inspiration,' 'inspired'? The connexion with admirably maintained: '... an inspired child. my childhood so will I be yours, O Muses,' etc. the next stanza is thus Yes, and as you inspired 21. in arduos tollor Sabinos, 'I climb the Sabine hills,' i.e. to my Sabine farm among the hills, cf. 2. 18. 14 n. 22. frigidum. Praeneste on a lofty hill 20 miles S.E. of Rome was from its consequent 'coolness' a favourite suburban resort of those who wished to avoid the excessive heat of Rome. 23. Tibur supinum, 'the slopes of Tibur.' supinum, lit. 'upturned': the opposite of pronus. 24. liquidae Baiae, 'the clear' or 'bright air of Baiae'; cf. Virg. G. 4. 59 per aestatem liquidam, 'through the clear summer air.' Horace elsewhere alludes to the 'brightness of Baiae,' Ер. 1. 1. 83 nullus in orbe sinus Bais praelucet amoenis. It was the Brighton of Rome, and the whole coast from Baiae to Puteoli was studded with villas; see Merivale, c. 40. Kiessling gives 'by the sea,' so that Baiae is here described as 'a watering-place'! ... ... 25. amicum gives the reason for his preservation, 'because I was dear to...' fontibus, e.g. Castalia, Hippocrene. 27. non arbor, 'neither did an army routed at Philippi nor an accursed tree destroy me. For Horace at Philippi cf. 2. 7. 9-16, and for the 'accursed tree' 2. 13 Int. 28. Palinurus: a promontory on the W. of Lucania so called from the pilot of Aeneas who lost his life there (Virg. Aen. 6.373). We know nothing of Horace having been nearly shipwrecked. 30. Bosphorum : cf. 2. 13. 14 n. 33. Britannos hospitibus feros: cf. 1. 35. 29 n. Their reputation for cruelty was in great measure due to the reports of human sacrifices by the Druids; Tac. Ann. 14. 30. 34. Concanum. A tribe of the Cantabri; cf. 2. 6. 2 n. For the Geloni cf. 2. 9. 23 n.; Virgil describes them as drinking 'milk coagulated with horse's blood' (G. 3. 463 et lac concretum cum sanguine potat equino). 36. Scythicum amnem. The Tanais (Don). 37. vos antro, 'you too to exalted Caesar, longing to end his labours so soon as he has disposed among the towns his war-worn squadrons, give repose in a Pierian cave.' Notice the emphatic vos connecting this with the preceding stanzas. simul=simulac. 38. For addidit most MSS. give abdidit and a few reddidit. Orelli supports addidit by Tac. Ann. 13. 31 coloniae Capua atque Nuceria additis veteranis firmatae sunt, where the reference is as here to giving soldiers assignments of land at the close of a campaign in the neighbourhood of various towns (see Virg. Ecl. 1). abdidit is explained as suggesting the idea of a well-won retirement (cf. Ep. 1. 1. 5), but this idea is harshly expressed by speaking of the troops as 'hidden in the towns.' reddidit gives excellent sense, but seems a correction, for, had it been original, it is difficult to see why it should have been altered to the more difficult addidit or abdidit. 41. vos almae, 'you gentle counsels give, and when they are given rejoice with kindly care.' The 'gentle counsels,' which the Muses give and which the victorious Augustus follows, at once suggest a contrast with the proscriptions of Marius, Sulla, and Antony. dato: Horace clearly implies by his use of the perfect part. here after the present datis that not merely do the Muses 'give' or 'proffer' counsel, but that what they so proffer becomes a real gift, i.e. is not only proffered but accepted. consilium: scanned as a trisyllable, the second i being pronounced almost like y. So too principium 6. 6, and cf. S. 2. 8. 1 n. almus, from alo, = 'fostering,' 'nurturing'; the Muses treated Caesar as their 'foster-child' (alumnus). ... 42. ... inpios 42. scimus For the connexion of thought see Summary. Titanas inmanemque turmam: acc. after sustulerit to which the nom. is (ille) qui in line 45. Note the alliterative assonance; and for the hendiadys, see 2. 7.9 n. 44. fulmine caduco, 'with down-rushing bolt'; cf. Aesch. Ρ. V. 358 καταιβάτης κεραυνός. caducus more usually = 'ready to fall,' e.g. 2. 13. 11. 45. inertem. The earth is so called because of its huge and motionless bulk in artistic contrast to mare ventosum. So 1.34.9 bruta tellus) (vaga flumina. 46. urbes regnaque tristia, 'cities (of the living) and realms of gloom.' Horace elsewhere (2. 20. 5 urbes relinquam; 1. 35. 10 urbesque gentesque) uses urbes without any adj. = 'the world,' 'the haunts of men,' and so here, for the sake of brevity and to avoid too numerous adjectives, he boldly places it by itself in contrast to the 'realms of gloom.' In English however we must add some qualifying words for the sake of clearness. Notice that et joins temperat with regit, and that regit governs all the accusatives from urbes. 