68 nari Olympia: a Gk. construction, στεφανοῦσθαι Ὀλύμπια 'to be crowned as victor in the Olympian games.' 51. sine pulvere = ἀκονιτί. Pliny, Η. N. 35. 11 Alcimachus pinxit Dexippum, qui pancratio Olympia citra pulveris tactum, quod vocant ἀκονιτί, vicit; Milton, Areopagitica, 'the race, where that immortal garland is to be run for not without dust and heat.' 52. Horace throws out somewhat abruptly a philosophic common-place, and then goes on to point out how it is practically denied by the conduct of most men. .. 53-69. All Rome is full of lessons of self-seeking, and a man is measured by what he has, but even the boys know that this is not the true standard; and we are conscious that the pursuit of virtue is worthier than that of money. 54. Ianus summus ab imo, 'the whole Janus from the top to the bottom.' For Ianus, 'the exchange,' see S. 2. 3. 18 n. For summus ab imo cf. Ovid, Ib. 181 iugeribusque novem summus qui (Tityos) distat ab imo. 55. prodocet=palam docet, 'holds forth,' or perhaps rather docendo praeit: the word is only found here; in προδιδάσκειν the preposition sometimes seems to retain very little force. 56. laevo lacerto: repeated from S. 1. 6. 74 q.v. and rejected by many recent editors. But it is found in all MSS., and may be defended as heightening the irony: old and young all repeat the same lesson, like a pack of school-boys on their way to school. 57, 58. These two lines are inverted in the earlier editions, and in most good MSS. lingua, 'a ready tongue.' fides: either 'credit,' that is, a respectable position in money matters, though not quite up to the standard for a knight (cf. 1. 6. 36), or perhaps better 'loyalty' to your friends, to be connected closely with lingua, and hence not, as Orelli thinks, tautologous after mores. 58. quadringentis: sc. milibus sestertium, the 400,000 sesterces fixed as the rating of the equites by the lex iudiciaria of C. Gracchus. sex septem: for the asyndeton cf. Ter. Eun. 2. 3. 41 his mensibus sex septem; Cic. ad Att. 10. 8. 6 sex septem diebus. It does not seem to occur with any other numerals; but cf. ter quater. 59. plebs, not in its legal sense, but in the general meaning a 'low fellow.' So Hom. II. 12. 213 δῆμον ἐόντα, on which Hesych. comments δημότην, καὶ ἕνα τῶν πολλῶν: cf. 1. 19. 37; S. 1. 8. 10. rex eris si recte facies: Isidor. Or. 8. 3. 4 gives the full trochaic tetrameter réx eris, si récte facies, si non facies nón eris. The meaning is 'if you play well, we will make you our king'; Horace, however, takes advantage of the ambiguous meaning of recte facies, 'play well'or 'do right.' 61. nil conscire sibi, 'to be conscious of no guilt': the use of sibi after an imperative is somewhat like that in Cic. de Nat. D. 1. 30. 84 sibi displicere, ib. 44. 122 utilitatum suarum, where the subject is indefinite, although in the one case the second person, in the other the first has preceded. 62. Roscia • lex: L. Roscius Otho, trib. pl. in 67 в.с., carried a law that the first fourteen rows of the cavea at the theatre, next to the orchestra which was occupied by the senators, should be reserved for the equites: the law was very unpopular, and in 63 B.C. Roscius was hissed in the theatre (Plut. Cic. 13), but the people were pacified by Cicero, and Roscio theatralis auctori legis ignoverunt, notatasque se (sc. tribus) discrimine sedis aequo animo tulerunt (Pliny, Η. Ν. 7.30. 117). Cf. Epod. 4.15; Juv. 3. 153-159. 'sodes, 'please' = si audes; cf. Cic. Orat. 45. 154 libenter verba iungebant, ut sodes pro si audes, sis pro si vis. si audes is found in Plaut. Trin. 2. 1. 22, and audeo=avidus sum originally. For o as the popular pronunciation of au cf. Roby 250. nenia, 'ditty' or 'jingle.' 