reorganized on the following basis: one accelerated group, six normal groups, one dull normal group, three border line groups, and one moron group. It is too early to judge of the success of this new system of grading. Every indication, however, points to its success.

Some of the difficulties the Richmond special class teachers are trying to solve are:

First. Lack of sympathy with the special class on the part of school patrons. Occasionally a parent, after the child has made repeated failures in the grades, requests a transfer to the special class. In the majority of cases, however, the parent is opposed to the change and does not coöperate with the teacher.

Second. A correct balancing of the time allotment as between academic and industrial work. In our special classes over one third of the time is devoted to handwork, games, and physical drills. The parents object to this and insist that in the special classes their children spend all their time "washing dishes, sewing, and making boxes."

Third. The high cost of all materials for industrial work is giving the teachers serious concern. Loom work has been given up and we can no longer purchase wool.

Fourth. Having no adequate compulsory attendance law in Virginia, the teachers have considerable trouble with irregular attendance. This evil would work even greater harm were it not for frequent visits to the homes by the teachers.

RESOLUTIONS

Resolved, To live with all my might while I do live.

Resolved, Never to lose one moment of time, but improve it in the most profitable way I possibly can.

Resolved, Never do anything which I should despise or think meanly of in another.

Resolved, Never to do anything out of revenge.

Resolved, Never do anything which I should be afraid to do if it were the last hour of my life.-JONATHAN EDWARDS.

HAND WORK

BOOKBINDING

ELSIE GALLOWAY

TEACHER OF UNGRADED CLASS, PUBLIC SCHOOL 137, MANHATTAN

The subject of bookbinding requires a volume to do it justice, and many such have been written.

In this article it will be impossible to give more than the few operations I have used in repairing text books and binding magazines Some of these operations are slightly different from those regularly used in bookbinding. The changes were made in order to keep the work from becoming too complicated for the child's mind and because our equipment does not permit the finer details of the work.

We have no machinery and the tools and appliances are simply those that may be found in any Ungraded class room or made wherever there is an amateur carpenter.

The press is the one thing, absolutely necessary, that neither our equipment nor ingenuity could produce.

In the making of a book the first process is the folding. This may be done by folding the sheet once, thus making two leaves (folio) or folding it twice and making four leaves (quarto). The creasing should be done with a folding stick, which is a piece of flat bone like a paper knife, but without a handle.

After the folding the operations are the same as after the book is "taken down," and is ready for beating.

To bind magazines or re-bind books the first step is, "taking down.” The covers should be turned back and held tightly in the left hand, the sections of the book held in the right hand and forcibly torn away from the boards. Pull off any canvas or paper that adheres and leave the back of the book exposed. With a sharp knife cut the cords or tapes upon which the book is sewn and the "kettle" stitch which secures the sewing. The sections can now be easily pulled apart. Scrape off the glue and remove the thread from the middle of each section and do any folding or repairing that is necessary. If the book is badly worn and some of the sheets loose, tip them lightly with paste and press against next leaf. Gather the sections in place and lay aside till all paste is dry.

The next step is the beating. For this we need a heavy stone with a smooth surface, to lay the book on, and a broad heavy hammer, with well rounded edges.

The book is held by one corner with the left hand and moved about so that all its surface is successively brought under the action of the hammer. Be sure that the projection at the back is well levelled. A piece of plain

waste paper should be placed on each side book to preserve the sections from actual contact with the hammer.

The best thing now is to put the book in a press and leave it over night. Bookbinders term the four edges of a book or leaf; the top, "the head"; the front the "fore-edge"; the bottom, the "tail"; the other edge being the "back."

Now take the book from the press, make sure the sections are perfectly even at head and back and prepare it for sewing. Take two boards slightly longer than the book and nearly as wide. Lay these, one on each side, about one inch from the back and lower book and boards into a vise. Screw up tight. Take a back saw and make a cut across the back about an inch from the head and 1/16 of an inch deep. Make a corresponding cut 12 inches from the tail of the book; another cut halfway between these two and corresponding cuts between the head cut and the center and the tail cut and the center. The following illustration will show the procedure. The saw cuts at D C E should be inch deep. BDCE A

The book is now ready for sewing.

For this a very good frame can be made with a piece of board 8′′ x 12′′, two pieces of inch stripping set in at its back corners, for uprights and another piece of stripping 12" long fastened across them at the top.

The first section of the book is laid on the bed of the sewing frame with its back to the three cords that have been tied with a slip knot around the top of the frame. These cords must go into the saw cuts D C E and be fastened as tight as possible on the under side of the board which is the bed of the frame.

The needle is now inserted in saw cut B, and brought out at D, there it passes around the cord and reënters the section again at D but on the other side of the cord. It passes along inside the section to cut C, where it comes out, goes round the cord and back into the same cut; and so on, passing round each cord till the needle emerges at A.