48. aequo, 'impartial'; emphatic by position. • .. 49. magnum illa terrorem The lines from here to the end are inconsistent with lines 42-48. After reading how as sole ruler of the universe Jove had annihilated the Titans, we are not prepared for the sudden statement that he had really quaked for fear, and would indeed, but for the firm front displayed by some subordinate deities, have fared badly. Horace, however, is thinking not of Jove but of the dangerous opposition which Augustus had overcome. 50. fidens bracchiis, 'that band of youth confident in (the horror of) its upraised arms.' fidens governs bracchiis, but, as Wickham says, 'Horace intends by the collocation of horrida to give the force of fidens bracchiis quibus horrebat.' horrida is used partly= 'bristling' in reference to the innumerable arms with which some giants 'bristled' (line 69 centimanus Gyas) and to the forest of arms so upraised (cf. horridi 3. 29. 22), partly in its derivative sense = 'fearful' in reference to the effect produced on Jove. 51. fratres. Otus and Ephialtes; cf. Virg. G. 1. 280 et coniuratos caelum rescindere fratres. | ter sunt conati inponere Pelio Ossam | scilicet, atque Ossae frondosum involvere Olympum. tendentes inposuisse, 'striving to have piled'; the perfect because it was their object not merely 'to pile' Pelion on Olympus but 'to keep it piled' there so as to employ it as a means of scaling heaven. Cf. 1. 1. 4 collegisse iuvat; 3. 18. 15. opaco, 'shady,' i.e. well-wooded. 53. Typhoeus. From τυφώς, 'a whirlwind.' 'with threatening mien.' 57. contra. ... .. 54. minaci statu, 'but what (sed quid, line 53) could they avail rushing against the echoing shield of Pallas ?' aegis = αἰγίς (see Lidd. and Scott): in works of art the aegis of Pallas is not a shield but a sort of short cloak or breastplate: several illustrations are given in Smith's Class. Dict. s.v. Athena. 60. numquam 'he who from his shoulders shall never lay aside the bow, who...' In the subsequent stanza Horace dwells upon the attributes of Apollo which set his beauty and dignity in effective contrast to the monstrous Titans. For Apollo with the bow cf. the Homeric epithets applied to him, ἑκατηβόλος, κλυτότοξος, and in Latin Arcitenens; the famous statue of the Apollo Belvidere at Rome represents him as the ideal of manly beauty. 61. lavit: 2. 3. 18 n. 62. solutos, 'flowing.' Lyciae. Apollo had a temple at Patara on the coast of Lycia, and is commonly called Lycius, Λύκιος ; the similar epithet applied to him Λύκειος is variously explained as 'Lycian,' 'wolf-slaying,' or 'light-giving,' see L. and Scott, s.v. natalem silvam: on Mt. Cynthus in Delos. See Class. Dict. s. v. Leto. 63. 65. vis consili ... 'strength void of judgment falls by its own weight: strength self-controlled the gods also increase more and more: but they abhor the strong whose thoughts are busy with all impiety.' The 'maxims' (sententiae line 70, γνῶμαι) here enunciated express the moral lesson to be deduced from the defeat of the giants and are illustrated by the statement of their punishment (lines 73-77) and by the fate of Orion, Tityos, and Pirithous. vis vim... vires: usually vis = 'violence,' vires = 'strength,' but here no such distinction is to be drawn. mole ruit sua: the metaphor is from a building which is reared to such a size that it falls in. 67. idem, 'but they also,' cf. 2. 10. 16 n. vires, 'strength,' i.e. the strong; cf. animo in next line. 68. omne nefas animo moventes. assonance in ne ne, mo то. 69. Gyas: 2. 17. 14 n. et ... 'and Orion too notorious as the assailant of the spotless Diana.' ... Observe the 70. notus 73. iniecta... 'piled on her own monsters Earth groans, and mourns her brood hurled by the thunderbolt to ghastly Orcus. The giants were the offspring of earth, hence called monstra sua; cf. γίγαντες as if from yaîa, and γίγνομαι. 75. peredit: perfect. The giants were pinned to the ground with a thunderbolt, and then had a mountain piled upon them: the volcanic nature of Etna and similar mountains was supposed to be due to the fire thus planted at their base, and their eruptions to the agonised writhings of the giants. 77. Tityi: 2.14.8 n. 78. reliquit, 'has left,' i.e. from the time when it was placed there. nequitiae additus custos. The use of additus is noticeable: it implies that the warder thus 'assigned to his profligacy' could not be got rid of. Cf. Virg. Aen. 6. 90 nec Teucris addita Iuno | usquam aberit; Stat. Theb. 2. 