grs., the congius contains 199.876921 cubic inches, and, consequently, its side is 5.8468 inch. But the side of the congius was half the Roman foot; hence the value of the Roman foot, as deduced from the congius, is 11.6936 inch. Though this result is very near the correct one, much reliance cannot be placed on this mode of arriving at it, in consequence of the weight of the ancient wine (80 libræ of which were contained in the congius) being unknown. But, as Rhemnius Fannius informs us that the ancients accounted no difference to exist in the specific gravities of wine and water, we have considered them equal, and supposed distilled water of maximum density to be of the same specific gravity with that employed by them, which was very probably pure rain-water. There remain two congii, of which the most celebrated was placed by Vespasian in the Capitol, as its inscription imports, and is commonly called the Farnesian; the other is preserved at Paris. These have been filled with water and weighed by Pætus, Villalpandus, Auzout, and others, who have hence sought to determine the libra and pes; but the results of their experiments are so much at variance as to render any inferences drawn from them objectionable. (f) The last method we shall notice, and which leads to the most satisfactory conclusion, consists in the measurement of the ancient buildings now standing at Rome; and though many have ascertained the length of some single parts of them, yet no one has compared the measures of the principal parts with so much assiduity and success as Mr. Raper. Having carefully examined the work entitled "Les Edifices antiques de Rome," by M. Desgodetz, he very ingeniously deduced the value of the Roman foot from 65 dimensions=.97075 ft. From this value of the pes, which is the one now generally adopted in Germany and France, are easily deduced all the measures of length. (See Tables I. and II.) The jugerum being 28800 ped. quad., equals 27139 sq. ft. 2 roods, 19 poles, and 187 ft.; whence the superficial measures in Tables III., IV., and V. have been calculated. The amphora being the cube of the pes, equals 1580.75 cub. inch.; but as a cubic inch of distilled water at maximum density weighs 252.632 grs., and a gallon 10 lbs. avoirdupoise or 70,000 grs., the amphora equals 5 galls., 2 qts., 1.64 pts.; whence the Capacious measures in Tables VI. and VII. have been computed. 5. ROMAN WEIGHTS. The unit of weight was originally denominated As, and subsequently Libra or As Libralis. It corresponded nearly with our Troy pound. Its multiples were Dupondius (2 pondo or libre), Sestertius (2 asses), Tressis (3 asses), Quatrussis, Quinquessis, and so on till Centussis. The term as, though properly applied to a piece of copper of the weight of a Roman pound, was extended not only to all the Roman measures expressing their units, but also denoted the entire amount of inheritances, interest, houses, farms, and all things which it was customary to divide; and reference being constantly made by authors to it and its subdivisions, it is important that they should be thoroughly understood. The following table exhibits the relations subsisting between the as and its several parts. 1441 The Romans made their weights of marble, iron, or brass. A few specimens of these are now extant, and have been weighed by Rome de l'Isle and Eisenschmid, whose results vary from 4900 to 5100 grs. Others have attempted the determination of the libra from the relation existing between it and the congius, the latter having been determined to contain 197.6 cub. inch. nearly. If we assume the weight of a cubic inch of water=253 grs., a congius of water would weigh 49992 grs., and the libra would equal 4999.2 grs.; but if we suppose a cubic inch of the Roman wine, which was employed in the adjustment of the libra and congius with regard to one another, to weigh 256 grs., the value of the libra would be 5058.5 grs. It is then evident that, from our ignorance of the specific gravity of the ancient wine, we can arrive at no more accurate conclusion with regard to the value of the libra from a knowledge of the exact dimensions of the congius, than from the weight of those rough specimens just noticed. This assertion may be substantiated by mentioning the valuations given by different metrologists, who have employed either the congius or the specimens as the basis of their calculations. Budæus makes the libra=5904 grs., Rome de l'Isle 4958, Auzout 