Demosth. Πρὸς Εὐβουλιδ. p. 1318. A person in debt is represented by Aristophanes as dreading the δήμαρχος : Δάκνει με δήμαρχός τις ἐκ τῶν στρωμάτων. Nub. v. 37. Vol. 1. p. 85. — The institution of these συμμορίαι happened about the third year of the hundredth Olympiad.' Demosthenes, as we are informed by himself, served the office of τριήραρχος when he was a young man, and before the institution of the συμμορίαι above mentioned. Now, as Demosthenes was born in the third year of the ninety-ninth olympiad, Archbishop Potter seems to have assigned too early a date to this institution. The passage in Demosthenes, to which I have alluded, is the following: Οὗτος, (Midias) ὦ ἄνδρες Αθηναῖοι, γεγονὼς ἔτη περὶ πεντήκοντα ἴσως, ἢ μικρὸν ἐλάττω, οὐδὲν ἐμοῦ πλείους λειτουργίας ὑμῖν λελειτούρ γηκεν, ὃς δύο καὶ τριάκοντα ἔτη γέγονα. κἀγὼ μὲν κατ ̓ ἐκείνους τους χρόνους ἐτριηράρχουν, εὐθὺς ἐκ παίδων ἐξελθὼν, ὅτε σύνδυο ἦμεν οἱ τριήραρχοι, καὶ τὰ ἀναλώματα πάντα ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων οἴκων, καὶ τὰς ναῦς ἐπληροῦμεν αὐτοί. οὗτος δὲ, ὅτε μὲν κατὰ ταύτην τὴν ἡλικίαν ἦν, καθ' ἣν ἐγὼ νῦν, οὐδέπω λειτουργεῖν ἤρχετο· τηνικαῦτα δὲ τοῦ πράγματος ἧπται, ὅτε πρῶτον μὲν διακοσίους καὶ χιλίους πεποιήκατε συντελεῖς ὑμεῖς, παρ' ὧν εἰσπραττόμενοι τάλαντον, ταλάντου μισθοῦσι τὰς τριη ραρχίας οὗτοι· εἶτα τὰ πληρώματα ἡ πόλις παρέχει καὶ σκεύη δίδωσιν. Κατά Μειδ. Ρ. 564. Vol. I. p. 85. "Such as were unable to bear the expence of the λειτουργία assigned to them, had relief from the ἀντίδοσις, or exchange of goods." This exchange included even unsatisfied claims, or choses in action, as the lawyers term them : ὡς γὰρ τὰς δίκας ταύτας ἔμελλον εἰσιέναι κατ' αὐτῶν, ἀντίδοσιν ἐπ' ἐμὲ παρεσκεύασαν, ἵνα, εἰ μὲν ἀντιδώην, μὴ ἐξείη μοι πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἀντιδικεῖν, ὡς καὶ τῶν δικῶν τούτων τοῦ ἀντιδόντος γινομένων· εἰ δὲ μηδὲν τούτων ποιοίην, ἵνα ἐκ βραχείας οὐσίας λειτουργῶν, παντάπασιν ἀναιρεθείην. Demosth. κατ' Αφοβ. ΙΙ. p. 840. Vol. I. p. 102. "All that had undergone the office of an Archon were not taken into this Senate (of the Areopagus), but only such of them as had behaved themselves well in the discharge of their trust.”——οἱ δὲ θεσμοθέται τοὺς ἐνδειχθέντας εἰσαγόντων εἰς τὸ δι· καστήριον κατὰ τὸν νόμον, ἢ μὴ ἀνίοντων (otherwise let them not go up, or be advanced,) εἰς ἄρειον πάγον, ὡς καταλύοντες τὴν ἐπανόρθωσιν τῶν νόμων. Demosth. κατά Τιμοκρ. p. 707. Vol. I. p. 104. "However that be, it is certain that all wounds given out of malice, all wilful murders, and particularly such as were effected by poison, came under the cognizance of this court," (of Areopagus.) όπως μὴ γενήσωνται οἱ περὶ ἀλλήλους φόνοι, περὶ ὧν ἐξαίρετος ἡ βουλὴ φύλαξ, ἡ ἐν 'Αρείῳ πάγῳ τέτακται. Demosth, Πρὸς Λεπτίν. p. 505. Vol. I. p. 105. "Besides this, matters of religion, blasphemy against the gods, contempt of the holy mysteries, and all sorts of impiety, were referred to the judgment of this court,” (of Areopagus.) Accordingly in Demosth. (κατὰ Νεαίρας) we find the Areopagites punishing Theogenes, because, when βασιλεύς, he had married a wife who was neither an Athenian citizen nor a virgin, both which the laws required her to be, that she might be qualified for the performance of certain sacred rites.