general's orders, was rather a friend than a subordinate of the Marshal, who had an especial affection for him, and unlimited confidence. A clear and elevated mind, he was often the connecting link between the Marshal, Lamoricière, and Cavaignac. Now he is Admiral, and has been Minister-of-Marine.

De Garraube, son of General de Garraube, courageous, devoted, heart full of delicacy; often a spoilt child, was much loved by the Marshal, and was a countryman of his. Left the service as colonel, and lives in Périgord.

Vergé, full of intelligence and devotion; he knew the Arabs very well, and did the Marshal good service, though his mind was more poetic than practical. Now, the Marshal's taste, as is well known, was for positive minds. Now retired generalof-division.

L'Heureux, a charming nature; as much heart as mind, and full of tact. No Jealousy for superiorities that he would himself proclaim. Was one of the most faithful friends and most eager defenders of the Marshal, whom he unreservedly loved and admired. Died general-of-division in 1870.

Feray, a sceptical mind, excessively clever, knowing men well, and especially studying their worst side. Very attractive manners, very brilliant qualities, and noble character, loving pomp and prodigality. He pushed his devotion to his friends almost to exaggeration. Died general-of-division in 1870.

Trochu; the Marshal had an especial liking for him. Trochu charmed his chief, and had great influence over him. His incontestable merit and high qualities were a little exaggerated by the Marshal. Trochu spoke so well, and was so favourably listened to, that he talked a little too much. A high character, but rather theatrical. As long as he lived, he never ceased to admire and revere the Marshal. Retired general-of-division.

Rivet, as devoted, as clever, as brave as Trochu, but his superior in doing more and talking less. The Marshal valued him as much as he did Trochu. Heart and mind very elevated, quite safe character. The Marshal put entire confidence in him, and when he went away recommended him to the Duke d'Aumale, whose chief of the staff he became. Died general-of-division in the Crimea.

CHAPTER XIII.

DEPARTURE FROM Algiers-d'aumALE (1847-48).

Return Home-Events in Morocco-The Faithful Léon Roches-Curious Feat of Abdel-Kader-Letters to the Comtesse Féray-Life at La Durantie-The Duke d'Aumale made Governor of Algeria-Letters from the MarshalAbdel-Kader's Surrender-Revolution of 1848 in Algeria--D'Aumale's De parture.

AFTER six years of struggles and triumphs, and also of vexations, Bugeaud returned to his home. His moral energy and physical strength had neither of them been exhausted by his long government of Africa; but it must be said he returned with a chafed and wounded spirit. His determined mind and rather obstinate disposition did not understand all the necessities and sacrifices that were imposed on the Ministers, and sometimes even on the King, by conducting government under parliamentary rule. And so, without meaning it, he sometimes expressed himself with injustice towards the members of the Cabinet led by M. Guizot.

Leaving Algiers on the 5th of June, he did not go to Paris, but to Excideuil, and permanently settled himself at La Durantie. For the second time in his long career he intended to take up farming again, and resume the plough. This was, at least, his most sincere desire. He had made such a great mark in Algeria by his government as to render the task almost impossible for any successor but a son of the King; and it is evident that he had communicated his

views on this point to the Duke d'Aumale, as there is a letter of that Prince's, thanking him.

Such a man as Bugeaud was pretty certain to inspire unshaken devotion and passionate attachments. Among the men who came in contact with him, and showed him the greatest affection and fidelity, his chief interpreter, Léon Roches, holds the first place. Thus we think it well to give the letter written to his former chief by the young diplomatist, and the Marshal's answer from La Durantie :

M. LÉON ROCHES, SECRETARY OF LEGATION, TO MARSHAL

BUGEAUD.

Tangier, 12th June, 1847.

MARSHAL, I have just read your report, dated from the OuedSahel, 17th May, 1847. I am still trembling with excitement, and mad with delight. I want to write a few lines to you while I am under their influence.

I was excessively anxious all the time you were in Kabylia. I need not tell you it was not defeat or want of success that I feared for you; but I did dread that the war would be long among the mountains, as the pride of the Kabyles and their traditions seemed as if they must compel them to defend every peak, and burn powder for ever village; and then I will tell you, Marshal, I dreaded for you those treacherous mountain bullets, whose wind you have so often felt, close to me, and my fears are much greater when I am not by your side to share your dangers. At last, praise be to God, who has guarded your noble head, because He guards France!

You have added another ray to your crown of glory, for you have just undertaken and accomplished a work that so many illustrious men have recoiled from. You have brought a people under the dominion of France, who have for two thousand years been able to preserve their independence, and whose mountains have so often been witnesses of the defeat of those who endeavoured to conquer them.

I consider that this great work required more courage and ability in the conception than in the accomplishment. For, besides the Kabyles, you had to contend with public opinion and the Government, who disapproved of you because they thought that you would unseasonably engage France in a long and costly expedition.