320 mortalibus addita cura; Plaut. Aul. 3. 6. 20 custodem addidit. 79. amatorem, 'per λιτότητα pro scelesto raptore,' Orelli. trecentae, i.e. any indefinite number: so more commonly sexcenti. Pirithous attempted to carry off Proserpine. It has been well suggested that the mythological instances selected by Horace in these stanzas are selected with a definite purpose: they are all instances of those whom lust has ruined -temptator Orion, incontinens Tityos, amator Pirithous. Considering to whom the Ode is addressed and whose victories are suggested, there can be little doubt who the fallen foe hinted at is, -the Roman Antony who had perished in the meshes of Cleopatra. For similar eloquent omissions of his name cf. 1. 37 Int., 3. 8. 18 n. ODE V 'Jove is king of heaven and Augustus his vicegerent on earth, as shall be manifest, when he has added Britain and Parthia to his empire. And yet (though Rome's fortune and Rome's future are thus assured) could the soldiers of Crassus condescend to purchase their lives by repudiating their religion and their race and accepting the life of barbarians? It was such a decay of the true spirit of national honour that Regulus foresaw and feared when he refused assent to dishonourable terms, as involving a precedent which would be fatal to ages yet unborn. "No," he said, "let those who surrendered perish unpitied. Why should you seek to recover such men ? Once cowards they will be always Think how they have given glory to Carthage and brought Italy low even to the dust." And then without one kiss to wife or child as one disgraced, without raising his eyes from the ground until he had confirmed the wavering senate in their stern resolve, he hastened back to exile, to torture and to death.' 80. U 3. adiectis: 1. caelo: with regnare in opposition to praesens divus. in connexion with the future habebitur not='since they have been,' but 'when they shall have been added.' For the Britanni cf. 1. 35. 29 n. Julius Caesar made raids into Britain B. c. 55 and 54, but it was not really subjugated until the reign of Claudius A.D. 43. 4. gravibusque Persis: 1. 2. 22 n. 5. milesne A sudden outburst of indignation, for which lines 1-4 give the ground (see Summary): 'Could the soldier of Crassus live in disgraceful wedlock, his wife a barbarian?' It is simpler to take coniuge barbara as an abl. abs., rather than as abl. after turpis = 'disgraced by a barbaric wife.' For the defeat of Crassus cf. 1. 2. 22 n. 6. hostium socerorum. Conington's 'earning his foemen-kinsmen's pay' avoids the awkward word 'fathersin-law.' 7. pro 'est demirantis cum indignatione' Orelli. 'O shame for our senate and character overthrown.' curia (1) = the Curia Hostilia where the senate met, (2)=the senate itself (cf. 2. 1. 14 consulenti curiae), which is here mentioned as a type of Roman institutions. ، Horace 10. ancili 9. Medo Marsus: antithetical juxtaposition. The Marsi were proverbial for their bravery; cf. 2. 20. 18, and for the Marsic War 3. 14. 18 n. with reasonable partiality joins to them his native Apulians. orum. See Dict. Ant. s.v. Salii. On the preservation of the ancile which fell from heaven the safety of Rome was said to depend. Horace seems to have known a nom. ancilium. togae: the distinctive Roman dress, cf. Virgil's famous line Aen. 1. 282, Romanos rerum dominos gentemque togatam. 11. aeternae, 'undying,' in reference to the fire which was kept ever burning on her altar. 12. incolumi 'while Jove's temple stands uninjured and the city Rome,' i.e. the soldier acts as though these were in ruins. 'the temple of Jove,' i.e. the Capitol, the sign and symbol of Rome's dominion; cf. 3. 3. 42 stet Capitolium. .. love, 13. hoc. See Summary. 15. et exemplo pubes, 'and making ruin extend to ages yet to come from the precedent, if the captive youth did not perish unpitied.' traho= 'to draw,' 'drag out,' 'extend,' and a person may be said 'from a precedent to extend ruin into the future,' who describes or foresees ruin so extending from a precedent into the future. The emendation trahenti is tempting but wrong, for trahentis is necessary as a parallel to dissentientis: Regulus objects on two grounds, (1) he disagrees with the terms as disgraceful, (2) he foresees that the precedent is ruinous. 17. si non ... pubes. These words explain exemplo: the precedent would arise 'if,' etc. For the lengthening of the final syllable in periret, cf. S. 1. 5. 