5105, Eisenschmid 5097, Paucton 5175, and Arbuthnot 52455 grs. of investigation founded on the hypothesis that the The mode ancients exercised at least a tolerable degree of nicety in standarding their moneys, has been justly recommended as the most perfect we can employ. It consists in ascertaining the value of the scrupulum, and hence that of the libra, from certain aurei which are extant, and which were coined of the weight of a certain number of scrupula, indicated by the stamp they bear. Letronne, whose accurate and laborious experiments on the ancient coins have entitled him to implicit reliance, from the weight of 54 aurei deduced the scrupulum 21.4 Par. grs. ; hence 288 scrupula or the libra 6163.2 Par. grs. the Roman pound, as Letronne advises, 6160 Par. We may safely put grs., since an error of the hundredth part of a grain in the value of the scrupulum just assigned would produce one of 2.88 grs. in that of the libra. The libra then equals 6160 Par. grs=5049.53 mint-pound grs., and the remaining weights are hence easily calculated. (See Tables VIII. and IX.) 6. ROMAN MONEYS. Festus informs us that the Romans during the reign of Romulus had not established coined money as a medium of exchange, but used for this purpose leather, painted wood, and pieces of metal, the values of which were determined by weight. That Numa caused copper to be cut into rough pieces (ara rudia) of the weight of a libra, is asserted by some authors, while others are of opinion that leather, &c., were still used in the time of Numa, and that Servius Tullius first ordered round pieces of copper to be made, of a pound weight, called asses librales, with the images of cattle (pecudes) rudely sketched on them, and that hence the term pecunia was applied to money. Copper continued to be in general circulation till A.U.C. 485, when silver was first coined at Rome, though foreign coins of this metal had been previously introduced; the coinage of gold followed 62 years after. The temple of Juno Moneta was appropriated as the general depository of standards, and the coins were issued from it, having been previously inspected by Nummularii or The Paris grain equals .819729 mint-pound grs, or .820072 Troughton's grs.; since the French Kilogram equals 18827.15 Par. grs., 15433.159 mint-pound grs., or 15439.619 Troughton's grs. It may be here remarked, that we have employed the mint-pound grs. of Philadelphia, of which the mint-pound contains 7000, in assigning the values of the Greek and Roman weights, and those who wish to obtain them in Troughton's grs. can effect their object by multiplying those we have given by 1.0004184 (See Mr. Hassler's Report.) 1442 MEASURES, WEIGHTS, AND MONEYS assaymasters. The entire mint was under the general | drachm, prescribed by it; it was then considered, as superintendence of three men, appointed by the people we are informed by Corn. Celsus, as the of an uncia. But it gradually diminished in weight under the Cæsars (see Table XII.); and having subsequently regained its original weight, though with a considerable abasement of its purity, it continued to be the current silver money of the empire till Constantine substituted the miliarensis in its stead. Letronne having carefully weighed 1350 consular denarii, deduced the weight of the denarius=73 Par. grs.=59 84 mint-pound grs. Now its purity being .97, its value is easily calculated 8d. 2.17 far. 15 cts., 4.7 mills. (See Tables X. and XI.) The golden coins of Aurei were issued A.U.C. 546, weighing 1 or more scrupula, the scrupulum of gold passing for 20 sestertii. Some few remain with the numerals XX. and XXXX., which indicate their values to be respectively 20 and 40 sesterces. They have the head of Mars and the numerals denoting their value on one side, and on the reverse an eagle standing on a thunderbolt. Afterward it was thought proper to coin 40 aurei out of the pound, each valued at 25 denarii; their mean weight is 125.62 grs. The aureus gradually diminished in weight during the time of the emperors (see Tab. XII.), till in Pliny's time 45 were struck out of the pound. The Emperor Severus coined semisses and tremisses of gold, whence the aureus, being considered the integer, was denominated Solidus. Soon after, the coinage, becoming irregular, was entirely remodelled by Constantine, who coined 72 solidi out of the pound, each weighing then 4 scrupula or 70.13 grs., and made the pound of gold equal to 1000 miliarenses; so that the