64. Curiis: especially Curius Dentatus, the 63. de conqueror of Pyrrhus. The pural just as we might talk of 'Nelsons.' cantata, 'ever on the lips of.' Cic. de Orat. 2. 32. 140. 65. facias, jussive subjunctive in quasi-dependence on a repeated suadet: Roby 1606, S. G. 672. rem, 'money.' 67. propius, i.e. from one of the fourteen rows. lacrimosa, 'tear-drawing': cf. S. 1. 5. 80 lacrimoso fumo. Pupi, a poet of the time of whom nothing is known. The scholiasts quote an epigram as composed by him, which is far more probably due to some 'good-natured friend': flebunt amici et bene noti mortem meam, | nam populus in me vivo lacrimatust satis. 68. responsare liberum et erectum, 'to stand up boldly, like a free man, and defy.' For responsare cf. S. 2. 7. 85 n. 69. praesens, standing by your side to help you; cf. 2. 1. 134. 70-93. I have learned that the views commonly followed lead only to ruin : and besides, men vary so much in the means they adopt, and even are capricious in the objects they pursue. 71. porticibus: long covered colonnades, used largely for resort in the heat of the day, or in wet weather, and frequently wide and long enough to drive in, cf. S. 1. 4. 134; Mart. 1. 12. 5-8; Juv. 7. 178-180. The Campus Martius under the Emperor became a forest of marble colonnades and porticoes' (Burn's Rome 300). iudiciis, 'opinions.' 73. quod vulpes .. respondit: the fable is found in Babrius 103. 76. belua multorum capitum: Plat. Rep. 9. 588 ο θηρίου ποικίλου καὶ πολυκεφάλου, Shakespeare, Coriol. IV. i. 1 'the beast | With many heads butts me away'; Scott 'Thou many-headed monster-thing' (Lady of the Lake, 5. 30). 77. conducere publica, 'to take state-contracts,' not merely the collectors of the taxes but all quis facile est aedem conducere, flumina, portus, | siccandam eluviem, portandum ad busta cadaver (Juv. 3. 30). sunt qui... venentur, i.e. the captatores, or 'legacy-hunters'; see S. 2. 5 Intr. 78. frustis et pomis, 'tit-bits and fruit,' instances of the attentions (officia) or as Tacitus, Germ. 20, calls them orbitatis pretia, which were usual in such cases: cf. Mayor on Juv. 3. 129; 5.98. All MSS. of any value have frustis: the crustis of recent editors seems simply an emendation. viduas includes the unwedded, as well as the widowed: cf. Livy 1. 46. 7 se rectius viduam et illum caelibem futurum fuisse, where viduam acts as the feminine of caelibem. 79. excipiant, a hunting term; cf. Od. 2. 15. 16 n. vivaria, 'preserves,' where animals were kept and fattened: Pliny, H. N. 8.52. 211 says of wild boars vivaria eorum ceterorumque silvestrium primus togati generis invenit Fulvius Lippinus.. .: nec diu imitatores defuere L. Lucullus et Q. Hortensius: so that the custom was new in Horace's time. The word is more general than cetaria, 'fish-ponds, S. 2. 5. 44. 80. occulto, (1) 'secret,' as being either higher than that legally allowed, or derived_from loans to minors, who were protected by the lex Plaetoria; or (2) of the 'unnoticed growth' of interest: cf. Od. 1. 12. 45 crescit occulto аего. , ... 81. esto, 'granted that,' a common phrase with Horace, generally marking a transition from that which may be conceded for argument's sake to another point which cannot be conceded. 82. idem, nom. plur. durare, intrans. 83. sinus, 'retreat,' not 'bay.' Baiae was a favourite resort of the wealthy Romans; cf. Od. 3. 4. 24 n. 84. lacus: sc. Lucrinus (Od. 2. 15. 3); mare: sc. Tuscum. The rich man who has taken a fancy to Baiae at once begins building out into the lake or the sea the substructions for a splendid villa; cf. Od. 3. 1. 33-36; 2.18. 