paralleled by the ionic dissociation of salts dissolved in various solvents. DISCUSSION. Mr. THOLE agreed with the President that tartaric acid and its esters were undoubtedly associated, and that the degree of association would be influenced by racemate The so-called "taraxacin" and "taraxacerin" of earlier formation. investigators are regarded as indefinite mixtures. *293. "Studies in the Diphenyl Series. Part III. Diphenyldiphthalamic Acids and Pyronine Colouring Matters containing the Diphenyl Group." By JOHN CANNELL CAIN and OSCAR LISLE Brady. Diphthalamic acids of benzidene, tolidine, and dianisidine are produced by the interaction of phthalic anhydride and the diamine at 100° in the presence of nitrobenzene. They condense with resorcinol in the presence of zinc chloride to give colouring matters of the formula C6H4 CO NH C6H3R·C6H3R•NH·CO C6H4 These colouring matters are also obtained by heating a mixture of (i.) the diamine, phthalic anhydride, and resorcinol with zinc chloride; (ii.) fluorescein, the diamine, and the hydrochloride of the diamine; and (iii.) the di. phthalimino-derivative of the diamine with resorcinol and zinc chloride. On bromination they yield octabromo-derivatives which can also be obtained by heating eosin with the diamine and the hydrochloride of the diamine. The reaction appears to be a general one, as it takes place when di- and tetra-chlorophthalic or succinic anhydrides are used instead of phthalic anhydride, and when diethyl-m-aminophenol is substituted for resorcinol. Condensation takes place also with quinol, catechol, and pyrogallol, but in these cases the colouring matters produced are brown, and probably have a constitution different from the above. DISCUSSION. Dr. J. T. HEWITT drew attention to the interesting difference existing between the compound obtained by the authors and fluoresceinanilide. The latter was a colourless substance, and probably had a lactam constitution. *294. "Viscosity and Association. Part III. The Existence of Racemic Compounds in the Liquid State." By FERDINAND BERNARD THOLE. The application of the viscometric method to the solution of the problem of the existence of racemic compounds in the liquid state has been extended to a much wider range of substances, both in solution and in the fused state. The results obtained for viscosity and other physical properties have also been correlated. In the present work the results obtained show that the majority of dl-liquids and solutions are merely conglomerates. Under this heading fall ac-tetrahydronaphthol, heptan 8-ol, octan-6-ol, carvoxime, octyl hydrogen phthalate, and ethyl mandelate. On the other hand, distinct evidence of the existence of a liquid racemate has been found with dimethyl and diethyl racemates and l-menthyl r-mandelate. To these may be added the cases of racemic acid and perhaps r-mandelic acid previously investigated. In the cases where racemate existence in solution has been substantiated dissociation is very considerable, and increases with increasing dilution of the solution, This point had, in fact, been brought out in a previous communication on this subject. In reply to Dr. McKenzie's question as to the identity of solutions prepared from racemic acid and from equal quantities of the enantiomorphs, the author stated that this point had been tested and the identity of the solutions established. The menthyl mandelates had been investigated, both in the fused state and in solution in amyl acetate. Although this liquid was one of the least dissociating solvents, dissociation of the racemic solute was very considerable, and probably in dissociating solvents such as alcohol or water dissociation would be practically complete. 295. "Condensation of a-Keto-B-anilino-aß-diphenylethane and its Homologues with Phenylcarbimide and with Phenylthiocarbimide." By SIDNEY ALBERT BRAZIER and HAMILTON MCCOMBIE. a-Keto-B-anilino-aß-diphenylethane and phenylcarbimide when heated together yield desyl-s-diphenylcarbamide (I.). This compound, on treatment with alcoholic hydrogen chloride, loses the elements of water, yielding 1: 3:4:5tetraphenyl-2 3-dihydro-2-glyoxalone (II.). The reaction has been extended also to the compounds in which aniline has been replaced by o-, m-, and p-toluidine, and by B-naphthylamine :— The phenylcarbimide has also been replaced by phenylthiocarbimide, resulting in the production of 1:3:4:5tetraphenyl-2 3-dihydro-2-glyoxalthione (III,) and its homologues. : The glyoxalones and the glyoxalthiones were found to be very stable substances, unaffected by acids, alkalis, or phosphorus pentachloride. The glyoxalones yield salts with picric acid, but not with hydrochloric acid. These picrates can be divided into two classes, namely, (1) those formed by the aniline, p-toluidine, and B-naphthylamine compounds are red, and consist of 2 molecules of the base combined with I molecule of picric acid; and (2) those formed by the o- and m-toluidine compounds are yellow, and consist of the base and picric acid in equimolecular proportions. 