solidus equalled 137 miliarenses, though it passed for 14. The ratio of gold to silver during the republic and the twelve Cæsars is given in Tab. XII. at the Comitia Tributa, denominated Triumviri Monetales. The Romans counted by asses, sestertii, denarii, and aurei. The as (originally assis, from aes), or assipondium, was at first libralis, and bore the impression of Janus geminus, or bifrons, on one side; on the reverse, the rostrum of a ship, and was at first, as we have noticed, libralis; but in the first Punic war, in consequence of the scarcity of money, the republic ordered asses to be struck weighing 2 unciæ, by which, as Pliny informs us, it gained and discharged its debt; it was subsequently reduced, when Hannibal invaded Italy, to the weight of an uncia, and lastly by the Papirian law to that of a semiuncia; and though this rapid diminution of its weight was required by the necessities of the commonwealth, it would eventually have been accomplished by the increasing abundance of silver and gold. The as thus reduced was, in reference to its original weight, denominated libella, and the older coins are distinguished from it by later writers when they speak of as grave. Besides the as, its subdivisions, viz., semisses, trientes, quadrantes, sextantes, stipes unciales, semiuncia, and sextula (the smallest of the Roman coins according to Varro), and its multiples, dupondii, quatrusses, and decusses, were coined; specimens of which remain at the present day, and are to be found in the most valuable collections of ancient coins. But those pieces less than the as which were most frequently coined, were the semissis and quadrans, bearing the impress of a boat instead of the rostrum of a ship; the former was also named sembella (quasi semilibella), the latter teruncius. The sestertius, quinarius, and denarius were silver coins, and called bigati or quadrigati, from the impression of a chariot drawn by two or four horses, which they bore on one side, that on the reverse being the head of Roma with a helmet. The sestertius (or semistertius) was so called by a figure borrowed from the Greeks, and equalled 2 asses; its symbol is H. S., abbreviated from L. L. S., the initials of libra, libra, semis. The sestertium, or 1000 sestertii, was expressed by the symbol HS; it was not a coin, but was employed by the Romans, together with the sestertius, in computing large sums of money. Their method of notation was effected by The unit of linear measure adopted by the Greeks combining the symbols with their numeral characters; was the foot (Hous), of which the dúkrog, or finger's thus HS. MC. indicates 1100 sestertii; but if the breadth, was, and the maλatorý, or palm, . The numerals have a line over them, centena millia or latter was also understood by doxun, from dérouat, “to 100,000 is understood; thus HS. MC. means 110 receive," by the compound term daxr2odoxin, and by millions of sestertii. When the numerals are separ- of the latter term to this measure is commonly exdopov, which properly signifies a gift; the application ated by points into two or three orders, the 1st on the right hand denotes units, the 2d, thousands, the plained by the fact, that the palm of the hand is natu3d, hundred thousands; thus, III. XII. DC. HS. de- rally extended in receiving a gift. Emilaun, or span, notes 300,000+12,000+600=312600 sestertii. The equals 12 dúkruλot, and is defined by Hesychius to following illustration may be also added. Pliny says, that of the little finger, when the hand is opened with be the distance from the extremity of the thumb to that seven years before the first Punic war there were in the Roman Treasury "auri pondo XVI. DCCCX.; a view of grasping or measuring any object. The diargenti pondo XXII. LXX. ; et in numerato LXII visions of the roug, more rarely employed, are kovovLXXV. CCCC." (33, 3); that is, 16.810 pounds 0, dixus, ixús, and oplodpov; the first being 2 of gold, 22,070 pounds of silver, and 6,275,400 ses: dúkruλot, and the second nous, hence entitled by tertii of ready money. The quinarius was equal to 5 Theophrastus ódiov. The 2xic was 10 dúktuasses, and marked V; by the Clodian law it was im-201, and the optódwpov, being the length of the hand pressed with the figure of Victory, and hence called Victoriatus. The denarius, at its first institution, equalled 10 asses, and was stamped with the numeral X or But when the Romans were pressed by Har nibal, A.U.C. 537, the as having been made uncialis, the denarius passed for 16 asses, the quinarius for 8, and the sestertius for 4; and when the as was made semiuncialis the same proportion was retained, except in the payment of the soldiers, with whom the denarius preserved its original value. The denarius was not used as a weight until the Greek physicians came to Rome, who, finding it nearly equal to their The Grecian measures, weights, and coins, being well known to the Romans, were mostly determined by them to have some definite relation to their own; so that they will oppose less difficulties in assigning their values. 