90 n. perirent and perires are obvious corrections. Plüss puts a full stop after periret, and makes inmiserabilis captiva pubes an indignant exclamation, 'Unpitied (be) the captive youth!' the description of Roman disgrace which follows giving the reason why there should be no pity. 18. signa, i.e. Roman eagles. 20. sine caede, 'without bloodshed': notice the brilliant antitheses militibus sine caede, civium retorta libero, warriors who surrendered without fighting, free Romans who had become Carthaginian slaves. ... 21. ego (18)... vidi; vidi ego. Notice the emphasis with which ego= 'with my own eyes' is repeated, and how in repeating ego vidi the order is carefully changed, in accordance with the almost universal practice of the Roman poets, cf. 4. 13. 1 audivere Di. Di audivere, and especially Ov. Her. 5. 29-32. 23. portasque non clausas. The sign of security and peace; cf. A. P. 199 apertis otia portis. (being) tilled our warriors had plundered.' nostro, 'the fields 25. scilicet: from scire licet, 'you may be sure,' 'doubtless,' is frequently used ironically. acrior, 'keener for the fray.' 27. damnum. Orelli says 'not the loss of the ransom' but the 'damage which would accrue from such a precedent.' But damnum certainly refers to auro; Regulus of course does not mean 'Think too of the money it will cost,' but he uses the words in bitter irony, just as he had used the mercantile words auro repensus ('handed back over the counter for due weight of gold'): 'if,' he says, 'you care not for the disgrace (flagitium) of such traffic, at any rate buy something worth what you pay for it,' which he then shows (lines 27-36) these soldiers are not. Cf. Eur. Rhes. 102 αἰσχρὸν γὰρ ἡμῖν καὶ πρὸς αἰσχύνῃ κακόν. amissos colores, i.e. its pristine purity and whiteness. 28. medicata fuco, 'tinctured with dye.' medicare, 'to doctor,' is common = 'to dye': cf. φαρμάσσειν. 29. semel: ἅπαξ, 'once,' once for all.' 30. curat... 'cares to be restored to the degraded.' deteriores fiunt ex bonis, peiores ex malis, says the Scholiast. 32. ille. Scornfully emphatic. 33. perfidis: in opposition to credidit (cf. 3. 7.13 perfida credulum, 3. 27. 25 doloso credidit) and also with a special reference to the 'perfidy' which without reason was always attributed by Roman writers to the Carthaginians, e.g. Livy attributes to Hannibal perfidia plus quam Punica. Cf. 4. 4. 49 perfidus Hannibal, and the well-known perfide Albion. 35. restrictis lacertis, 'with arms bound behind his back.' Cf. line 22. 36. sensit: of feeling anything painful, cf. 2. 7.9 n. iners, 'spiritless,' used of dull sluggish cowardice, cf. 4. 9. 29 inertia )( virtus. ... 37. hic 'he, ignorant whence to win life, confounded peace with war.' hic picks up the scornful ille of 32 and seems to point out the very wretch whom Regulus takes as a type of the disgraced troops. unde vitam sumeret puts into oblique narration the soldier's thought unde vitam sumam? The answer ought to have been 'By the sword.' 38. pacem duello miscuit: the soldier forgot that in war there should be no 'bargaining,' no such peaceful methods of settlement. duello. Cf. Ep. 1. 2. 7 n. 40. altior ruinis, 'towering higher by,' or 'on the ruins of Italy.' 41. fertur. Here Regulus' speech ends, and the narrative recommences. fertur marks the conduct of Regulus as 'almost incredible' (Kiessling) and fabulous in its heroism, cf. 1. 7. 23; 16.13; 3.20. 13. 42. ut capitis minor. Horace alters to a more poetical shape the legal phrase capite deminutus. caput is the full body of rights possessed by a Roman citizen, viz. those of liberty, citizenship, and family (libertatis, civitatis, familiae): the loss of any of these, e.g. of liberty as in the case of Regulus, involved deminutio capitis. Being therefore no longer a full citizen, Regulus considered himself to have forfeited also the position of pater familias, or 'head of the household.' capitis is the so-called gen. of respect; cf. militiae inpiger, integer vitae, seri studiorum, etc. 44. torvus, 'grimly.' 45. donec: with posuisse. He fixed his gaze grimly on the ground until his weighty words might confirm the wavering fathers with counsel such as never before was given': after that he recovered his Roman calmness as described in lines 49-56. For donec with subj. cf. S. 2. 1. 73. 46. auctor (=qui auget) is one who 'gives strength' to anything; hence the 'author,' 'supporter' of a proposal: but there often attaches to it, as here, a collateral notion that the person to whom it is applied possesses auctoritas, that his character lends weight to his words. Orelli says that consilio is emphatic; that whereas a senator had a right sententiam dicere 'to declare his judgment,' |