17-22. Baiae itself was at least two miles from the lake, but the whole coast was covered with villas, and the name was not strictly limited; in fact there was no distinct town of Baiae. 85. vitiosa libido, 'morbid caprice.' 86. fecerit auspicium, 'has lent its sanction': the auspicium was properly the indication of the will of heaven ; hence there is an intentional oxymoron in the juxtaposition of libido and auspicium, the thought being like that in Virg. Aen. 9. 185 an sua cuique deus fit dira cupido? The auspicium never suggested an action, but only indicated approval or disapproval; hence avoid rendering 'has prompted him.' Teanum: sc. Sidicinum, an inland town of Campania, about thirty miles from Baiae, where it was now his whim to have a villa. There was another Teanum in Apulia. 87. tolletis, perhaps future for imperative (Roby 1589, S. G. 665 (b)), or, as in the text, the words are used by Horace himself, not put into the mouth of the erus. 88. 87. lectus genialis, 'a marriage-couch,' sacred to the Genius of the family, because he provides that the house shall never be without offspring. aula, properly 'front-court,' here=atrium, 'hall,' where the lectus genialis was placed, opposite the door (hence called adversus Propert. 5. 11. 85). prius, 'preferable.' caelibe: cf. Quint. 1. 6. 36 ingenioseque visus est Gavius caelibes dicere veluti caelites, quod onere gravissimo vacent, idque Graeco argumento iuvit : ἠϊθέους enim eadem de causa dici adfirmat, a theory which Quintilian justly includes among foedissima ludibria. 89. bene esse, 'it is well with.' 90. Protea: S. 2. 3. 71; Hom. Od. 4. 455. 91. cenacula, 'garrets': Varro L. L. 5. 162 ubi cenabant, cenaculum vocitabant : posteaquam in superiore parte cenitare coeperunt, superioris domus universa cenacula dicta. The word is never found='dining-room.' Cf. Mayor on Juv. 10. 18. 92. conducto ..: he hires a boat, and goes to sea for a change, though he gets sea-sick there just as much as the rich man. 94-105. This inconsistency is so universal that you do not notice it in me, although you ridicule me for any carelessness in dress. 94. inaequali tonsore: abl. of attendant circumstances (Roby 1240), 'when the barber cut awry': see, however, Od. 1. 6. 1 n. 95. subucula, 'a shirt.' Cf. Varro in Non. p. 542. 23 posteaquam binas tunicas habere coeperunt, instituerunt vocare subuculam et indusium. sub-u-cula contains the same root u as ind-u-o, ex-u-o. pexae: properly 'combed,' hence 'with the nap on, fresh'; cf. Mart. 2. 58. 1 pexatus pulchre rides mea, Zoile, trita. 96. dissidet inpar, 'sits awry, and does not fit.' 97. rides: Maecenas was himself noted for dandyism. What follows shows that Horace is now directly addressing Maecenas, not the reader. 99. aestuat, 'is as changeful as the sea'; cf. James i. 6 ὁ γὰρ διακρινόμενος ἔοικε κλύδωνι θαλάσσης ἀνεμιζομένῳ καὶ ῥιπιζομένῳ. disconvenit, 'is out of joint,' only here and 1. 14. 18 in classical Latin. 100. diruit, aedificat: for building as a 'craze,' cf. S. 2. 3. 308. mutat quadrata rotundis, doubtless a proverbial expression, 'turn round to square and square again to round' (Pope). 101. insanire sollemnia me, 'that my madness is but the universal one'; an acc. of extent, Roby 1094, S. G. 461. The Stoics regarded all except the 'wise' man as mad; cf. S. 2. 3. 44. 102. curatoris, the guardian appointed by the praetor by an interdictum to look after a lunatic; cf. S. 2. 3. 217, 218 and notes. 103. tutela, not in its legal sense, but not without a reference to it, 'though you charge yourself with my fortunes.' 104. unguem: the Romans usually had their nails carefully trimmed by the barber (cf. 1. 7. 50 n.). 