He had no incentive. His interests therefore centred on the out-ofschool occupations where his energies had some outlet. Neither his teachers nor his parents seem to have known the real boy well enough to appreciate his needs.

It is plain that this boy needed first of all proper medical attention. The next step should be to take him out of his class and place him in an educational environment where his faculties may be sounded, and where he may develop his abilities in a normal and organized manner. A special class of the right kind may answer the purpose; but a removal into an entirely different régime, such as a laboratory school on the order of "Herbart Hall" can provide, would be far better, also because it would counteract the vitiating effect of the stigma which is now attached to him in his present environment, and because his parents have apparently not the slightest idea of what their boy really is. He has much in him to make eventually a useful and prosperous citizen.

The following are a few examples taken from a series of rapid examinations made on pupils of a New Jersey township which is exceptionally well situated. These children are all from the poorer classes of that township.

Case 95.-F. G., boy, 74 years old. Boy has no home, is boarding, and has no regular home influences at all. Report is that he is nervous; perspires freely; suffers from biliousness and headaches; has had inflammation of bowels and much bronchial trouble. Disobedient, but very unhappy when punished. Pupil of first grade with an excellent record in art, manual work, writing and story-telling, but backward in reading and number.

Clinical Findings.-Diminished vision in right eye; apt to confuse color names, either because he is color-blind, or because he has no confidence in his own judgment. Visual and aural memory very defective. The same lack of memory-power is shown in his attempts to follow a series of simultaneous directions.

Immature in understanding of language elements, but in contradiction to the school report is found to read rather well and understandingly from the primer, with excellent expression. Can also tell stories from pictures very nicely. In number-work he is slightly behind his age, but exhibits fair ability to learn. He surprised most particularly in his rational and prompt solution of the form-board problem, and by his handling of the picture-arrangement test, which he would have undoubtedly

solved completely had it not been for his lack of confidence in his own judgment (cf. naming of colors). He showed fair idea of construction, and drew crudely but naturalistically, in perspective, and with much detail and action. He carries an air well.

The boy is slightly retarded, of a constructive and artistic type, and perfectly able to get along in school if he is given training commensurate to his needs. He needs loving care and home life, eventually in a good institution. His bodily condition requires medical attention.

Case 96.-A. W., girl, 10 years old. One of twelve children, burdened with bad heredity and handicapped by filthy home conditions. Has had rheumatism in knee, and is suffering from constant headaches. Still in second grade, with very poor progress, although she is good and obedient. Does well in manual work.

Clinical Findings.-Tactile sense practically undeveloped. Has adenoids and enlarged tonsils. Her teeth are neglected. She has a distinct speech defect.

Her visual and auditory senses are normal, but her memory is very weak. While she has some power of primitive association, her general intelligence is very low. She has a good idea of form, but no idea of construction. Purely mechanical in execution of manual tasks. Her drawing is crude, primitive, and helpless. The only spark of real intelligence was shown in her correct arrangement of the picture test, which would evidence a certain amount of cunning, at least.

Owing to her defective intelligence and adverse home conditions, it would seem best to place her under custodial care, especially as there is moral danger ahead of her. Medical attention may bring some relief.

Following are a few cases of brothers and sisters which illustrate the influences of heredity and home environment even more strikingly:

Cases 97 and 98.-D. B., girl, 13 years old, and W. B., her brother, 111⁄2 years old. Poor and neglected home conditions, with many adverse influences.

D. is the oldest of six children. In spite of the dirtiness of her home, she keeps herself clean, in contrast to her filthy-looking brothers, of whom only one was examined. She is emotional, does not seem strong, and the condition of her blood is not good. She suffers from sick-headaches, ill-healing wounds, menstrual troubles, and enlarged tonsils. She is still in the third grade, and her school progress is reported as unsatisfactory.

Clinical Findings.-Her visual and auditory memory very limited; she cannot retain units in her mind sufficiently securely to organize them. Willing enough, but hesitating and distrusting herself in all she does.

Command of oral language good; shows some reasoning power. In fact, her quickness in sizing up a situation and in doing some other judgment tests was surprising as compared with some of her failures. She is well capable of following a long list of simultaneous directions, and when given time and some suggestions to start her, is able to solve some of her practical problems satisfactorily.

If she could be given the opportunity of healthful environment and training, she would have a fair chance of redeeming herself. Institutional care (not custodial) would be best for her under the circumstances. Since she is the oldest child, she is kept home from school the greater part of the time, and when she does attend, she is kept busy out of school hours, helping with the household and the other children, thus being deprived of time for rest and healthful play, and of the opportunity of concentrating on her educational needs. She also requires medical attention.

W., her brother, is in the same grade (!), and the work he does is generally poor, except in number, writing, and manual work.

Clinical Findings.-Health fair, nutrition poor. Enlarged tonsils. In height and weight he is more like a boy of 13. Left-handed. Suspicion of astigmatism which, if present, may account for his difficulty in spelling and reading. Visual and auditory memory unreliable in matter of order, memory span short. Of the primary word-picture, he recalled all of the thirty-one images; of the elementary one, only sixteen out of twenty-eight. This is, however, a fair showing as compared with his memory for detached units. His train of ideas is logical, and he gives sufficient evidence of rational thought in many ways. He understands a situation, and has good ideas of form and construction. Prompt and eager in response. Difficulties discourage him easily, but he is ready to try when encouraged. Of an active and inventive type, having some ability in drawing, with an interesting method of his own.