The next section is then laid on and the needle passed into A, and the same process of sewing around the cords repeated only in reverse order.

When the thread comes out at B of the second section it is tied to the end of the needleful which is still projecting from cut B of the first section. Another section is then laid on and the same process repeated to cut A. When the needle comes out there, a kettle stitch is made by passing the needle in between the two previously connected sections from the back inwards, so that it comes out between the section at the head. The needle is then passed upwards through the loop there made and drawn gradually up until it forms a tight knot which slips into the cut. Cuts A and B are termed "kettle cuts" because the kettle stitch is made there each time. In joining the thread use the weaver's knot.

The next operation is the pasting on of the "end papers," generally known as, "fly leaves." These are simply two pieces of paper folded and cut to the size of the leaves. One goes on the front of the book and one on

the back. Tip them with paste on the fold, place them level with the back and head and rub down.

Now be sure that the back of the book is not bulging and wider than the front, to remedy such defects give it a few taps with a hammer. A cobbler's hammer may be used for this and also for a "backing hammer.”

The next operation is glueing the back. For this hot glue should be used and the work done quickly, being sure that the glue covers well and is not too thick. When the glue is nearly dry and will not stick to the hammer, round the back.

This is done by laying the volume flat and placing the thumb of the left hand against the fore edge, and with the fingers drawing the sections toward the worker, who is gently striking the edges of the back with the backing hammer. This is done to both sides and is most important.

Next make a groove for the cover boards to set into. For this use the two boards that were formerly used to hold the sections while we cut the grooves in the back. Regular "backing boards" with metal edges, insure much better work.

These boards are placed on each side of the book a suitable distance from the back to make a groove of sufficient depth for the cover boards.

It is then lowered into a vise, screwed in tightly and the worker hammers the back down each side, so that a portion of the back of the outside sections is hammered down on the top of the backing boards and a clear, well-defined groove is formed.

The cover or case is then made of the cover boards and various materials may be used to cover them.

In the space between the boards where there is nothing but the linen, or whatever material has been used for a covering, it is necessary to paste a piece of crash or super the full length of the book and entirely covering its back. Fasten this on the boards on each side.

Now glue the back of the book, place it in the case, unravel the ends of the three pieces of cord that were used in sewing. Paste them flat to the cover boards. Cover the end papers with paste and rub them carefully down on the boards, being sure to rub out all bubbles.

The book now goes to the press and is completed except for any lettering or decoration that may be desired.

Formula for paste:-Fill a medium-sized saucepan half full of water, dissolve a teaspoonful of powdered alum in it. Add enough wheat flour to make a thin batter. Let it boil, stirring constantly, until very thick.

Materials may be purchased at Griffin and Sons Co., 75 to 77 Duane St., City.

Book cloths

Binders or Paste boards

Book Twine

Linen Thread

End Papers

NOTICES

PSYCHIATRIC AND NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF RECRUITS

In detailing psychiatrists and neruologists to special duty with the armies, the Surgeon-General has had in mind (1) the proper care and treatment of soldiers who become incapacitated through mental or nervous disease (2) the special examination of recruits in the training camps in order that those who are unfit for military duty, because of neuropathic or psychopathic conditions, may be identified and discharged from service.

Until the troops move abroad the chief and most important responsibility of the military psychiatrists and neurologists will be the special examination of recruits. It is obvious that no man should be eliminated who is fit to render a valuable service in this emergency. On the other hand, it is quite apparent that individuals suffering from certain forms of nervous and mental diseases should not be permitted to enter into service, as experience with the American armies has shown quite conclusively that such individuals are not capable of military service even in time of peace, and experience in the European armies has shown beyond question that such individuals are not able to withstand the rigors of modern warfare. At critical times such individuals go to pieces, with the result that the military force is weakened, is hampered in the free performance of its function, and the government is likely to be burdened after the war with the care of a large number of invalids.

After careful consideration the Surgeon General has decided that the following general outline shall be followed in determining the recruits to be excluded because of neuropathic or psychopathic conditions. As it is important that the potential as well as the actual condition of the recruit be kept in mind, emphasis has been laid upon the early symptoms of disease. Likewise, attention has been called particularly to those. diseases which are most likely to be met and which have not very obvious symptoms but which, nevertheless, can be diagnosticated relatively easily and with considerable certainty. It is not to be assumed that other neuropathic and psychopathic conditions when found are not cause for exclusion. Most of these, however, such as multiple neuritis, various forms of paralysis, hemiplegia, cranial nerve palsies and peripheral neuritis, have such striking symptoms that they are likely to be recognized before they come to the attention of the neurologists and psychiatrists.

(a) On the Basis of Disease

RECRUITS TO BE EXCLUDED

I. NERVOUS DISEASES

1. Tabes. (Look for Argyll-Robertson pupils, absent knee and ankle jerks, ataxia of station and gait.)