from observations on the export of cattle and goods of all kinds, and paid in 5-franc pieces of LouisPhilippe and Napoleon III. A second contribution exceeded 25 millions, and besides they ransomed forfeited lands so that more than 60 millions were got for the colonial chest.

Prejudices are strange things. There was an outcry against the razzia; and yet in Europe it is quite natural to starve and bombard a town, and when non-combatants, women, and children, innocent victims of war, wish to leave the place or are thrust out lest they consume too much, the attacking force drives them back. The razzia is much less cruel. There is no murdering of women and children with shells, as in Europe. The captured are fed and cared for, and when the tribe has capitulated and given security, are restored.

CHAPTER VI.

DELLYS AND BISKRA (1843-44).

Just annoyance of the new Marshal-Guizot's Opinion-Harispe's Letter-The Emir again in the South-Engagement with Lamoricière-Tempoure's Success -Death of Ben-Allal-Sidi-Embareck-Abdel-Kader's Overtures to the Emperor of Morocco-Secret Overtures to the Emir-Expedition to the Ziban-Attack 15th of March-General Marey at El Aghouat-Sudden departure of the Marshal for the frontier of Morocco.

On the 31st of July General Bugeaud had been made Marshal. M. Guizot says in his Memoirs, Either through some strange mistake in his expression, or through haughty rudeness, Marshal Soult, when informing Bugeaud that he would speedily be raised to that rank, added, "His Majesty nevertheless adds a condition, for the sake of the good of the service and your own glory, that you should continue to exercise your double functions of Governor-general and Commander-in-chief of the army in Africa for a year, and that for so long you should give up your intention of returning to France, even on leave, in order that the direction of the war and the government may remain long enough in your hands for you to be able to complete what you have so ably begun." This word condition had greatly vexed the new-made Marshal.

'I should think it is the first time,' he wrote to M. Guizot, that such a thing has been done. You can judge whether I was too much annoyed. I send you a copy of the passage in Marshal Soult's letter and of my reply.'

M. Guizot adds, His reply was becoming and severe. It is easy to see the difficulties that arise in business from want of tact and delicacy in handling matters.'

In fact, it was only under a good deal of pressure from M. Guizot and the King that the Marshal decided to remain in Algeria. He wished to leave the Governor-generalship in the hands of the Duke d'Aumale, if necessary, with the style of temporary governor. The King, very prudently, would not relieve the new Marshal of his command. said familiarly,

He

Algeria is a heavy burden no doubt. The good Marshal would like very well to put it upon other hands, and give it over to Aumale. But it is too soon. He must stay longer in Africa. When he is just made Marshal, he cannot, in all conscience, throw up his hand and get away from the difficulty. With his fixed idea of retirement, he reminds me of a little character in one of Scarron's comedies, Jacques d'Arimathie, I think, carrying about a baby in his arms, vainly trying to get rid of it, running about all over the stage and offering it to every one he meets. Our infant, Algeria, is in very good hands where it is, the Marshal's hands, and he must make up his mind to keep it.

One of the letters received by Bugeaud on his elevation to the rank of Marshal, was the cause of a most charming manifestation of delight which was lately described by an eye-witness. The congratulaSpain, General

tions came from his old chief in Harispe, still in 1843 not a marshal. Marshal Bugeaud quickly read through the letter from the old Peninsular soldier felicitating his former officer and expressing most kind admiration, then he sprang up and seizing a pen, wrote a few words and read them aloud to us so that they made our eyes fill with tears.

'You, my General, you! to talk to me of respect and admiration.

You who made me what I am, without whom I should be nothing! You to whom I owe everything I know, and the little I am worth! Oh, no, this word respect should never be applied by you to me!*

Some report of an attack of the Emir on Lamoricière in the province of Oran, now caused the Governor-general to hasten thither. Just at the end of August 1843, our indefatigable adversary had thrown himself upon those southern tribes of Oran who had submitted to us. All our first line was immediately put in motion. On the 26th, Lamoricière had some success at Oued-Bourbour. After a forced march of ten leagues, in fearful heat, Colonel de Bourgon attacked the camp just as it was being struck; killed forty, took twelve prisoners, captured sixty camels, and a quantity of wheat, barley, and gunpowder.

On the 22nd of September, a more serious engagement took place between Lamoricière and the Emir. We had twelve killed and fifteen wounded; on the Arab side was ascertained the death of Abdel-Baki, Abdel-Kader's lieutenant. He himself fled westwards.

It was in this combat that occurred the instance of devotion by the brave trumpeter Escoffier, that

* Harispe, Jean-Isidore, born in 1768 at Saint-Etienne de Bigorre, Basses Pyrenees, died in 1855, began his military career in 1792, a captain of a free company of Basque chasseurs, won the rank of chief of brigade by his gallantry in the war with Spain in 1793, took part in the operations that were carried on in the Grisons in 1800, then joined the army of Italy in Moncey's division. Colonel in 1802 he was distinguished at the battle of Jena in 1807. General of brigade the same year, he was wounded at Friedland, then went into Spain as Chief of the Staff under Marshal Moncey, was distinguished at Tudela, and the siege of Saragossa. He was made General of Division in 1810, and took an important part in the sieges of Lerida and Tarragona; made Count of the Empire in 1813. Under Soult's orders he fought bravely in defence of the French territory invaded in 1814. He became unattached at the Restoration, and retired in 1825. Again on the active list in 1830 he was appointed Commander of the Hautes and Basses Pyrenees, Inspector-General of Infantry, and Peer of France in 1835. The Emperor, Napoleon III., gave him the Marshal's baton in 1851.

Parisians may remember was rewarded afterwards by the place of keeper of the Tuileries gardens. He gave his horse to his captain who was dismounted, telling him, 'You had better take it than I, captain; for you can rally the squadron, and I cannot.' In a moment he was taken prisoner. The King gave him his nomination to the Legion of Honour without waiting for his release.

M. Léon Roches gives the curious information, that the Emir, wishing to rival his enemies in magnanimity, having been informed of this, presented his prisoner with the cross of the Legion before a grand parade of his troops.

The Marshal proceeded to Milianah, met the column from Orléansville upon the Chélif, and was obliged to return to Algiers by sudden illness. When he had recovered he immediately returned to the west, and, travelling to Mascara in November and Tlemcen in December, was received and fêted all along the road by the Arabs, as Abdel-Kader would formerly have been.

On the 11th of November, General Tempoure gained a more important advantage than any other in the campaign. Starting from Mascara, Tempoure had gone in pursuit of the remains of Abdel-Kader's infantry, led by Khalifa - Ben - Allal - Ouled - SidiEmbarek. On the 9th of November, in the evening, the General found he was three days' march from the enemy, and must catch them by superior speed.

The rain was falling violently, but the wet ground obstructed the flight more than the pursuit. After a night march, he came upon the enemy's outposts on the Oued Kacheba, with the watch-fires

VOL. II.

H