land, they made excurfions to the very.gates of Edinburgh, Edw. VI. which was but twelve miles from thence. They took Lau- 1548. der alfo, and made fome works there. Hollingh. About the end of May, the Scots received from France The Scots an aid of fix thousand French and Germans, commanded have aid by Deffé d'Efpanvilliers. After these troops were a little re- from France. frefhed, the regent joined with them eight thousand Scots, Hadington. They befiege and with these forces the two generals befieged Hadington . During the fiege it was, that after feveral conferences be- They refolve tween the French and the Scots, the refolution was taken of to fend the fending the young queen of Scotland to France. Many France. queen into Scots however very much difliked that refolution. They af- Buchanan. firmed, when the queen fhould be in France, there would be Burnet. no way to make peace with the English; whereas, without Hayward. any prejudice either to the queen or kingdom, the ten years truce offered by the English might be accepted. This argument was combated by others, who maintained that the aim of the English in the war being only to marry the queen to Edward, they would have no farther inducement to continue it, when once that expectation was destroyed. Nevertheless, it was easy to fee that by delivering the queen to the French king, they were going to be at the mercy of their ally. But befides that the French declared, France would not engage to affist Scotland upon any other terms, the queenmother was extremely defirous her daughter fhould be at the court of France, where the princes of Lorrain her brothers bore an abfolute fway. Befides, all the clergy' earnestly preffed the fending of the queen into France, out of fear of her being forced at laft to be delivered to the English, and that their religion would be deftroyed by her marriage with Edward. In fhort, to win the regent, the king of France promised to confer on him the title of duke of Chateleraut, with twelve thousand livres a year in land. All this produced the refolution of fending the queen into France, in the fame fhips that had brought the auxiliary troops. But to avoid meeting the English fleet, the fhips failed round Scotland by the north b, and landed the queen in the province of Bretagne. Mean while admiral Seymour, who commanded the naval Buchanan. forces himself, made feveral, defcents in Scotland, where he Burnet. was always repulfed with lofs, and at laft returned to England without much damaging the Scots. z Which they had fent ambaffadors to demand. Buchan. 1. 15. Sir James Wilford was governor. Hollingh, p. 995. By the Ifles of Orkney, and came to Dunbritton, where the queen was received on board. Edw. VI. At length the English army, feventeen thousand ftrong S 1548. entered Scotland under the command of the earl of Shrewfbury. At his approach, the French and Scots raised the The earl of fiege of Hadington and retired . So, the general eafily fupShrewsbury raifes the plied the place with provifions, and then marching to the fiege of Had- enemies, who were intrenched in an advantageous poft, of ington, Buchanan. and retires to England. General fered them battle; but after staying about an hour in their fight, finding they would not ftir from their intrenchments, he led back his troops into England. It is hard to guess what Hollingh. could be the motive of this abrupt retreat, which gave the Scots an opportunity to make great progress during the reft of Buchanan. the campaign. The English army was no fooner retired, but Deffe attempted to furprize Hadington. He was now at the gates, and juft entering the place, when a French deferter who had fled thither, fired one of the great cannon, which being discharged among the thickest of the French troops. fo difcouraged them that they retreated with precipitation. From thence Deffé went and fortified the village of Leith, now become a very confiderable town. His defign was to retake Deffe enters Broughty caftle; but receiving exprefs orders to make an inroad into England, he advanced as far as Newcastle, without meeting any refiftance, and returned loaded with fpoil. It is not known what was become of the English army, led by the earl of Shrewsbury into Scotland, and confifting part of Germans in English and part of Landfquenets. These were German the English troops who had ferved the elector of Saxony and the landgrave of Heffe, and having no leader in the empire, had offered themselves to the protector, who had entertained them in his fervice. This had raised great murmurs against him, the English being impatient of feeing in the kingdom foreign troops, who are generally too much devoted to the king. It was eafy to perceive the protector's aim was to ftrengthen himself perfonally with the aid of thefe foreigners. England. Buchanan. fervice. Burnet. Sequel of Before the end of the year, the queen-dowager of Scotthe affairs land complaining to the court of France of Deffe's conduct, of Scotland, who behaved with great haughtiness, and abufed the Scots, Buchanan. Burnet. King Edward's Journal fays, it confified of twenty two thoufand men, P. 5. d Sir Robert Bowes and fir Thomas Palmer were fent before to relieve the place, with a body of thirteen hundred men, but had the misfortune to be furprized and cut off by the enemy. Hollingh. p. 994. caufed • Hollinfhead fays, that the earl of Shrewsbury, and the lord Grey of Wilton, who ferved under him, did as much as their commiffion would bear, p. 995. Deffé, when he got to Edinburgh from Hadington, went to quarter his men in the town, but the provoft oppafed Caufed him to be recalled, and de Thermes was fent in his Edw. VI. Toom. The new general was accompanied with Montluc 1548. bishop of Valence, who, being returned from his embassy at Conftantinople, was fent to be chancellor of Scotland. But the Scots were fo difpleafed to fee the beft office in the kingdom in the hands of a foreigner, that the king of France recalled him. They began to repent fending their queen into France, when they faw the French fhow lefs regard for them. tween the Burnet, During the year 1548, the pope and emperor had great Quarrels bequarrels about the tranflation of the council. The emperor, emperor and as I obferved, ufed the pretence of religion to render himself the pope. abfolute in the empire. The council, affembled at Trent, a Sleidan. city of Germany, as the proteftants had required, furnished him with a colour to compel them to fubmit to