105. respicientis : Bentley objects that respicere is always used of the regard that a superior has for an inferior (cf. Ps. cxxxviii. 6 'Though the Lord be high, yet hath he respect unto the lowly'), and therefore reads suspicientis, 'looking up to you.' But cf. Caesar, B. С. 1.1 sin Caesarem respiciant atque eius gratiam sequantur. The word differs from our 'respect' as implying rather regard for the wishes or interests of some one. 106-109. The virtuous man is indeed as blest as the Stoics deem him, except when his digestion troubles him. Horace here, as elsewhere, gives a humorous turn at the close to the argument which he has been seriously propounding. 106. ad summam: Cic. de Off. 1. 41. 149 ad summam, ne agam de singulis; Juv. 3. 79 in summa, non Maurus erat; and often in Pliny. For the Stoic sapiens who is perfect in everything, cf. S. 1. 3. 125 seq. uno minor Iove: Senec. Prov. 1. 5 bonus ipse tempore tantum a Deo differt; Sen. Ep. 73. 13 Iuppiter quo antecedit virum bonum ? diutius bonus est. dives: 'he is absolutely rich, since he who has a right view of everything has everything in his intellectual treasury,' Zeller, Stoics, 270. Cf. Cic. Parad. 6 ὅτι μόνος ὁ σοφὸς πλούσιος. 107. liber: 'the wise man only is free, because he only uses his will to control himself' (Zeller, 1.c.) Cic. Parad. 5 ὅτι μόνος ὁ σοφὸς ἐλεύθερος καὶ πᾶς ἄφρων δοῦλος. honoratus=ad honores evectus: 'the wise only know how to obey, and they also only know how to govern' (Zeller). pulcher, 'he only is beautiful, because only virtue is beautiful and attractive' (Zeller). rex regum: S. 1.3.125 n. pituita: the phlegm produced by the inflammation of any mucous membrane; hence probably here, as in S. 2. 2. 76, of a disordered stomach, or else of catarrh; so that the meaning may be 'except when a cold in the head troubles you.' The word is scanned as a trisyllable, as S. 2. 2. 76; cf. Juv. 13. 255 fortuitus. Catullus 23. 17 has pītuīta nasi. EPISTLE II 108. This Epistle is addressed to Lollius Maximus, probably the elder son of M. Lollius, to whom Od. 4. 9 was afterwards addressed. The date is not certain. Epistle 18 of this book is, probably, also addressed to the same Lollius, and we learn from that (line 55) that he had served under Augustus in the Cantabrian war 25-24 в.с. Perhaps after serving (as puer) in that war he returned to Rome, and took up again the practice of declamation, just as Cicero did after his service in the Social War. In that case 23 B.C. would be a plausible date; but the use of puer in line 68 is not inconsistent with a date a year or two later. The practice of rhetoric under teachers was often carried on long after the years of manhood had been reached. Cicero studied under Molo when 28. 1-4. I have been reading through Homer again, and find him a better teacher than all the philosophers. 1. Maxime: the cognomen of Lollius, the usual order being inverted as in Crispe Sallusti Od. 2.2.3; Hirpine Quinti Od. 2. 11. 2. 2. declamas: Roby 1458, S. G. 595. Praeneste, abl. always in e, except once in Propertius (3. [2.] 32. 3). Praeneste was a favourite retreat for Horace, especially in summer; cf. Od. 3. 4. 22 n. 4. planius has better authority than plenius; besides, Chrysippus is said to have written 750 books, and the commentarii of Crantor extended to 30,000 lines (Diog. Laert. 4. 24), so that plenius would be a singularly ill-chosen term. On the other hand planius points a contrast with the obscure style for which Stoic writers were famous. For Chrysippus, 'the second founder of Stoicism' cf. S. 1. 3. 