Scipio, the first surnamed Africanus, victorious at Zama, died about 184 B. C.; L. C. Scipio, surnamed Asiaticus, was his brother; and P. Emilius Scipio, styled Africanus the younger, died 128 B. C. M. P. Cato, the censor, died 147 B. C.; and L. Mummius, surnamed Achaicus, who completed the conquest of Greece, flourished at the same date. Caius Gracchus, the seditious agrarian, was killed 121 B. C.; thirteen years after his brother Tiberius. Q. C. Metellus, surnamed Numidicus, who warred against Jugurtha, flourished 109 B. C. C. Marius, the victor and tyrant, died 86 B. C.; Cinna, his adherent, was previously slain; and L. C. Sylla, his rival, alike cruel, died 78 B. C. Cneus Pompeius, or Pompey the Great, the friend of Sylla, and rival of Cæsar, was slain in Egypt, 48 B. C. M. T. Cicero, the orator, and friend of Pompey, was killed 43 B. C.; and M. Cato, surnamed Uticensis, sacrificed himself at Utica, 46 B. C. Julius Cæsar, was slain at Rome, 44 B. C.; M. J. Brutus, and C. Cassius, who took part in slaying him, fell at Philippi, 42 B. C.; and M. Antonius, or Mark Anthony, their vanquisher, sacrificed himself for Cleopatra, 31 B. C.; when Rome ceased to be a republic, even in name.

Julius Cæsar, and Augustus, were included among the Twelve Cæsars, so called; of whom the other ten, with the dates of their accession, were Tiberius, A. D. 14; Caligula, the vile, A. D. 37; Claudius, the first of that name, 41; Nero, the cruel, 54; Galba, the weak, 68; Otho and Vitellius, each a few months in 69; Vespasian, the popular, 69; Titus, the virtuous, 79; and Domitian, the cruel, A. D. 81. Next succeeded the five good emperors, Nerva, the aged and prudent, 96; Trajan, the popular, 98; Adrian, the enterprizing, 117; Antoninus Pius, the peaceful, 138; and M. Aurelius Antoninus, the virtuous, and philosophical, A. D. 161. Of the remaining emperors, some of the most remarkable, were Commodus, A. D. 180; Septimius Severus, 193; Caracalla, and Geta, 211; Heliogabalus, or Elagabalus, the vicious, 218; Alexander Severus, 222; the Gordians, 236-8; Decius, 249; Gallienus, 260; Claudius, the second of that name, 268; Aurelian, the brave, 270; Tacitus, 275; M. Aurelius Carus, 282; Diocletian, 284; Constantine I. the Great, 306; Julian, 361; Jovian, 363; Valentinian I., and Valens, 364; Honorius, 395; Valentinian III., 424; and Romulus Augustus, 475; with whom terminated the western empire. (p. 209.)

Of Roman orators, we would mention Hortensius, with his great contemporary and rival, Cicero, above named; and Quintilian, who died A.D. 95. Of Roman historians, besides Julius Cæsar, the three principal were Crispus Sallustius, or Sallust, who died 35 B.C.; Titus Livius, or Livy, who died A.D. 17; and C. Cornelius Tacitus, who flourished A.D. 97. Of the minor historians, Valerius Maximus, flourished A.D.20; Velleius Paterculus, soon after; Quintus Curtius, flourished A.D. 60; Florus, 110; Justin, 130; and Eutropius, flourished about 360, during the decline of the empire. Of the biographers, Varro, Nepos, and Suetonius, we have already spoken. (p. 242).

Of the Roman poets, the most distinguished were P. Virgilius Maro, or Virgil, who died 19 B. C.; and Q. Horatius Flaccus, or

Y

Horace, who died 8 B.C.; both of them patronized by Augustus and Mæcenas. Plautus, the comic poet, died about 184: Terence, his rival, flourished 167; and Lucilius, the satirist, died 103 B.C. Catullus, Propertius, and Tibullus, preceded Ovid, the third best poet of Rome, who died A.D. 17. Phædrus, the fabulist, flourished about A.D. 20. Lucan, was put to death by Nero, A.D. 65; and Petronius met the same fate in the following year. Martial, died about A.D. 104; and Juvenal died A.D. 128. Among the minor poets, were Nævius, Ennius, Pacuvius, Attius, Gallus, Persius, and Seneca; and others, whom we have no room even to name.

