Grouchy, and others, we have no farther room here to speak. La Fayette, the patriot and philanthropist, died in 1834; and Talleyrand, the famed diplomatist, died in 1838. Of French lawyers, we can here only mention Domat, who died in 1696; Ferrière, the elder, in 1715; Burlamaqui, of Geneva, who died in 1748; the chancellor D'Aguesseau, in 1751; Montesquieu, who died in 1755; Vattel, of Swiss birth, who wrote in French, and died in 1767; Pothier, who died in 1772; De Lolme, of Geneva, who died in 1807; and Lacretelle, who died in 1824. Of French divines, Robert of Sorbonne, founded the Sorbonne, or Theological college in Paris, about 1250. John Calvin, the reformer, born in France, died at Geneva, in 1564; and Theodore Beza, his successor, died in 1605. Martin Bucer, another distinguished reformer, died in England, in 1551. Cornelius Jansenius, founder of the sect of Jansenists, opposed to the Jesuits, died in 1638. Jaques Benigne Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, who wrote on Universal History, died in 1704; and Louis Bourdaloue, in the same year. Francois Fenelon, the pious archbishop of Cambray, died in 1715; and Jean Baptiste Massillon, the eloquent prelate of Sevigny, died in 1742. Of the French schoolmen, or scholastic philosophers, Peter Abelard, died in 1142; and Thomas Aquinas, (or St. Thomas, called the angelic doctor), founder of the sect of Thomists, as also John Bonaventura, (or St. Bonaventure, styled the seraphic), both of Italian birth, both died in 1274. Of French voyagers and geographers, we can only mention here Gonneville, who flourished in 1503; Cartier, in 1542; Champlain, who died in 1635; Tavernier, who died in 1689; La Peyrouse, who was probably lost at sea, in 1788; and D'Anville, the celebrated geographer, who died in 1782. Of French historians, John Froissart, the chronicler, died in 1401; Philip de Comines, died in 1509; Pierre Brantôme, in 1614; James de Thou, (Thuanus), in 1617; Francis de Mézerai, in 1683; Pelisson, in 1693; Varillas, in 1696, Peter Bayle, in 1706; Nicholas Boileau, in 1711; Vertot d'Aubœuf, in 1735; Charles Rollin, in 1741; Crevier, in 1765; Francis de Voltaire, in 1778; Claude Millot, in 1785; Honoré Mirabeau, in 1791; William Raynal, in 1796; and Count Louis de Segur died in 1830. The statesmen Sully, and de Retz, also wrote on history; and the brothers Michaud, as also Thouret, Thiers, and others, are, we believe, still living. The abbé Barthélemy, celebrated as an archæologist, died in 1795. Of the French poets, William, count of Poitou, called the first troubadour, flourished about 1071; and Thibaut, count of Champagne and king of Navarre, died in 1253. Clotilde du Vallon Chalys, (de Surville, by marriage), died about 1500; Clement Marot, in 1551; Du Bellay, in 1560; Jodelle, in 1573; and Ronsard, in 1585. Desportes died in 1600; Malherbe, in 1627; Sarrazan, in 1654; and the marquis of Racan, (du Breuil), in 1670. Jean B. de Moliere, died in 1673; Pierre Corneille, in 1684; Thomas Corneille, his brother, in 1709: Jean de la Fontaine, in 1695; Jean Racine, in 1699; and Madame Deshoulières, in 1694. Segrais died in 1701; Jean Baptiste Rousseau, in 1741; Fontenelle, in 1757: Crébillon, in 1762; Pompignan, in 1784; Bertin, in 1790; and Chenier, in 1794. Ponce-Denis Le Brun, died in 1807; Jacques Delille, in 1813; and Count Coëtlogon, in 1826. Froissart, Boileau, and Voltaire, have been mentioned among the historians; and among other poets, Chateaubriand and Lamartine are, we believe, still living. Of French novelists, besides Rousseau, Voltaire, and Chateaubriand, we can only name Rabelais, who died in 1553; Montaigne, the essayist, who died in 1592; Mlle. de Scuderi, who died in 1701; Le Sage, in 1747; Marmontel, in 1798; Madame de Cottin, in 1807; St. Pierre, in 1814; Madame de Stael, in 1817; and Madame de Genlis, in 1830. In the physical sciences, France presents many distinguished names. Of mathematicians, Descartes, also