296. "Influence of the Sodium Salts of Organic Acids on the Rate of Hydrolysis by Alkali." By GEORGE Senter and FRITZ BULLE. The main results of the investigation are as follows:1. Sodium salts of organic acids, like the corresponding salts of inorganic acids, have only a slight effect on the rate of hydrolysis of ethyl acetate in alkaline solution. 2. Sodium salts of organic acids accelerate the hydrolysis of sodium bromoacetate by alkali to a still greater extent than do the salts of inorganic acids. 3. This effect has been traced, taking the case of sodium acetate as typical, to the intermediate formation of esters of sodium glycollate (for example, sodium acetylglycollate), which are hydrolysed by alkali as fast as they are formed. 4. From the extent to which the hydrolysis of ethyl acetate by alkali is retarded by monosodium salicylate, a provisional estimate of the second acid dissociation-constant of salicylic acid at 20° has been made, 297. "Photo-kinetics of Sodium Hypochlorite Solutions." By WILLIAM CUDMORE MCCULLAGH LEWIS. Aqueous solutions of sodium hypochlorite, both neutral and alkaline, are photochemically decomposed, the principal products of decomposition being sodium chloride and oxygen. This reaction cannot be brought about with measurable velocity by heat rays alone, the active region being the blue-violet end of the visible spectrum and the ultra-violet region. By means of suitably coloured filters it is possible to reduce the velocity of decomposition to zero. Since the photochemical decomposition is in the same direction as that followed, although very slowly, in the dark, the effect of the light is a catalytic one. The reaction proceeds completely after sufficient exposures, no measurable equilibrium point being obtained. 298. "Constitution of Aconitine." (Preliminary Note). By OSCAR LISle Brady. On treating aconitine with concentrated nitric acid a vigorous action takes place, and from the reaction mixture a compound can be obtained, which crystallises readily from alcohol and melts and decomposes at 200—205°. This compound gives a strong nitroso-reaction; the solution in aqueous potassium hydroxide, on warming, becomes brown, and the substance cannot be re-precipitated with acids. By distillation with potassium hydroxide, dimethylamine was obtained. From the mother-liquor, after acidifying, acetic and benzoic acids were isolated, indicating that the benzoyl and acetyl groups of the aconitine remain in this compound. The substance is a carboxylic acid, and forms a silver salt; this is, however, unstable, and deflagrates on heating, and attempts to determine its molecular weight have given very discordant results. The following results were obtained on analysis: -C-53.8; H-55; N=5·8; OMe = 12'4 per cent. So far as can be judged, this compound is a simple benzenoid substance containing at least one methoxy and one carboxyl group, and the dimethylamino-, nitroso-, acetyl, and benzoyl groups. An aqueous solution of chromic acid precipitates from an acid solution of aconitine an insoluble dichromate, C34 H47O11N, H2Cr2O7. This substance on warming with dilute sulphuric acid gives a viscid mass, which was not further investigated. By the action of potassium permanganate in acid solution a crystalline substance is obtained, which is identical with that to which Carr (Proc., xxviii., 253) has given the name oxonitin. The author's analytical results (Found, C=59'5, 599; H=64, 64; OMe 18.2 per cent) and molecular weight determination by the ebullioscopic method in chloroform (431) agree well with the formula, C23H29O9N, assigned to this substance; other properties, such as solubility and melting point, also agree. The suggestion that the substance is a carboxylic acid seems unlikely in view that it is insoluble in cold alkalis; it seems probable that the compound is a ketone or an aldehyde, as there is some indication of the formation of a semicarbazone, but the preparation is rendered difficult owing to the insolubility of the compound. This substance has also been obtained in much better yield by the action of potassium permanganate in neutral solution. From the mother-liquors after separation of oxonitin a crystalline bromo-compound was obtained melting above 300°. (Found, C=409; H=5'4 per cent). 299. "Properties of Mixtures of Ethyl Alcohol, Carbon Tetrachloride, and Water." By THOMAS HENRY HILL. Ethyl alcohol and carbon tetrachloride give a mixture boiling constantly at 65.2° and containing 16:05 per cent of the former component. The above three liquids also give a constant-boiling mixture, which distils at 61.8°, and has the following percentage composition as ascertained by the middle-point distillation method of S. Young:Carbon tetrachloride, 86.3; alcohol, 10'3; water, 3'4. 