CHAPTER XXXVI. OF THE INQUISITION IN SPAIN. Institutions and legislation founded on intolerance-Causes of the rigour displayed in the early times of the Inquisition-Three epochs in the history of the Inquisition in Spain: against the Jews and Moors; against the Protestants; against the unbelievers-Severities of the Inquisition-Causes of those severities-Conduct of the Popes in that matter-Mildness of the Roman Inquisition-The intolerance of Luther with respect to the Jews, the Moors, and Moriscoes CHAPTER XXXVII. SECOND PERIOD OF THE INQUISITION IN SPAIN. New Inquisition attributed to Philip II.-Opinion of M. Lacordaire-Prejudice against Philip II.-Observations on the work called the Inquisition dévoilée-Rapid coup-d'œil at the second epoch of the Inquisition-Trial of Carranza-Observation on this trial, and on the personal qualities of the illustrious accused-Why there is so much partiality against Philip II.-Reflections on the policy of that monarch-Singular anecdote of a preacher who was compelled to retract-Reflections on the influence of the spirit of the age CHAPTER XXXVIII. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS IN THEMSELVES. Conduct of Protestantism with respect to religious institutions-Whether these institutions have been of importance in history-Sophism on the subject of the real origin of religious institutions--Their correct definition Of association among the early faithful-The faithful dispersed in the deserts-Relations between the Papacy and religious institutions -Of an essential want of the human heart-Of Christian pensiveness -Of the need of associations for the practice of perfection-Of vowsA vow is the most perfect act of liberty-True notion of liberty. CHAPTER XXXIX. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS IN HISTORY-THE EARLY SOLITARIES. Character of religious institutions in a historical point of view-The Roman empire-The barbarians-The early Christians-Condition of the Church when Christianity ascended the throne of the Cæsars-Life of the fathers of the desert-Influence of the solitaries on philosophy and manners-The heroism of penance saves morality-The most corrupting climate chosen for the triumph of the most austere virtues CHAPTER XL. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS IN THE EAST. Influence of monasteries in the East-Why civilisation triumphed in the West and perished in the East-Influence of the Eastern monasteries on Arabian civilisation. PAGE 179 187 196 206 211 CHAPTER XLI. RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS IN THE HISTORY OF THE WEST. Peculiar character of religious institutions in the West-St. Benedict— Struggle of the monks against the decline of things-Origin of monastic property-The possessions of the monks serve to create respect for property-Population becomes spread over the country-Science and letters in cloisters-Gratian arouses the study of law CHAPTER XLII. OF RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS DURING THE SECOND HALF OF THE MIDDLE Character of the military orders-Opinion of the Crusades-The founda- CHAPTER XLIII. CONTINUATION OF THE SAME SUBJECT-EUROPE IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. PAGE 215 219 Transformation of the monastic spirit in the thirteenth century-Religious institutions arise every where-Character of European opposed to that of other civilisations-Mixture of various elements in the spirit of the thirteenth century-Semi-barbarous society--Christianity and barbarism-A delusion common in the study of history-Condition of Europe at the beginning of the thirteenth century-Wars become more popular-Why the intellectual movement began in Spain sooner than in the rest of Europe-Ebullition of evil during the course of the twelfth century-Tanchème - Eon - The Manichees-Vaudois - Religious movement at the beginning of the thirteenth century-The mendicant and preaching orders-The character of these orders-Their influence -Their relations with the Papacy CHAPTER XLIV. RELIGIOUS ORDERS FOR THE REDEMPTION OF CAPTIVES. 221 Multitude of Christians reduced to slavery-Religious orders for the redemption of captives were necessary-The Order of the Trinity and that of Mercy-St. Peter Armengol CHAPTER XLV. UNIVERSAL Effects of Protestantism on the progress of civilisation in the world, beginning with the sixteenth century-What enabled civilisation, during the middle ages, to triumph over barbarism-Picture of Europe at the beginning of the sixteenth century-The civilising missions of the sixteenth century interrupted by the schism of Luther-Why the action of the Church on barbarous nations has lost power during three centuries-Whether the Christianity of our days is less adapted to propagate the faith than that of the early ages of the Church-Christian missions in the early times of the Church-What the real mission of Luther has been ADVANCE OF CIVILISATION IMPEDED BY PROTESTANTISM. 