a metaphysician, died at Stockholm, in 1650; James Bernouilli died in 1705; and his brother, John, in 1748: Delahire, in 1718; Clairault, in 1765; D'Alembert, in 1783; Condorcet, also a politician, died in 1794; Lagrange, in 1813; and Monge, in 1818. Gassendi, the astronomer, died in 1655; Lacaille, in 1762; and Laplace, the mathematician and astronomer, died in 1827. Fermat, the mechanician, died in 1664; Pascal, in 1662; Coulomb, in 1806; and Poisson, in 1840. Arago, Biot, and Ampère, are, we trust, still living. Of French chemists, Lavoisier died in 1794; Fourcroy, in 1809; Guyton de Morveau, in 1816; and Berthollet, of Swiss birth, died in 1822. Gay Lussac, and Vauquelin are, we believe, still living. Of French naturalists, Tournefort died in 1708; Anthony de Jussieu, in 1758; and his brother, Bernard, in 1777: Buffon died in 1788; Saussure, in 1799; the abbé Haüy, in 1822; and Cuvier, in 1832. Decandolle, Lamarck, and Brongniart, are, we believe, still living. Of French physicians and surgeons, Paré died in 1590; Pecquet, in 1674; Geoffroy, in 1731; Sauvages, in 1767; J. L. Petit, in 1750; Anthony Petit, in 1794; Desault, in 1795; and Bichat, in 1802. Of French painters, Eustache Le Sueur, historical painter, died in 1655; Nicholas Poussin, his rival, died in 1665; Gaspar Poussin, landscape painter, died in 1675; and Claude Lorraine, of the Venetian school, died in 1682. Claude Joseph Vernet, the marine painter, died in 1789; and some of his descendants are also distinguished painters. Girodet-Trioson, died in 1824; and David, the recent historical painter, died in exile, at Brussels, in 1825. sculptors, Puget died in 1694; and Falconet, in 1791. musical composers, we can only name Boieldieu, who died in 1834; and Le Sueur, and Auber, who, we believe, are still living. Of French § 4. We commence the section on British Biography, by giving a list of the sovereigns, with the dates of their accession, from the time of the Saxon Heptarchy. Of the Anglo-Saxon line were Egbert, 828; Ethelwolf, 838; Ethelbald, 857; Ethelbert, 860; Ethelred, 866; Alfred, the Great, 872; Edward, the Elder, 900; Athelstan, 925; Edmund I., 941: Edred, 948: Edwy, 955; Edgar, the Peaceable, 959; Edward II., the Martyr, 975; Ethelred II., the Unready, 978; Edmund II., Ironside, 1016; to whom succeeded the Danish conquerors, Canute, the Great, 1017; Harold Harefoot, 1036; and Canute II., (Hardicanute), 1039; after which the Saxon line was restored in Edward III., the Confessor, 1041; and Harold II., 1066. Next succeeded the Norman line, of William, the Conqueror, 1066; William II., Rufus, 1087; Henry I., 1100; and Stephen of Blois, 1135; who was followed by the house of Plantagenet, comprising Henry II., Plantagenet, 1154; Richard I., Cœur de Lion, 1189; John, Lackland, 1199; Henry III., of Winchester, 1216; Edward I., Longshanks, 1272; Edward II., of Caernarvon, 1307; Edward III., of Windsor, 1327; Richard II., of Bourdeaux, 1377; Henry IV., Bolingbroke of Lancaster, 1399; Henry V., of Monmouth, 1413; Henry VI., of Windsor, 1422; Edward IV., of York, 1461; and Edward V., and Richard III., the Hunchback, in 1483. Next came the house of Tudor; Henry VII., 1485; Henry VIII., 1509; Edward VI., 1547; Mary, 1553; and Elizabeth, 1558 next the house of Stuart; James I., 1603; Charles I., 1625; the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell, 1649; Charles II., 1660; James II., 1685; William III., and Mary, 1689; and Anne, 1702; and lastly, the house of Brunswick, George I., 1714; George II., 1727; George III., 1760; George IV., 1820; William IV., 1830; and Victoria, 1837. Of British statesmen and warriors, Edward, the Black prince, son of Edward III., died in 1376. Henry Percy, of Northumberland, called Hotspur, fell at Shrewsbury, in 1403. John Talbot, first earl of Shrewsbury, fell in fighting the French, in 1453. The earl of Warwick, called the king maker, fell at the battle of Barnet, in 1441. Cardinal Wolsey, minister of Henry VIII., died in 1530. The good Sir Philip Sidney, died of a wound, near Zutphen, in 1586; Sir Francis Walsingham, died in 1590; and Sir Walter Raleigh, was beheaded in 1618. George Villiers, the unworthy duke of Buckingham, was assassinated in 1628; and Thomas Wentworth, earl of Strafford, was beheaded in 1641. Admiral Robert Blake, died in 1657. Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon, chancellor, and historian, died in 1674. Algernon Sidney, the patriot, was beheaded in 1683; and Anthony Ashley Cooper, first earl of Shaftsbury, died in the same year. John Churchill, duke of Marlborough, the renowned general, died in 1722. Robert Walpole, earl of Oxford, died in 1745; and his rival, Henry St. John, viscount Bolingbroke, died in 1751. William Pitt, earl of Chatham, died in 1778; and Edmund Burke, the orator, in 1797. Horatio Nelson, the renowned admiral, fell at Trafalgar, in 1805. Charles James Fox, died in 1806; William Pitt, the same year; Richard Brinsley Sheridan, in 1816; and George Canning, in 1827. Arthur Wellesley, duke of Wellington, still lives to enjoy his well-earned reputation. Of British jurists, Sir Thomas Littleton, died in 1481; Sir Edward Coke, in 1634; Sir Matthew Hale, in 1676; Sir William Blackstone, in 1780; and William Murray, earl of Mansfield, died in 1793. Of British divines, commencing with the schoolmen, Alexander Hales, styled the irrefragable, died in 1245; John Duns, usually called Duns Scotus, and styled the subtle doctor, founder of the sect of Scotists, (Realists), died in 1308; and William Occam, styled the invincible, and leader of the sect of the Nominalists, died in 1347. John Wickliffe, the reformer, died in 1384; William Tyndal suffered martyrdom in 1536; Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley, in 1555; and Thomas Cranmer, in 1556. John Knox, the Scotch reformer, died in 1572. Richard Hooker, died in 1600; James Usher, archbishop of Armagh, the chronologist, died in 1656; and Jeremy Taylor, died in 1667. Richard Baxter, the non-conformer, died in 1691. John Tillotson, archbishop of Canterbury, died in 1694; and Gilbert Burnet, bishop of Sarum, died in 1715. Dr. Isaac Watts, died in 1748; and Dr. Philip Doddridge, in 1751. Joseph Butler, bishop of Durham, died in 1752; and William Warburton, bishop of Gloucester, in 1779. John Wesley, died in 1791; Dr. William Paley, in 1805; and Robert Hall, in 1831. Reginald Heber, the poet, bishop of Calcutta, died in India, in 1826. Of mental philosophers, John Locke died in 1704; Thomas Reid, in 1796; Thomas Brown, in 1820; and Dugald Stewart, in 1828. Of British voyagers and travellers, Sebastian Cabot died about 1557; Sir Thomas Cavendish, in 1592; Sir Francis Drake, in 1595; Capt. John Davis, in 1605; Capt. Henry Hudson, in 1611; Capt. William Baffin, in 1616; Capt. John Smith, in 1631; Capt. William Dampier, probably about 1715; Capt. Woods Rogers, in 1732; Com. George Anson, in 1762; Com. John Byron, in 1786; Capt. James Cook, in 1779; and Capt. George Vancouver, in 1798. Of British historians, besides Walsingham, Raleigh, the earl of Clarendon, Bishop Burnet, and Archbishop Usher, already named, George Buchanan, of Scotland, died in 1582; Tobias Smollett, in 1771; David Hume, in 1776; Dr. William Robertson, in 1793; Edward Gibbon, in 1794; William Mitford, in 1827; and Sir James Mackintosh, in 1832. Dr. John Lingard, Lord John Russell, Sharon Turner, Henry Hallam, and James Grahame, Esqrs., are, we believe, still living. John Of the British poets, Geoffrey Chaucer died in 1400; and John Gower, who wrote in Latin, died in 1402. Gascoigne died in 1577; Tusser, about 1580; and Edmund Spenser, in 1599. William Shakspeare, the dramatist, died in 1616; John Fletcher, in 1625; and Ben Jonson, in 1637. Davies died in 1626; Greville, (Lord Brooke), in 1628; Drayton, in 1631; Donne, in 1631; Carew, in 1639; Giles Fletcher, in 1623; and Phineas Fletcher, about 