its decrees. He was not forry they refused to comply with them; but defired they fhould have no other reasons than those which they drew from religion itself, becaufe then the pretence of conftraint remained entire. But by the translation of the council to Bologna, a city of Italy, and belonging to the pope, this pretence was taken away, because the proteftants had caufe to complain, that the decrees of the diets were not executed. On the other fide, the pope finding the emperor was become almost abfolute, in the empire by the fuccefs of one campaign, grew jealous of his power, fearing it would reach likewife over all Italy, and be very detrimental to the holy fee. For that reafon, he was very glad to have him always at variance with the proteftants of Germany, that his affairs there might hinder him from forming new projects. These different interefts were the caufe that the emperor and the pope could not agree. The emperor protested against the tranflation of the council to Bologna, and the pope rejected the proteftation. tants. Soon after, the emperor, intending to fhew the pope he Interim could proceed without him, ordered articles of agreement to granted to be drawn, which were called the Interim, because the form the protef of religion contained therein was to laft only till a general Sleidan. council fhould meet in fome town of Germany. The framers Burnet. of these articles, by the emperor's order, took care to set pofed it. Whereupon the French broke in by force, and killed the provoft and his fon, with all they found in the ftreets, men, women, and children. Deffé refufed likewife to give the Scots them any fhare of the fpoil he had taken in The perfons employed were Julius Edw. VI them forth in the fmootheft terms poffible. But, in the 1548. main, they contained the doctrines of the Romish church," though a little difguifed. The only confiderable foftenings were, that marriage fhould be no bar to prieft's orders, and the communion given in both kinds to those who defired it. This work being finished, the emperor fummoned a diet to Augsburg, where the Interim was propofed. The elector of Mentz without any order did, in all the princes names, give the emperor thanks for it, which he interpreted as the affent of the whole diet; and after that would not receive the proteftations of feveral towns of the empire against the Interim. The pope himself was extremely displeased with it, because, without confulting him, the emperor had prefumed to difpenfe with the marriage of priefts, and communion in both kinds. This occafioned many troubles in Germany, and obliged numbers of divines and others, who disliked the Interim, to abfcond or retire elsewhere, not to be exposed to the victorious emperor's refentment, who was bent at any rate to have his Interim univerfally received. At this diet, Maurice of Saxony was folemnly invefted with the electorate, of which John Frederic had been deprived. Parliament which forwards the Whilft the emperor was labouring to deftroy the reformation in Germany, it daily made fresh progrefs in England, reformation. The parliament, which met the 24th of November ", was almost wholly taken up with matters of religion. By an act Statutes. made this feffion, priefts were allowed to marry. Another Burnet. confirmed the new liturgy, about which commiffioners, appointed for examining and reforming the feveral offices, had been employed all the fummer. This new liturgy retrenched divers abuses, both in the communion fervice, and all the other offices, and gave the whole a turn favourable to the reformation. It is the fame the church of England makes use of at this day, excepting a few alterations 1. Sidonius, and Iflebius Agricola, which h It was first prorogued to April 20, i The committee of felected bishops and divines appointed for reforming the offices, and which met at Windfor caitle The for that purpose, were, Thomas Cranmer archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Holgate archbishop of York, Edmund Bonner bishop of London, Cuthbert Tunftal of Durham, Nicholas Heath of Worcefter, William Rugg of Norwich, Robert Parfew of St. Afaph, John Salcot of Salisbury, Richard Sampfon of Coventry and Litchfield, Robert Aldrich of Carlife, Paul Bush of Bristol, Robert Farrar of St. David's, Thomas Goodrick of Ely, Henry Holbech of Lincoln, George Day of Chichefter, John Skip of Hereford, Thomas Thirleby of Weft minfter, torandCran The protector and the archbishop of Canterbury were the Edw. VI. chief fupports and moft zealous promoters of the reforma- 1549. tion, though always in purfuance of the maxim they had eftablifhed, namely, to advance by degrees. Whatever reafons The protecthey had thus to proceed, the zealous of the reformed party were not pleafed with it, because they were afraid that by blamed by rfome fudden and unexpected revolution, the work would be the zealous left unfinished. They knew the protector was hated and party. envied by many of the nobility, and that all the Romish party Burnet. e had a mortal averfion to him. This was fufficient to create a dread that his enemies would at length prevail over him; the adminiftration, he was entrusted with, being of fuch a nature, that it was almost impoffible not to render himself in infome measure obnoxious. They had the more reafon to be 0 eminifter, and Nicholas Ridley of Ro- in the form it was published, (which more. mer are of their To all this they prefixed a preface concerning ceremonies, the fame that is ftill before the common-prayer book. It is faid in the preamble of the act, "That there might be an uniform way of worship all over the kingdom, the ki g, by the advice of the protector and his council, had appointed the archbishop of Canterbury, &c. to draw an order of divine worship, &c. which they, by the aid of the Holy Ghoft, had with one uniform agreement concluded on. Wherefore the parliament having confidered the book, did enact, &c." This act was variously censored by thofe who difliked it. Some thought it too much, that it was faid the bookTM was drawn by the aid of the Holy Ghoft. Others cenfured it, because it was faid to be done by uniform agreement, though eight of the bishops employed in drawing it, protefted against it ; namely, the bishops of London, Durham, Carlile, Worcester, Norwich, Hereford, Chichefter, and Weftminster; as alfo the earl of Derby, and the lords Dacres and Windfor. See Journ. Parl, and Burnet, tom. ii. p. 61---95. Collier Eccl. Hift. tom. ii. p. 255, &c. |