Of Roman philosophers, besides Cicero, we can only mention Lucretius, who died about 54 B.C.; and Seneca, who was put to death by Nero, A.D. 65. In sciences and arts, Rome produced Pomponius Mela, the geographer, who flourished A.D. 60; Pliny, the elder, the naturalist, who perished while observing Vesuvius, A.D. 79; Celsus, the physician, who flourished A.D. 20; Sammonicus, the physician, who flourished A.D. 200; Columella, who wrote on agriculture, in the first century; Vitruvius, the architect, who flourished at the Christian era; Pollio, who wrote on architecture and mechanics, at the same era and Frontinus, who wrote on the military art, and died A.D. 106.

Our notice of Byzantine Biography must be confined to the mention of the following emperors, with their dates of accession: Arcadius, the first of the eastern emperors, distinctively so called, A.D. 395; Theodosius II., 408; Leo I., the Thracian, 457; Leo II., (Zeno), 474; Anastatius, styled the Silentary, 491; Justin I., the Thracian, 518; Justinian I., 527; Justin II., 565; Phocas, 602; Heraclius, 610; Constans II., 642; Justinian II., 685, and 704; Leo III., Isauricus, 717; Constantine V., 742; Irene, 797; Michael III., 842; Basilius, 867; Leo VI., the philosopher, 886; Constantine VII., Porphyrogenitus, 912, associated with Romanus I., 919; Nicephorus II., (Phocas), 963: and Basilius II., with Constantine VIII., A.D. 975. (p. 209). The renowned general Belisarius, died in 565; and Tribonian, the lawyer, died in 545. Zosimus, and Procopius, were among the Byzantine historians who wrote in the Greek language; all of whom were of minor note.

CHAPTER II.

ORIENTAL BIOGRAPHY.

THE subject of Oriental Biography is very imperfectly known to us; owing to the remoteness of its scenes, the deficiency of its records, and our imperfect knowledge even of those which do exist. It doubtless presents topics of romantic interest, and well worthy of contemplation, which have not yet been exhibited to the western world. The wild and fiery zeal of the Mohamedan conquerors; the self-immolation of their opponents; and the sudden reverses of fortune, so frequent in the eastern world, and so fatal to social improvement, are among the characteristics of this branch, which we have no room

more fully to describe.

We shall here follow the same general order as in Oriental Chronography: for the reasons therein explained. This arrangement will bring the Biography of all the Mohamedan nations into one connected series; which will be followed by that of the remaining nations, in the east of Asia.

§ 1. Commencing with Arabian Biography, the names of the first ten Caliphs, or vicarious successors of Mohamed, and the dates of their accession, are as follows: Abu-Bekir, (or Aboo Beker, whose original name was Abdallah Ebn Abu Koafas), A. D. 632; Omar, the victorious, 634; Othman, (or Osman), 644; Ali, regarded by the Persians as the first caliph, 656, assassinated 660; Moawiyah, (or Moawiah), first of the Ommiades, 660; Yezid, (or Jezid), 679; Moawiyah II., 683; Abdallah, 684; Merwan I., same year; and Abdulmelek, 685. Among the remaining caliphs were Walid I., the victorious, A. D. 705; Suleiman, 714; Hashem, 723; Ibrahim, 744; Abul Abbas, called Saffah, or the bloody, first of the house of Abbas, A. D. 750; Al Mansor, (Mansur, or Abu Giafar), 754, first of the caliphs of Bagdad; Haroun al Raschid, (or Haroon al Rasheed), 786; Al Mamun, 813; and Motasim, 833; the four last mentioned being known as patrons of learning. Al Motazem, (or Mostasem), the last caliph of Bagdad, was put to death, A.D. 1258. Khaled, (or Caled), the general of Aboo Beker, died in 639; Amroo, (or Amru), the general of Omar, died in 663; and Thaher, the general of Al Mamun, flourished in 813.