1650. Milton died in 1674; Cowley, in 1667; Butler, in 1680; Waller, in 1687; and John Dryden, in 1700. Prior died in 1721; Gay, in 1732; Swift, in 1744; and Alexander Pope, in the same year. Thomson died in 1748; Collins, in 1756; Shenstone, in 1763; Dr. Young, in 1765; Akenside, in 1770; Falconer, in the same year; Gray, in 1771; Goldsmith, in 1774; and Dr. Armstrong, in 1779. Robert Burns, the Scotch poet, died in 1796; William Cowper, in 1800; James Beattie, in 1803; Grahame, in 1811; and Shelley, in 1822. Lord Byron, (George Gordon), died in 1824; Mrs. Barbauld, in 1825; Crabbe, in 1832; Sir Walter Scott, in the same year; Miss Hannah More, in 1833; Coleridge, in 1834; Mrs. Hemans, in 1835; and Miss Landon, (Mrs. Maclean), in 1838. Miss Baillie, Campbell, Rogers, Wordsworth, Bowles, Montgomery, Moore, Southey, and Prof. Wilson, are, we believe, still living. Of novelists and essayists, not already named, Addison died in 1719; EUROPEAN. Fielding, in 1754; Richardson, in 1761; Sterne, in 1768; and Dr. James, Marryat, and Dickens, are still before the public. Of British mathematicians, Napier, baron of Marchiston, died in 1617; Hariot, in 1621; Sir Isaac Newton, alike celebrated in natural philosophy, died in 1627; Brook Taylor, died in 1741; Colin Of natural phiMaclaurin, in 1746; and Robert Simson, in 1765. losophers, besides Newton, Roger Bacon, (the friar), died in 1294; Dr. Gilbert, in 1603; Francis Bacon, (Lord Verulam), in 1626; Robert Boyle, in 1691; Mitchell, and Dr. Gowan Knight, flourished about 1740; Dr. Joseph Black, died in 1799; Dr. Joseph Priestley, in 1804; Dr. William H. Wollaston, in 1828; Sir Humphrey Davy, Of British astronomers, in 1829; and Sir John Leslie, in 1832. John Flamstead, died in 1719; Dr. Edmund Halley, in 1742; Dr. James Bradley, in 1762; Mr. Ferguson, in 1776; Dr. Nevil MasDr. Henry, kelyne, in 1811; and Sir William Herschell, in 1822. The philosophers and chemists, Brewthe chemist, died in 1836. ster, Herschell, Dalton, Thompson, Ure, and Faraday, are, we believe, still living. Of British naturalists, and geologists, John Ray, died in 1705; Thomas Burnet, in 1715; William Whiston, in 1752; James Hutton, in 1797; Dr. Erasmus Darwin, in 1802; Professor John Playfair, in 1819; and Professor Robert Jameson, is, we believe, still living. Of British physicians and surgeons, Dr. William Harvey, died in 1658; Dr. John Mayow, in 1679; Dr. Thomas Sydenham, in 1689; Dr. William Cheselden, in 1752; Dr. William Hunter, in 1783; Dr. John Brown, in 1788; Dr. William Cullen, in 1790; Dr. John Hunter, in 1793; Dr. John Mason Good, in 1827; Dr. Thomas Young, in 1829; and Sir Astley Paston Cooper, in 1841. Sir Benjamin Brodie, Sir Charles Bell, and Dr. John Bell, are, we believe, still living. Of British artists and inventors, Edward Somerset, marquis of Worcester, died in 1667; Savary, and Newcomen flourished in 1700; James Watt, died in 1819; Sir Richard Arkwright, died in 1792; Hargreaves, and Crompton, flourished in 1767 and 1779 ; Rev. Edmund Cartwright, died in 1824; and John Harrison, died in 1776. The engineers, James Brindley, died in 1772: John Smeaton, in 1792; John Rennie, in 1821; and Thomas Telford, in 1834. Of British architects, Inigo Jones, died in 1652; Sir Christopher Wren, in 1725; James Stuart, in 1788; and Sir William Chambers, in 1796. Of British painters, William Hogarth, died in 1764; Sir Joshua Reynolds, in 1792; George Romney, his rival, in 1802; Sir Thomas Lawrence, in 1830; Richard Westall, in 1836; and David Wilkie, we believe, is still living. Of sculptors, John Flaxman died in 1826; but Francis Chantry and Richard Westmacott, are still the ornament of their profession. Among the writers of music, Sir John Hawkins, died in 1789; and Dr. Charles Burney, in 1814. § 5. We come next to the Biography of Central Europe; commencing, as in the preceding departments, with Belgium, Holland, and Switzerland. Of Dutch statesmen and warriors, William I., |