127 n. Crantor was said to have been the first to expound the writings of Plato, and Cicero warmly praises his work on Sorrow (περὶ πένθους): he assisted Polemo, the fourth head of the Academy, and in Academia vel imprimis fuit nobilis (Cic. Tusc. 3. 6. 12). 5. It is not certain whether crediderim would have been credidi 'I formed this opinion' or crediderim in direct speech; probably the former. tinet: undoubtedly right; detinet (adopted by many) is only a correction of the corrupt destinet found in some MSS. dis 6-16. Homer has given us in the Iliad a picture of the suffering caused by the folly and the passions of kings and nations. 7. barbariae, i.e. Phrygia; cf. Virg. Aen. 2. 504 barbarico postes auro spoliisque superbi, with the note of Servius ad loc. πᾶς μὴ Ἕλλην βάρβαρος : Ennius in Cic. Tusc. 1. 35. 85 adstante ope barbarica. The Phrygian language was closely related to Greek, but probably not more closely than Latin, a connexion which did not prevent the Greeks from speaking of the Romans as barbari (cf. Plaut. Asin. prol. 10), and Italy as barbaria (Poen. 3. 2. 21). Homer in the Iliad nowhere represents the Trojans as unintelligible to the Greeks, and uses βαρβαρόφωνοι only of the Carians (2.867). duello, the earlier form of bellum, which is derived from it, as bis from duis, etc. Horace uses this form in 2. 1. 254; 2.2.98; Od. 3.5.38; 3. 14. 18; 4. 15. 8. Here he employs the word to give a heroic tone to his verse, cf. Od. 1. 34. 5 n. 8. aestus, 'fiery passions,' not, perhaps, with any reference to the tide, but rather to the primary meaning of the word (root idh 'burn,' as in aestas, αἴθω, etc.) 9. Antenor: cf. Hom. II. 7. 350 δεῦτ ̓ ἄγετ', ̓Αργείην Ἑλένην καὶ κτήμαθ' . ἅμ ̓ αὐτῇ | δώομεν ̓Ατρεΐδῃσιν ἄγειν. censet praecidere: the inf. because censeo contains the idea 'advise,' 'recommend.' 10. quid Paris? just like quid pauper? 1. 1. 91. Cf. II. 7. 362 ἀντικρὺς δ ̓ ἀπόφημι, γυναῖκα μὲν οὐκ ἀποδώσω. 11. For the omission of se before posse cf. Virg. Aen. 3. 201 ipse diem noctemque negat discernere caelo; Roby 1346. Nestor: Hom. II. 1. 254 seq.; 9.96 seq. 12. inter inter, repeated exactly as in S. 1.7. 11. Bentley there (as here) attacks the reading, but it is well supported by Cicero's practice with interesse, e.g. de Fin. 1. 9. 30, de Am. 25. 95. Livy 10. 7 has the repetition with certatum. Peliden: the termination -en in the acc. of patronymics is everywhere much better established than the form in -em, and is often necessary to the metre, as in S. 1. 7. 11; Roby 473, S. G. 150. In feminine names Horace uses the Greek form in the Odes, the Latin in the Satires and Epistles, except perhaps S. 2. 5. 81. 13. hunc, Agamemnon, not Achilles. The 'love' of Achilles is not noticed in the first book of the Iliad, to which Horace is here referring, but in 9. 342 ὡς καὶ ἐγὼ τὴν | ἐκ θυμοῦ φίλεον. On the other hand Agamemnon says in 1. 113 καὶ γάρ ῥα Κλυταιμνήστρης προβέβουλα. urit, 'fires,' a term as applicable to love (S. 1. 9. 66) as to rage. 14. quidquid, Roby 1094, S. G. 461. plectuntur: S. 2. 7. 105 tergo plector, 'I pay for it with my back.' The word is often used of undeserved or vicarious punishment; cf. Ov. Her. 11. 110 α miser, admisso plectitur ille meo ! 15. seditione: as in the case of Thersites II. 2. 115 seq. dolis: Pandarus, II. 4. 134 seq. scelere perhaps especially referring to Paris, libidine including the passion of Paris for Helen, and also the tyrannous caprice of Agamemnon. .. 17-26. The Odyssey on the other hand shows us the value of courage and self-control. 19. qui domitor undis: an imitation of Hom. Od. 1. 1-5; cf. A. P. 141. providus, a very inadequate substitute for πολύμητις. 21. dum parat, 'in trying to secure,' ἀρνύμενος: the attempt was unsuccess |