Of Arabian geographers, we would mention Scherif Edrisi, who flourished A. D. 1160; and Ismael Abulfeda, prince of Hamah, in Syria, who died in 1333. To this class of writers belong also Al Balkhi, Al Beirouni, and Ibn Essakar. Of historians, besides Abulfeda just mentioned, Hesham Schoaib Alkhekebi flourished in 818; and Abulfaragius, (or Abulpharagius), bishop of Guba in Syria, died in 1286. Other historians were Makrizi, Assoiuti, Aljazri, Elmacin, Tabari, and Arabshah. Elmanicus, of Egypt, wrote a Saracen History, in the 13th century. Of Arabian poets, besides those of the Moallakat, to be mentioned under Callography, Montanabbi, (or Motenabbi), was killed by robbers, in 965; Abu Ismael Tograi, (or Thograi), vizier of Bagdad, flourished in 1100; Abu Temam, in 830; and Bochteri, in 880. Other poets were Abu Becr, Al Nasaphi, Shafari, Abu Mansur, Al Gazi, and Ibn Zadun. Admai, (or Asmai), the great romancer, flourished at the court of Haroon al Rasheed, in 800; and Ithiel Hariri, and Abu Dschafar Ibn Tophail, also excelled in romance.

Of scientific Arabians, we would name as astronomers, besides the caliph Al Mamun, Albategnius, (or Albatani), of Mesopotamia, who died 888; Alhazen, of Spain, who flourished about 1100; and Aben Ragel, who lived in the thirteenth century. Al Farabi, (or Alfarabius), the natural philosopher, flourished in 954. Almubassar, was a follower of Aristotle. Among the Arabian physicians, were Serapion, who flourished about 800; Rhazes, about 880; and Geber, and Halyabbas at about the same time. Avicenna died in 1036; Albucasis, in 1106; Avenzoar, of Spain, died at Morocco, in 1169; and Averroes, of Cordova, who was famed for general learning,

died at Morocco, about 1220. Most of these physicians were also alchemists.

§ 2. We shall commence Turkish Biography, by giving the names of the Sultans, and the dates of their accession, since the conquest of Constantinople. They are Bajazet, (or Bayazeed) II., 1481; Selim I., 1512; Soliman II., (or Suleiman), the magnificent, 1520; Selim II., 1566; Amurath III., 1574; Mohamed III., (or Mahomed), 1595; Ahmed I., (or Achmet), 1604; Mustapha, (or Mustafa), 1617; Amurath IV., 1623; Ibrahim, 1640; Mohamed IV., 1655; Soliman II., 1687; Ahmed II., 1690; Mustapha II., 1695; Ahmed III., 1703; Mahmood I., (or Mahmoud), 1730; Mustapha III., 1757; Abdul Ahmed, 1774; Selim III., 1789; Mustapha IV., 1807; Mahmood II., 1808; and Abdul Medjid, 1839. Of Turkish historians, Saad-ed-din, who was also mufti of Constantinople, died in 1599. His work was followed by those of Naima, Raschid, and Hadschi Chalfa, surnamed Tchelebisade, who was also an encyclopædist, and died in 1657. Of Turkish poets, we would mention Baki, the lyric poet, who died in 1600; Molla Khosrew, the romancer; and Abdul Latifi, who made a collection of minor poems, or a Turkish Anthology. Abdorrhaman Effendi, was a Turkish mathematician, who flourished in 1793.