233 237 CHAPTER XLVI. THE JESUITS. Their importance in the history of European civilisation-Causes of the CHAPTER XLVII. THE FUTURE OF RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS-THEIR PRESENT NECESSITY. Present state of religious institutions-Picture of society-Inability of industry and commerce to satisfy the heart of man-Condition of minds with respect to religion-Religious institutions will be necessary to save existing society-Nothing fixed in that society-Means are wanting for social organisation-The march of European nations has been perverted-Physical means of restraining the masses-Moral means are required-Religious institutions reconcilable with the advancement of modern times PAGE 245 252 CHAPTER XLVIII. RELIGION AND LIBERTY. Rousseau-The Protestants-Divine law-Origin of power-False interpretation of the divine law-St. John Chrysostom-On paternal authority-Relations between paternal authority and civil power CHAPTER XLIX. THE ORIGIN OF SOCIETY, ACCORDING TO CATHOLIC THEOLOGIANS. Doctrines of theologians on the origin of society-The character of Catholic theologians compared to that of modern writers-St. Thomas-Bellarmine-Suarez-St. Alphonsus de Liguori-Father Concina-Billuart -The Compendium of Salamanca CHAPTER L. OF DIVINE LAW, ACCORDING TO CATHOLIC DOCTORS. On the divine law-Divine origin of civil power-In what manner God communicates this power-Rousseau-On pacts-The right of life and death-The right of war-Power must necessarily emanate from God -Puffendorf-Hobbes 259 266 276 CHAPTER LI. THE TRANSMISSION OF POWER, ACCORDING TO CATHOLIC DOCTORS. Direct or indirect communication of civil power-The distinction between the two opinions important in some respects; in others, not so-Why Catholic theologians have so zealously maintained the doctrine of mediate communication 283 CHAPTER LII. ON THE FREEDOM OF LANGUAGE UNDER THE SPANISH MONARCHY. Influence of doctrines on society-Flattery lavished on power-Danger of this flattery-Liberty of speech on this point in Spain during the last three centuries-Mariana-Saavedra-In the absence of religion and morality, the most rigorous political doctrines are incapable of saving society-Why the conservative schools of our days are powerless— Seneca Cicero-Hobbes-Bellarmine CHAPTER LIII. OF THE FACULTIES OF THE CIVIL POWER. Of the faculties of civil power-Calumnies of the enemies of the ChurchDefinition of law according to St. Thomas-General reason and general will-The venerable Palafox-Hobbes-Grotius-The doctrines of certain Protestants favourable to despotism-Justification of the Catholic Church PAGE 289 295 CHAPTER LIV. ON RESISTANCE TO THE CIVIL POWER. Of resistance to the civil power-Parallel between Protestantism and Catholicism on this point-Unfounded apprehensions of certain mindsAttitude of revolutions in this age-The principle inculcated by Catholicism on the obligation of obeying the lawful authorities—Preliminary questions-Difference between the two powers-Conduct of Catholicism and Protestantism with regard to the separation of the two powers-The independence of the spiritual power a guarantee of liberty to the people-Extremes which meet-The doctrine of St. Thomas on obedience 302 CHAPTER LV. ON RESISTANCE TO DE FACTO GOVERNMENTS. Governments existing merely de facto-Right of resistance to these governments-Napoleon and the Spanish nation-Fallacy of the doctrine establishing the obligation of obedience to mere de facto governments-Investigation of certain difficulties-Accomplished factsHow we are to understand the respect due to accomplished facts CHAPTER LVI. HOW IT IS ALLOWED TO RESIST THE CIVIL POWER. On resistance to lawful authority-The doctrines of the Council of Constance on the assassination of a king-A reflection on the inviolability of kings-Extreme cases-Doctrine of St. Thomas of Aquin, Cardinal Bellarmine, Suarez, and other theologians-The Abbé dè Lamennais' A 308 errors-He is wrong in imagining that his doctrine, condemned by the Pope, is the same as St. Thomas of Aquin's-A parallel between the doctrines of St. Thomas and those of the Abbé de Lamennais-A word on the temporal power of the Popes-Ancient doctrines on resistance to power-Language of the Counsellors of Barcelona-The doctrine of certain theologians on the case of the Sovereign Pontiff's falling into heresy in his private capacity-Why the Church has been calumniously accused of being sometimes favourable to despotism, and PAGE ON POLITICAL SOCIETY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. The Church and political forms-Protestantism and liberty-Language of M. Guizot-The state of the question better defined-Europe at the end of the fifteenth century-Social movement at this epoch-Its causes-Its effects and its aim-The three elements, monarchy, aristo- ON MONARCHY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. The idea entertained of monarchy at this period―The application of this idea-Difference between monarchy and despotism-The nature of monarchy at the commencement of the sixteenth century-Its rela- ON ARISTOCRACY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. The nobility and the clergy-The differences between these two aristo- cracies-The nobility and monarchy-Differences between them—An intermediate class between the throne and the people-The causes of ON DEMOCRACY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. The opinion entertained of democracy-The prevailing doctrines of that epoch-The doctrines of Aristotle neutralised by the teaching of Christianity-On castes-A passage from M. Guizot on castes-Influ- ence of the celibacy of the clergy in preventing an hereditary succes- sion-The consequences resulting from a married clergy-Catholicism and the people-Development of the industrial classes in Europe- The Hanseatic Confederation-Establishment of the trades-corpora- tions of Paris-Industrial movement in Italy and Spain-Calvinism and the democratic element-Protestantism and the democrats of the |