—ἡ βουλὴ, ἡ ἐν ἀρείῳ πάγῳ, ὥσπερ καὶ τἆλλα πολλοῦ ἄξιά ἐστι τῇ πόλει περὶ εὐσέβειαν, ἐξήτει τὴν γυναῖκα ταύτην τοῦ Θεογένους, ἥτις ἦν, καὶ ἐξήλεγχε, καὶ περὶ τῶν ἱερῶν πρόνοιαν ἐποιεῖτο, καὶ ἐξημίου τὸν Θεογένην ὅσα κύριά ἐστιν. p. 1372. Vol. I. chap. xx. Courts of Justice. It may not, perhaps, be useless to remark here, that the ordinary courts of law in Athens were courts of equity also. χρὴ τοίνυν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, κἀκεῖνο ἐνθυμεῖσθαι καὶ ὁρᾷν, ὅτι νῦν ὀμωμοκότες κατὰ τοὺς νόμους δικάσειν ἥκετε· καὶ περὶ ὧν ἂν νόμοι μὴ ὦσι, γνώμῃ τῇ δικαιοτάτῃ κρίνειν. Demosth. Πρὸς Λεπτίν. p. 492 Vol. 1. p. 115. "The same excuse was likewise admitted in behalf of the defendant, who had also another plea termed παραγραφή οι παραμαρτυρία, when he alleged, by sufficient witnesses, that the action brought against him was not δίκη εισαγώγιμος, cause which could then lawfully be tried." Persons availing themselves of this plea termed παραγραφὴ (called by the Romans Præscriptio) had the privilege of being heard first, and consequently the advantage of preoccupying the minds of the judges. -προλαβὼν δέ μου ὥστε πρότερον λέγειν διὰ τὸ παραγραφὴν εἶναι, καὶ μὴ εὐθυδικίᾳ εἰσιέναι, καὶ ταῦτ ̓ ἀναγνοὺς, καὶ τἆλλα, ὡς αὐτῷ συμφέρειν ἡγεῖτο, ψευσάμενος, οὕτω διέθηκε τοὺς δικαστάς, ὥστε φωνὴν μηδ' ἡντινοῦν ἐθέλειν ἀκούειν ἡμῶν. Demosth. κατὰ Στεφ. ψευδομ. Α. p. 1103. This circumstance will explain an expression of Demosthenes in another passage; where one who came into court with a παραγραφή, or declinatory exception, is said κατηγορεῖν τοῦ διώκοντος, Το make himself plaintiff instead of defendant. Περὶ μὲν οὖν τῆς παραγραφῆς βραχύς ἐστιν ὁ λόγος. καὶ γὰρ οὗτοι οὐ τὸ παράπαν συμβόλαιον ἐξαρνοῦνται μὴ γενέσθαι ἐν τῷ ἐμπορίῳ τῷ ὑμετέρῳ, ἀλλ' οὐκέτι εἶναί φασι πρὸς ἑαυτοὺς οὐδὲν συμβόλαιον. πεποιηκέναι γὰρ οὐδὲν ἔξω τῶν ἐν τῇ συγγραφῇ γεγραμμένων. οἱ μὲν οὖν νόμοι, καθ ̓ οὓς ὑμεῖς δικασταὶ κάθησθε, οὐχ οὕτω λέγουσιν· ἀλλ ̓ ὑπὲρ μὲν τῶν μὴ γενομένων ὅλως συμβολαίων ̓Αθήνησι μήδ' εἰς τὸ Αθηναίων ἐμπόριον, παραγράψασθαι δεδώκασιν. ἐὰν δέ τις γενέσθαι μὲν ὁμολογῇ, ἀμφισβητῇ δὲ ὡς πάντα πεποίηκε τὰ συγκείμενα, ἀπολο γεῖσθαι κελεύουσιν εὐθυδικίαν εἰσίοντα, οὐ κατηγορεῖν τοῦ διώκοντος. Πρὸς Φορμίωνα. p. 908. Vol. I. p. 115. “ The plaintiff's oath was terned προωμοσία, the defendant's αντωμοσία, and, as some think, ἀντιγραφή, and both .together διωμοσία.” 1 An example of an ἀντιγραφὴ may be seen in Demosthenes Αντιγραφή. μένα. Κατὰ Στεφ. ψευδομ. Α. p. 115. Απολλόδωρος Πασίωνος ἀχ Στέφανος Μενεκλέους ἀχαρνεύς. αρνεύς, Στεφάνῳ Μενεκλέους ἀχ τἀληθῆ ἐμαρτύρησα, μαρτυρήσας αρνεί ψευδομαρτυριῶν, τίμημα τὰ ἐν τῷ γραμματείῳ γεγραμτάλαντον. τὰ ψευδή μου κατεμαρτύρησε Στέφανος, μαρτυρήσας τὰ ἐν τῷ γραμματείῳ γεγραμμένα. Vol. I. p. 117. "The witnesses were required by the laws to deliver their testimony in writing; whereby it became impossible to recede from what they had once sworn, and such as had borne false witness were convicted with less difficulty. But the tablets of those witnesses, who, upon a citation before given, came from home with an intention