In modern Persian Biography, we have room to give the sovereigns of the Suffavean dynasty only, with their dates of accession, as follows. Shah Ismaïl, 1504; Tamasp, (or Thamas), 1523; Ismaïl II., 1576; Mohammed Meerza, 1577; Hamzeh, 1586; Abbas, the Great, 1587; Sam Meerza, (or Shah Suffee), 1629; Abbas II., 1642; Suffee Meerza, (or Shah Suleiman, or Soliman), 1666; Hoossein, 1694; Meer Mahmood, the Affghan, 1722; Ashraff, the Affghan, 1725; Tamasp II., (or Thamas), son of Hoossein, 1729; Abbas III., 1732; Nadir Shah, (Thamas Kouli Khan), 1736; Adil Shah, 1747; Ibrahim, 1748; Kerreem Khan, (or Kerim, 1753; Ali Murat, 1784; Aga Mohammed, 1789; Feth Ali, (or Futteh Ali Khan), 1796; and Mohammed, 1834. Of Persian historians, we would mention Abu Said, (or Abulkasin Beidavi), who flourished in 1276; Kazwini, who died in 1351; Turan Shah, who died in 1377; Chowand Shah, who flourished in 1741; and Ferishta, at about the same date. Among the Persian poets, Ferdusi, flourished in 1020; Sadi, (or Saadi), of Shiraz, died in 1292; Hafiz, (or Hafez), died in 1389; Jamy, (or Djamy Abdalrahman), died in 1494; Hatifi, died in 1520; and Nizami, (Nisami or Nisam), flourished in 1690. Ansari, (Ansseri or Anasari), flourished A. Ď. 1000; Anvari, (Anweri, or Enweri), died in 1200; Khakani, (or Chakani), was his contemporary; and Roumi of Balk, surnamed Balkhi, died in 1262. Rudigi is a modern poet; and Blab Phelair, a recent poet of note, died in 1825. Other poets will be mentioned under Persian Callography. Of Persian astronomers, we would mention Omar Chehan, who flourished in 1072; and Nassir Eddin, (or Nasereddin), of Thus, in 1259.

§ 3. The Biography of the East Indies, is less than that of any other part of the civilized world. mence that of Hindoostan, by naming some of the

known to us, We shall comgreat Moguls,

chiefly those who were the most distinguished. Baber, (Babur or Baba), the first of this series, died in 1530. Shere, the Afghan, died in 1545; and Houmaioun, the son of Baber, after regaining his throne, died in 1555. His son, Akbar, (or Acber), the fortunate, died in 1605; and Jehan Ghire, (Jehanghire, or Selim), died in 1628. Shah Jehan, died about 1660; and his son, the ambitious and renowned Aureng Zebe, died in 1707. After the short reigns of Bahauder, Jehaunder, and Mahomed Shah, and the Persian conquest by Nadir Shah, already mentioned, (p. 213), the great Moguls, from their diminished power, became of minor consequence. The principal native chiefs who were subdued by the British, have been mentioned in the preceding department. Of Hindoo historians, we would mention, besides the emperor, Jehan Ghire, (or Jehan Guir), the vizier, Abul Fazl, who wrote in the Persian language, and was put to death in 1604. Of the Hindoo poets, Valmiki and Vyasa flourished long before the Christian era; and Calidas flourished 60 B. C. Other Hindoo poets, and the fabulous name of Pilpay, will be referred to under Hindoo Callography.

Under Chinese Biography, we give the names of the emperors of the present (22d, or Tai Tsin) dynasty, with the dates of their accession, as follows: Shun-chi, or Shee-tsong, 1644; Kang-hee, (Kang-hi), or Shin-tsoo-gin, 1662; Yong-ching, (Yong-tching), or Shee-tsong-hien, 1723; Kien-long, (or Kien-lung), 1736; Kia-king, 1796; and Tao-kwang, (Tara-kwang, or Daoguan), 1821. Of Chinese historians we would mention Con-fu-tse, (Kung-fu-dsu), or Confucius, who was also a poet and moralist, and flourished about 550 B. C.; and Meng-tseu, or Mencius, his successor, and commentator, who died 314 B. C. Se-ma-tsien, was also a Chinese historian; and the recent emperor Kien-long, may be mentioned among the Chinese poets.

CHAPTER III.

EUROPEAN BIOGRAPHY.

THE branch of European Biography, is very extensive, and abounds in distinguished characters, in all the walks of life. Next to that of our own country, it presents to us lessons the most available for practical benefit; as the circumstances of the European nations are, of all others, the most similar to our own; and therefore afford precedents the most suitable for our guidance. All that we can here attempt, is an enumeration of some of the most renowned and meritorious characters, in such manner as to give an idea of their relative position, in the scale of time, and the circle of nations; by which the reader will be enabled to study them in a connected and natural order, on referring to extensive biographical works. It is gratifying to observe, that the names distinguished in the cause of learning and philanthropy, may at least rival the number of those renowned in arms