300. "Behaviour of Brass on Heating in Hydrogen at Temperatures below the Melting - point." By ERNEST ALFRED LEWIS. While making some experiments to ascertain if oxygen was an essential constituent of brass, the author noticed that on heating brass in pure dry hydrogen at a temperature of between 700° and 800° zinc volatilised to a large extent. In the preliminary experiments the brass was heated for one or two hours, and it lost under these conditions from 10 to 20 per cent of its weight. Further experiments were made, in which the brass was heated for three, six, nine, and twelve hours. It was found that the whole of the zinc could not be driven off even after twelve hours' heating, 3 or 4 per cent of zinc remaining behind. The following result is typical of the experiments. 1'001 grm. of very pure brass containing 69.85 per cent of copper lost o 272 grm. on heating for twelve hours, and the resulting metal contained 96.68 per cent of copper. It was further found that if small quantities of tin were present in the brass it did not volatilise, but lead was found to be practically completely volatile. It was noticed that beautiful microscopical crystals of zinc formed in the cooler part of the tube, but the greater part of the zinc condensed as globules. Another remarkable result of the experiments was that the metal, after heating, did not become brittle at all; in fact, a piece of sheet brass, heated in hydrogen until a large proportion of its zinc had volatilised, was found when cold to be quite soft and not in the least brittle like a cast and rolled copper sheet would become under the same treatment, due to loss of oxygen. It may now be considered as proved that chemically combined oxygen is not an essential constituent of alloys of copper and zinc as it is of copper. 301. "Inositol and some of its Isomerides." By HUGO MULLER. The author has continued his investigations on inositol and some of its isomerides, and showed that scyllitol, which was prepared from certain organs of plagiostomous fishes by Staedeler and Frerichs (Journ. Prakt. Chem., 1858, lxxiii., 48), and quercine, obtained from acorns by Vincent and Delachanal (Comptes Rendus, 1887, civ., 1855), are identical with cocositol isolated by the author from cocos-palm leaves, and described in 1907 (Trans., xci., 1767), and, as scyllitol was the first of these substances to be discovered, this name will be retained in future to represent them all. The author described the action of solutions of hydrogen iodide and hydrogen chloride in acetic acid on inositol hexa acetate, inositol, scyllitol hexa-acetate, and scyllitol, and showed that the action of hydrogen chloride gives rise to the formation of inositolchlorohydrin, C6H6C1(OH), (m. p. 1850); inositolchlorohydrin triacetate, C6H6CI(OH)2(O·CO CH3)3 (m. p. 145°); and three isomeric modifications (a-, B. and ) of inositolchlorohydrin penta-acetate, C6H6C1(O CO CH3)5, which melt respec tively at 247°, 110°, and 118°. From the mother-liquors of the products of all the abovementioned reactions two new isomerides of inositol were isolated, namely, isoinositol, which crystallises in large transparent crystals melting at 244°, and yields a crystallised hexa-acetate (m. p. 112°), and -inositol, which is a microcrystalline substance, very soluble in water; the acetate is amorphous. Scyllitol hexa-acetate, when heated with hydrogen with those formerly obtained by the same reaction from bromide in glacial acetic acid, gave derivatives identical inositol hexa-acetate. by Alkalis." By DOUGLAS ARTHUR CLIBBENS and FRANCIS 302. "Catalytic Decomposition of Nitrosotriacetonamine FRANCIS. The discovery of a method whereby triacetonamine can be readily prepared in quantity has led to a re-investigation of the decomposition of the nitroso-derivative of this base by means of alkalis. It has been found that the nitrosoamine is catalytically decomposed by hydroxyl ions, giving nitrogen and a nearly quantitative yield of phorone. This method is by far the easiest yet described for the preparation | pound, or to rupture one of the rings, or to obtain the of this unsaturated ketone. initially desired compound, Experiments have been carried out in aqueous and aqueous-alcoholic solutions with varying concentrations of sodium hydroxide, the corresponding values of the constant for a unimolecnlar reaction being determined by measurements of the rate of evolution of nitrogen. This kinetic investigation of the reaction has shown that in all probability the decomposition, except over a range from about o'05N- to o'3N-NaOH, will afford a method for the quantitative determination of hydroxyl ions, comparable to that which Bredig and Fraenkel have found for hydrogen ions in the decomposition of diazoacetic ester. 