to give their testimonies, were different from the tablets of such as casually came into the court. The latter being only composed of wax, and ordered in such a manner as gave the witness opportunity to make such alterations in the matter of his evidence, as afterwards, upon better consideration, appeared to be necessary." This account appears to be erroneous, and to be founded on a misconception of the meaning of Demosthenes in a part of his oration Κατὰ Στεφ. ψευδομ. Β. Ετι τοίνυν κἂν ἀπὸ τοῦ γραμματείου γνοίη τις, ἐν ᾧ ἡ μαρτυρία γέγραπται, ὅτι τὰ ψευδή μεμαρτύρηκε. λελευκωμένον τε γάρ ἐστι καὶ οἴκοθεν κατεσκευασμένον. καίτοι τοὺς μὲν τὰ πεπραγμένα μαρτυροῦντας προσήκει οἴκοθεν τὰς μαρτυρίας κατεσκευασμένας μαρτυρεῖν· τοὺς δὲ τὰς προκλήσεις μαρτυροῦντας, τοὺς ἀπὸ ταὐτομάτου προστάντας, ἐν μάλθῃ γεγραμμένην τὴν μαρτυρίαν, ἵνα εἴ τι προσγράψαι ἢ ἀπαλεῖψαι βουληθῇ, ῥᾳδιον ἦν. p. 1132. An honest man, who had written out his evidence regarding rà πεπραγμένα, facts, things which had finally passed, could have no occasion, whether he came into court casually or upon citation, to make any alterations in it, because his memory could not so well serve him then, as when he committed his testimony to writing, with the facts recently impressed upon it; for him then a tablet which admitted of no such alterations (γραμματεῖον λελευκων μένον) was the proper one: but a person happening to be present (ἀπὸ ταὐτομάτου προστὰς) when a challenge or offer (πρόκλησις) was made by one litigant to another, might find it necessary to alter his testimony of that offer, even while he was writing it, or at least before the offer was finally accepted or rejected, because the subject of his testimony, the terms of the offer, might be altered by the party making it: in this case, therefore, a waxen tablet would be more convenient. Vol. I. p. 118. "Lest by the length of their orations they should weary the judges' patience, and hinder them from proceed ing to other business, they were limited to a certain time, called διαμεμετρημένη ἡμέρα, which was measured by a κλέψυδρα, or hourglass, differing from ours in this, that, instead of sand, they made use of water; and to prevent all fraud and deceit, there was an officer appointed to distribute the water equally to both sides." In a cause in which four plaintiffs were opposed to one defendant, we find the same quantity of water allowed to each of the plaintiffs as to the defendant; i. e. four times as much to the former together, as to the latter: καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἦγεν ὁ ἄρχων εἰς τὸ δικάσε τήριον, καὶ ἔδει ἀγωνίζεσθαι, τά τε ἄλλα ἦν αὐτοῖς ἅπαντα παρεσκευασμένα εἰς τὸν ἀγῶνα, καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ, πρὸς ὃ ἔδει ἀγωνίζεσθαι, τετραπλάσιον ἡμῶν ἔλαβον. Demosth. Πρὸς Μακαρτ. ρ. 1052. then it is to be observed that these four plaintiffs, although united in a conspiracy against one defendant, claimed each the inheritance in question for himself exclusively. Archbishop Potter proceeds, « When the glass was run out, they were permitted to speak no farther; and therefore we find them very careful not to lose or mispend one drop of their water, and