Needs encouragement and special attention, possibly first in a special class, better in a special school (home school). He has sufficient intellectual and constructive stamina to become an intelligent and useful member of society if the effect of his home conditions can be overcome. Cases 99 and 100.-R. B., girl, 13 years old, and T. B., boy, her brother, 10%1⁄2 years old.

R. B. is the oldest of six children, of whom five are living. Home conditions very poor and filthy, and she is neglected in body and dress. No diseases reported. Second-grade pupil.

Clinical Findings.-Looks frail and poorly nourished, with dark circles under her eyes. Undersized. Teeth very poor.

While her vision and hearing seem normal, there is doubt as to her ability to hear articulate sound accurately. Visual and auditory memory weak; can retain more units by sight than by hearing. Power of asso

ciation fair. Reading and spelling bad; has no conception of phonics. Oral expression disconnected and vague.

On the other hand, she shows that she understands well what she reads, and gave most surprising evidence of good reasoning ability, of the power of quick judgment, and of almost immediate perspective of a situation (in the picture-arrangement test). Prompt and eager in her response, and apparently perfectly capable of learning. Has a good mathematical mind, and seems to be naturally active and progressive.

She needs first of all removal from her unhygienic home and an opportunity to live a healthy life. A parental school will do great things for her, but she will also do well in a special class if she can be taken care of away from her home.

T. B., her younger brother, is the product of the same unfortunate home conditions, of course. Has been subject to many diseases, including stomach troubles, rheumatism, and convulsions. His left eyelid droops, and vision is weaker in left than in right eye. Diminished hearing in right ear. Suffers from chills and fever, and acts as if he were out of his mind when thus affected. Conduct is good. In second grade, like his sister, and school progress slow.

Clinical Findings. His physical condition alone would be a sufficient cause of his mental torpidity. His memory is weak, and he is very immature and helpless in oral expression. His enunciation is faulty, either from imitation of poor language, or from lack of accurate conception. Number concept underdeveloped.

On the other hand, like his sister, he showed some good judgment and the ability to approach problems of situations with a rational process, so that he cannot be considered mentally defective in the full sense of that term. He exhibited interesting constructive ability and originality in building. His drawing is primitive.

He is certainly very backward for his age, and needs special training badly, preferably in a parental school or similar institution. It would seem, however, that attention to his bodily needs, removal from his bad home environment, and special training will develop his latent faculties as in the case of his sister.

Cases 101 and 102.-J. U., boy, about 13 years old, and R. U., his brother, nearly 11 years old. Both are the products of a very unfortunate heredity and home environment, with immorality, filth, and neglect.

J. U. is in the fourth grade, and does excellent work in number, being "fair" to "poor" in everything else, except manual work, which he does well.

Clinical Findings.—Undersized and underweight; nutrition poor. Vision so defective that he cannot see clearly. Left ear slightly affected, and he has a general difficulty in catching articulate speech. Does not

locate sound well with his left ear. Teeth very defective. His speech is much affected by these conditions. Tactile sense underdeveloped. Visual memory slightly better than auditory memory, sufficiently so to make him more dependent upon his vision than upon his hearing. But, as vision is defective, his "eye-mindedness" is rather a drawback.

Language expression poor. But he understands directions and the content of stories. He showed surprising ability in the completion test and in the logical categories. His mathematical conception is good, but he does not readily grasp a situation. Good idea of form, but very inaccurate in construction. In drawing, he is crude but has the idea of perspective and action.

If this boy, with his gifts and defects, cannot be removed from his home environment and placed under institutional care of the right kind, he will probably grow up to be a menace to society. His physical defects need medical attention.

R. U. is still in the second grade and his school progress is poor all around.

Clinical Findings. He is undernourished and neglected. Teeth need attention badly and he has a speech defect similar, it is reported, to his mother's. Visual and auditory memory weak. Vision in right eye suffers from rapid fatigue; this eye seems also to have a restricted field of vision. Hearing in left ear diminished.

Almost illiterate and his idea of number is limited, although it would seem that here he is teachable. Good idea of form, but little conception of construction. His graphic expression is interesting as he is plainly in the "picture-writing" stage. Language undeveloped and judgment distinctly primitive.

The condition of this boy is most regrettable, and no school instruction will be of much help to him unless he is removed from his home environment and his physical handicaps are attended to. He seems teachable to some extent, but little definite can be stated under present circumstances. Must have institutional care.

A few characteristic cases from other places may be added. Only such are selected as show possibilities in spite of apparent school failure.

Case 103.-J. E. G., boy, 7 years old. Reported as being in Grade 1B, making no progress in school at all, owing to sleepiness and total incapability. He never had any schooling before fall the previous year, having been in his class just that one term. His home conditions seem to be fair. No diseases are reported except that the teacher finds he is continually leaving the room, so that she suspects bladder trouble. His teeth need attention.