psus for labera-l'incraque. rares like and quem tam aut quam, um, toties and quoties. s, unde, quanta ... gives Ar a distributive meaning to , where; ubiqua.. every ; quisque fose inde, when unutine,

pronoun is used indefinitely, aris

ticular word, it must always be in dee

der. So utile in No. 10, and

omnis in the same), IV

en refer to a following
ita. The Latins w

inite in such e

scripsi for scribsi, lapsus for labsus.-Ubicunque. Ubi, where, and ibi, there, are correlatives, like inde and unde, tum and quum, tam and quam, tantum and quantum, toties' and quoties. Que appended to ubi, quis, unde, quando, &c., gives a wider and generally a distributive meaning to those words; as ubi, where; ubique, everywhere; quis, some one; quisque, each of those of which quis is one; unde, whence; undique, from all quarters; quando, when; quandoque, whenever, (distributively). Cunque (i. e., cum-que), by prefixing cum to que strengthens and generalizes the idea; as ubicunque, wherever (i. e., in all conceivable places); quicunque, whoever; unde cunque, whencesoever; quandocunque, whenever (collectively). Gentium, added to this and other adverbs of place, gives emphasis to the expression; as, "wherever in the world." See Gram., § 212, Rem. 4, Note 2, and particularly Krebs, § 161, (2), Note. Gens means a race, or a collection of families of common descent; natio, a people under the same government, irrespective of descent. See Ramshorn for a fuller account. A nobis. The ablative alone expresses only instrumental cause; joined with the preposition a, it expresses efficient or voluntary cause. See Gram., 248. When the preposition is prefixed

to the name of an inanimate object, it is equivalent to personification, and gives a very different coloring to the representation. Krebs, § 211. See Introd. Exer., 12, First Course, I, 8. II, 10. III, 13. VI, 6. IX, 4, 7. In Chap. VII, 11, ratione is personified by a, as will be seen from the expressions, rationi parent, and cui sunt subjecti. In Chap. IX,6, the representation by ratione alone, is entirely different. In XI, 14, is another example of personification. This use of the preposition must not be confounded with that in which it merely expresses the quarter from which any thing comes, or is separated, as Introd. Exer., 31, First Course, II, 1 and 6 (in which last case persons are so viewed), III, 6. V, 12.

III. MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS.

CHAP. I, 6. Hoc. When an adjective or pronoun is used indefinitely, or refers to no particular word, it must always be in the neuter gender. So utile in No. 10, and omne in 11 (comp. omnis in the same), IV, 6. Hoc, illud, and id often refer to a following dependent clause, III, 8. -Posita. The Latins were much more graphic and definite in such expressions as "in an enemy," than the English are, and fixed the

connection of such words with its noun beyond all doubt, by adding posita. On the use of pono, see Krebs, p. 440, and I, 14. V, 11. IX, 15. XII, 4. -9. Percipitur. The pupil should be made familiar with the classic use of this word, and learn in what cases to apply it.-11. Proprium expresses possession, and is generally used with the possessive case, and even with possessive pronouns. The few instances in which Cicero uses it with the dative seems to be to avoid a harsh sound, or to express a relation rather than possession. It means either acquired property, or something peculiar and characteristic. In all other cases, the possessive pronouns should be used; as mea manu, not propria manu, my hand. "My own hand," when opposed to another's, may be expressed by mea ipsius manu; when opposed to what is common, by mea propria manu.

CHAP. II. 1. The construction of this sentence is peculiarly Latin. According to the genius of the language, the attention is kept up, by withholding the main assertion till the very close. In pecunia, by being included between omnis and spes, is guarded from ambiguity. Cujus, ejus, and remotus have each an emphatic place.-5. Habitum is not useless here. The meaning is not that "it always is the part of a