NOTES.-PROCESS OF TEACHING.

I. INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES.

1. First find the subject or nominative and the verb. If amicitiae is the nominative, it can be only in the plural. We infer that it is the subject, because no other construction will give any sense; and that it is the nominative plural, because neither the genitive or dative singular nor the vocative plural can be the subject or agent of the verb, and those are the only other cases of the word that end in ae. In order to ascertain the different relations expressed by the cases, notice the use of those cases in other passages. The teacher will give the necessary explanations where passages are referred to, which have not yet come before the student. Chap. XI, 13, the same form occurs, but it expresses an entirely different relation, that of the genitive. In No. 16 of the same chapter, we find the same form again, but here it expresses a relation entirely different from both the others, that of the dative. In No. 15, there is a different form, expressing

the direct object of the verb. In No. 10, we have the same form as the nominative singular, but in a connection where it cannot be either the nominative or the vocative, and must consequently be the ablative. The endings themselves of the genitive and dative express relations for which the English ordinarily employ prepositions. The same remark may be made of the ablative in most instances where it is used without a preposition. See Andrews & Stoddard's Grammar, 36 and 37, and Krebs' Guide for Writing Latin, p. 7. The subject determines the number, gender and case of all the qualifying words which agree with it. For example, verae might, as to its form, be either in the genitive or dative singular; but inasmuch as there is nothing for it to agree with in either of these cases, it must agree with amicitiae. The same might be said of sempiternae.-Let the word amicitia now be declined, and then written on a blackboard with the quantity of the final syllables marked. The general rule for the gender of nouns of this declension may next be given. The adjectives verae and sempiternae may be carried through all the cases and genders, if the declension of adjectives has been learned; if not, let them be declined and written out as though they were nouns of the first declension. Now-amicitia

-est may be written on the blackboard, and verae and sempiternae changed so as to correspond in number and case. Next let amicitia be varied and carried through all the cases in both numbers, and the two adjectives made to , agree with it in each.-Verus signifies true, real, genuine, proper. Verum (the truth is), indeed, however, but; vero (originally the ablative of verum), in truth, to be sure; and vere, truly, as opposed to falsely, all come from the adjective verus. So also veritas, the truth, reality, correctness. Sempiternus, ever during, is derived from semper, always. Amicitia, friendship, amity (between nations), is derived from amicus, which, as an adjective, means friendly, and governs the dative; but it is more commonly used as a noun, signifying a friend, and taking after it a genitive.

2. The first lesson is supposed to be reviewed and fixed in the memory. The second declension of nouns and the corresponding forms of the adjective are also supposed to have been learned by this time from the grammar. Let the pupil write on the blackboard the terminations of masculine nouns of the second declension in both numbers in one column, with the quantity marked; at a little distance, on the right, let him place,in another parallel column, the terminations

of neuter nouns of the same declension; and, finally, let him place between them the terminations of the first declension. These may be repeated both ways, singly through all the cases in both numbers, and conjointly in the manner of adjectives, by being carried through the three genders, until they are made perfectly familiar. Iracundus and iratus (treated for the present as an adjective) may be carried first through each. of the genders singly, and then through them all conjointly. It will now be convenient to recur to the first lesson, and to change amicitiae into all the other cases of the plural, and then into those of the singular, and to require the words verae and sempiternae to be varied accordingly. The noun dominus may be substituted for amicitiae, and carried through all its variations, accompanied with the two adjectives, varied in the same way. The word judicium may next be used in like manner for representing the neuter gender. Iracundus means passionate, irascible, and is expressive of one's general character and temper, rather than of his feelings at any particular moment. When, as here, no particular person is meant, the noun with which the adjective agrees may be omitted. Iracundia means passionate temper, irascibility; whereas, iratus means angry, in a fit of

passion, and ira, a burst of passion, as something temporary. See Chap. XV, 11. Cundus is the termination of a class of verbal adjectives, and indicates permanent qualities; bundus is that of another class of verbal adjectives, and denotes a transient state (generally of excited passion).

3. With the review of the first two lessons may be connected a general view of the verb sum. Iratus est and nati sumus may still be treated as participles with the verb sum. This third sentence should be preceded by the study of two or three forms of the third declension, one of them being a feminine which increases in the genitive, another being a neuter also increasing in the genitive. The word decus may be declined and written on a blackboard, with the quantity marked as usual. It should then be compared with a masculine or feminine noun ending in or, genitive ōris, and the rules for the quantity of the penult settled. The fact, also, that there is a peculiarity in the neuter in the nominative, accusative, and vocative, as differing from those of masculine and feminine nouns both in the second and third declensions, may be stated and explained. Libertas should be written down in the same way as decus. Ad means to, as opposed to a b, from, and includes the ideas of motion towards a place, arrival at a place, and nearness to a place.