303. "Chlorides of the Mercurialkyl- and Mercurialkylaryl-ammonium Šeries, and their Constitution as based on Conductivity Measurements." By PRAFULLA CHANDRA RAY and NILRATAN DHAR. The preparation of the following compounds was described:-(1) Mercurimethylammonium chloride, (2) mercuriisobutylammonium chloride, (3) mercuripiperazinium chloride, (4) mercuribenzylammonium chloride, (5) mercuribenzylmethylammonium chloride, (6) mercuribenzylethyl •NH CHÍ 2-Phenyl-14: 5: 6-tetrahydropyrimidine. ammonium chloride, (7) mercuriethylenediammonium CPhCH2CH2 measurements. ammonium type of salts. 304. "Position-isomerism and Optical Activity; Halogen Derivatives of Methyl Dibenzoyltartrate." By PERCY FARADAY FRANKLAND, SIDNEY RAYMOND CARTER, and ERNEST BRYAN ADAMS. The preparation and properties of the dichloro-, dibromo-, and di-iodo-benzoyl derivatives of methyl tartrate were described. In each series the order of the rotatory power of the compounds, para>meta>dibenzoyl>ortho, is maintained. The rotations were determined in the fused state, and over a range of temperature from about 20° to 100°. The rotations as a whole diminish with rise of temperature, but the rotation of each of the ortho-compounds attains a maximum value below the melting point, as already found by one of the authors in the case of ethyl dibenzoyl- and of ethyl and methyl di-o-toluoyl-tartrates. Incidentally, the anhydrides of p-chloro- and m- and p-iodobenzoic acids have been prepared. 305. "Reactivity of the Halagens in Organic Compounds. Part VII. The Formation of Intermediate Compounds in the Hydrolysis of Sodium Bromoacetate." By GEORGE SENTER and THOMAS JOHN WARD. The effect of sodium acetate and of sodium formate on the rate of hydrolysis of sodium bromoacetate has been measured, and the intermediate formation of sodium salts of glycollic esters has been proved by comparison of the results with those to be anticipated on the view that consecutive reactions take place during the hydrolysis. The rate of hydrolysis of acetylglycollic acid and of sodium acetylglycollate in neutral and alkaline solution, and the influence of neutral salts on the rates of reaction have been measured. Evidence was adduced to show that during the hydrolysis of sodium bromoacetate in fairly concentrated solution the reaction proceeds mainly by means of the intermediate formation and hydrolysis of sodium bromoacetylglycollate. 306. "2-Phenyl-14: 5: 6-tetrahydropyrimidine and Benzoyl-ay-diaminopropane." By GERALD EYRE KIRK WOOD BRANCH and ARTHUR WALSH TITHERLEY. Numerous attempts to prepare benzoyl-ay-diaminopropane, NH2CH2|3 NH COPh, from ay-diphthalimino propane as starting-point proved unsuccessful. It is not possible to eliminate one phthalyl residue from this com Tautomeric change Benzamidine NHz[CH2]3`NH COPh Benzoyl-ay-diaminopropane. previously been obtained in an impure form as an oil by 2-Phenyl-1:4: 5: 6-tetrahydropyrimidine, which has Pinner (Ber., 1893, xxvi., 2122) is a crystalline solid, melting at 72°, which is not very soluble in water. Its Oxalate melts at 175°, and hydrogen oxalate at 180°. On benzoylation the base yields tribenzoyl-ay-diaminopropane, NBZ2 (CH213 NHBz (m. p. 144°). Benzoyl-ay-diaminopropane crystallises in transparent prisms melting at 46°. It is readily soluble in water, and its oxalate melts at 196°. On benzoylation it yields s-dibenzoyl-ay-diaminopropane (m. p. 151°). 307. "The Magnetic Rotation of Binary Mixtures." By FRÉDÉRIC SCHWERS. In a binary mixture of liquids, between the changes of density C, and of magnetic rotation Cr, there is a ratio Z (rotation constant), which possesses as a whole the same properties as the ratio A (refraction constant) between the changes of density and those of refractive power Cn. The common points are: 1. For a given system, Z is independent of the concentration. 2. The value of Z diminishes with the decrease of wave-length. 3. The value of Z is characteristic for each system, and follows some general rules, as, for instance : (a) If we consider the mixtures of one liquid successively with the different terms of an organic series, Z decreases from the first term upwards. (b) If we compare the solution of a liquid in water and in alcohol, we find a higher Z-value for the last-named solution. (c) The values of Z in a carbon disulphide solution are much smaller (three to six times) than in the case of the corresponding aqueous solution; the mixtures with carbon disulphide are also particularly interesting, because they show that the general rules are the same, whether the mixture undergoes a dilatation or a contraction (aqueous mixtures). 4. In case the mixture undergoes electrolytic dissociation, Z increases with the dilution ( = ionisation). The difference consists in the fact that Z is always smaller than A. For the aqueous mixtures examined, Z has the average value of one-third of A; but this cannot be regarded as a general rule, as it is only one-sixth for carbon disulphide mixtures, |