whilst the laws quoted by them were reciting, or if any other business happened to intervene, they gave order that the glass should be stopped." καί μοι κάλει τούτους πάντας, (witnesses.) σὺ δ' (to the Ἐφύδωρ) ἐπίλαβε τὸ ὕδωρ. Demosth. Πρὸς Εὐβουλιδ. p. 1305. λέγε αὐτοῖς ταυτασὶ τὰς μαρτυρίας· σὺ δ' ἐπίλαβε τὸ ὕδωρ. Demosth. Κατὰ Κόνωνος. p. 1268. λάβε δ' αὐτὴν τὴν μαρτυρίαν, καὶ ἀνάγνωθί μοι, ἵνα ἐξ αὐτῆς ἐπιδεικνύω. λέγε· σύ δ' ἐπίλαβε τὸ ὕδωρ. Demosth. κατὰ Στεφάνου. ψευδομ. Α. p. 1103. Further on the same subject: "Yet if any person had made an end of speaking before the time allotted him was expired, he was permitted to resign the remaining part of his water to any other that had occasion, and this is meant by the orator, when he saith τῷ ὕδατι τῷ ἐμῷ λαλείτω, “Let him speak till what remains of my water be run out." It is a mistake to suppose that in this phrase the remainder only of the water or time allowed to the orator is intended to be offered. Demosthenes never makes the offer, but when he knows his adversary will not dare to accept it; when he is so confident of the truth of his assertions, that he may safely defy contradiction, by expressing a readiness to sacrifice a part of the time assigned him, if any one can be found hardy enough to use it in impugning his veracity: Οὐδ' ἔστιν οὔτε μεῖζον, οὔτ ̓ ἔλαττον ψήφι σμα οὐδὲν Αἰσχίνῃ περὶ τῶν συμφερόντων τῇ πόλει. εἰ δέ φησι, ΝΥΝ δειξάτω ΕΝ ΤΩ ΕΜΩ ΥΔΑΤΙ. ἀλλ ̓ οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδέν. Demosth. Περὶ Στεφ. p. 274. εἰ μὲν γάρ τις ἔχει με ἐπιδεῖξαι ὡς ψεύδομαι, ἀναστὰς ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ ὕδατι, ἐξελεγξάτω ὅ τι ἂν μὴ φῇ με ἀληθὲς λέγειν πρὸς ὑμᾶς. Demosth. Πρὸς Πολυκλ. p. 1206. καὶ, εἴ φασί με τοῦτο ψευδέσθαι, ἐπὶ τοῦ ἐμοῦ ὕδατος ὅστις βούλεται τούτων τἀναντία μαρτυρησάτω. Demosth. Πρὸς Εὐβουλιδ. p. 1318. The expression is equivalent to that in Demosthenes's oration Περὶ παραπρεσβ. εἰ δέ φησιν οὗτος, δειξάτω καὶ παρασχέσθω, ΚΑΓΩ ΚΑΤΑΒΑΙΝΩ. ἀλλ' οὐκ ἔστιν. p. 351. The words then do not import, as Arch. bishop Potter supposes, a concession, by way of favor, of the time remaining after the conclusion of the orator's speech; but an offer, in defiance, to resign his place at the moment when he uses them, and in the middle of his oration. GREEK INSCRIPTIONS, Copied by Mr. HYDE in the Oasis: communicated through HENRY SALT, Esq. Consul-General in Egypt. PART I. ΙΟΥΛΙΟΣΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟ ΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΓΘΑΓΕω. Β-ΔΑ. ΔΟΓ ΙΟΥ ΠΕΜΦΘΕΝΤΟΣ ΜΟΙΔΙΑΤΑΓΜΑΤΟΣΥΠΟΤΟΥΚΥΡΙΟΥΗΙ ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΥΙΟΥΛΙΟΥ ΑΔΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥΤΟ ΑΝΤΙΓΡΑΦΟΥΜΕΝΥ ΓΑΛΒΑΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΟΡΟΣΦΑ ΦΙΛΙΟΥΝΛΥΒΑΕΤΗΙ ΙΟ ΙΟΥΛΙΟ ΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΣ ΛΕΓΕΙ: TIBP ΠΑΓΑΝΠΡΟΝΟΙΑΝ ΠΟΙΟΥΜΕΝΟ ΤΟΥ ΔΙΑΜΕΝΕΙΝΤ ΠΙΡΟΣΗΚΟ.ΤΙΚ TAΣTHMATIΤΗΝ ΠΟΛΙΝ ΑΠΟΛΑΥΟΥΣΑΝΤΝΕΥΕΡΓΕΣΙΩΝ ΑΓΕΧΕΙ ΠΑΡΑΤ ΝΕΕΒΑΣΤΩΝΚΑΙΤΟΥΤΗΝ ΑΙΓΥΠΤΟΝ ΕΝΕΥΣΤΑΘΕΙΑ ΔΙΑΓΟΥΣΑΝΕΥΘΥΜ ΕΥΠΗΡΕΤΕΙΝΤΗΙ ΤΕΕΥΘΗΝΙΑ ΚΑΙΤΗΙΜΕΓΙΣ ΤΗΙΙω.ΝΥΝΚΑΙΡΩΝΕΥΔΑΙΜΟΝΙΑΜΗΙΒΑΡΥΝΟΜΕΝΗΝ ΚΑΙ ΝΑΙ ΚΑΙΑΔΙΚΟΙΕ, ΕΙΣΠΡΑΞΕΣΙΕΧΕΔΟΝ ΔΕΕΣΟΥΤΗΣΠ |