But you alone reckoned upon the infallible results of your great moral success, and events have given a fresh proof of your genius. Praise be to God again!

The Veloce is signalled from Oran; no doubt we shall have news of you. I shall not go on with my letter till I have read it. 22nd. I was interrupted by some very sad intelligence, Marshal, that of your leaving Algeria. It arrived at a time when there was so much business, that I have had to wait till to-day to take up my letter, and with very different feelings. You have put in execution your long-threatened purpose of considering your peace and domestic happiness, casting down the burden that your shoulders were, perhaps, the only ones capable of bearing, but had become unsustainable because of the crying injustice of a knot of ignorant or malicious persons, who pretended to represent the country.

You are gone, and we are anxiously inquiring whose hands will have to keep the conquest with which you have dowered France.

History that only judges facts by their consequences will blame you for this unpatriotic decision; but your friends, who have seen your trouble, who have seen how cruelly you were affected by the venom of that monster called the press; they excuse, if they do not completely approve, your return to Excideuil.

Just as you were leaving the soil of Algeria, the Emir performed one of those bold strokes you know he is capable of. Disturbed by the hostile designs of the Kaïd-el-Ahmar, lately appointed Governor of Riff, the ex- Emir thought it wise to be first in action, and one fine night, at the head of his regular cavalry and infantry, accompanied by the Metalça, he went and surrounded the Moorish camp, as it was perfectly sound asleep and unguarded. At daybreak he made his company's drums beat a charge. The Arab auxiliaries' horses, terrified by this unusual awakening, broke their picket-ropes, and soon threw the camp into disorder. Their owners, still more frightened, took to fight, crying, Sauve qui peut! Abdel-Kader had only to make a sign for the camp to be eaten up. But that did not suit his policy. He sent word to the regular horse, who were arming and mounting, that they had nothing to fear, and that he only came to have a parley with the Kaïd-el-Ahmar. BouHamidi then entered the camp, giving them all quarter on AbdelKader's behalf. He was without his gun, at the head of fifty horsemen. When he reached the Governor's tent, the negro guards fired upon Bou-Hamidi's troop; the Kaïd-el-Ahmar himself ran out of his tent, and placing the barrel of his gun against Bou-Hamidi's side, he pulled the trigger, but the shot did not go off. The exKhalifa laid him dead at his feet with a pistol-shot. All the resistance ended there. The Moorish maghzen returned to Fez, and Abdel-Kader to his camp at Aghbel, among the Metalça. The Riffians pillaged the camp.

Fez is in the greatest state of excitement. The general sympathy is with Abdel-Kader; and yet our information causes us to believe that this able man will not allow himself to be led on by the infatuation of a first success, that might well take him to the gates of Fez. And this, first, because he takes into account the insurmountable difficulties that would stop him short if he encountered the least resistance, having no ammunition, no artillery, and, above all, no money; and secondly, because he must think the armed intervention of France to be inevitable. It seems he has found that the pear is not ripe enough, and that by his daring attempt upon the Moorish camp he only meant, as he said, to pull out a tooth that worried him.

The Emperor's son is making great preparations at Fez; we think his lazy father will be awakened by the news he is going to receive, and that he will act at last.

Meanwhile, the former Governor of Riff, Abdel-Sadak, has been appointed to resume his government. He is a clever man, and asks his sovereign for piastres instead of soldiers, in whom he has but little confidence, and who, with the Kaïd, Bou-Zien, undertakes to purchase all the Riff chiefs, and thus to compel the ex-Emir to leave the country, or to intern himself in Morocco.

This is about the state of affairs, and you, Marshal, may judge how much your departure will increase Abdel-Kader's audacity, and diminish the salutary fear that your name inspired in the bordering tribes of Morocco, and in the Emir himself. Among civilised people, and those who have good government, the lot of the state does not depend on the life of a single man; but in a new country like Africa, where all is disorder, where there is no authority respected but that of power, with a people conquered by the genius of one man, his presence exercises an influence over it sufficient to maintain obedience, without the perpetual employment of force. If this man dies or departs, hope revives in the minds of the conquered people, and they will not submit until a fresh exercise of force has convinced them that the yoke laid upon their necks will be always kept there by the power of the nation, whoever be the chief selected to represent it.

I repeat, Marshal, your departure was necessary for you; the duties of husband and father, no doubt, were a law to you; for African-France it may have the most melancholy consequences. It is especially inopportune, at the moment when the vital questions of our conquest are going to be considered, and perhaps new institutions are going to be given it that may constitute its weakness, while it requires strength, and always strength.

I ask you a thousand pardons for having dared to lay before you so boldly, and at such length, my way of looking at your return to France. I hope that you will be kind enough to see