7. GRECIAN MEASURES OF LENGTH. from the wrist to the extremity of the middle finger, oads. "Opyvia, or fathom, from opeyw, “to extend," | of horn; and ȧupopeús, from audioopeús, receiving its is the distance from the hands, when the arms are name from the two handles by which it was carried. raised and extended, measured along the breast, and Another synonyme was orauνíov (“Kɛрúμov Toù oivov equals 6 modes; hence it has received from Herodo-vdaros oтauviov," Hesychius.) From the verses of tus the epithets τετράπηχυς and Εξαπόδης. The Rhemnius Fannius, measure from which the Romans probably borrowed" Attica præterea dicenda est amphora nobis their decempeda was άκαινα or κάλαμος=10 πόδες; Seu cadus; hunc facies, si nostræ addideris urnam," six of these constituted the "Auua, which, together with the @pov-100 rodes, and the kúhauos, was it appears that the μerpnτns=1} amphora=8 galls., 2 used principally in the measurement of lands. The qts., 0.46 pts. It contained 12 youç, 72 507α, and 144 most ancient itinerary measure of the Greeks was the Korúλa; and, by comparing the Roman and Greek caorádiov, which appears to have had a very rude ori-pacious measures, we will perceive that the yous corregin. It is said to have been the invention of Hercu-sponded in value to the congius, éorns to sextarius, and les, whose athletic exertion it exhibited, since it com- korúan to hemina. Certain festivals at Athens were prehended the distance which he was able to run with-called xóes, because, according to Suidas, every man had out taking breath. Isidorus informs us that it took a youç of wine given him, and, as Athenæus declares, its name from torņu, “to stand,” and assigns as a because Demophoön, king of Athens, offered a sweetreason, "quod in fine respirasset simulque stetisset." cake, and Dionysius the tyrant a crown of gold, as a prize It was established as the measure of the length of the to the first person who drank a youç of wine. KOTÚAN avλóç, or foot-course, at the Olympic games; and from derived its name from its cavity, and Galen mentions, the respect in which these exercises were held, it be- that the korúan and hemina were applied by the ancient came an itinerary measure. This distance, the hero physicians to the same use with the modern graduated who instituted it measured by the length of his foot, glasses of our apothecaries, being vessels of horn, of which he found equal to one six hundredth part of the rectangular or cylindrical shape, divided on the outcourse Censorinus and M. Gossellin have endeav- side, by means of lines, into 12 parts, which they oured to show that there were different stadia em- called ounces of measure (ovyyíaι μɛтpikai), and corployed among the Greeks, but their remarks have responded to a certain number of ounces by weight been completely refuted by Wurm. 'Iкóv, or the (ovyyia oтalμikai). Now the hemina, being of distance a horse could run, "sub uno spiritu," equals 4 the amphora, weighed, when filled with wine, 10 unorádia, and Aónixos has been variously assumed as 6, cia, so that the account of Galen is involved in doubt, 7, 8, and even 24 orádia, but more correctly as 12. inasmuch as the ounce by measure was hence of Those linear measures which were known to the that by weight. Τέταρτον, ὀξύβαφον, and κύαθος were Greeks by their intercourse with other nations, were respectively equal to the quartarius, acetabulum, and Miλtov, or the Roman mile 8 orádia; Пapaoáy- cyathus of the Romans. The remaining measures are γης=30 στάδια, according to Herodotus (2, 6) and κόγχη, μύστρον, χήμη, and κοχλιάριον, concerning Xenophon (Anab., 5, 7), though Strabo makes it, in which authors are slightly at variance. Cleopatra different places, 40 and 60 orúdia; and Exoivos, an makes a greater and less koyxn, the greater being the Egyptian measure, whose value is differently assigned same with the bğúbagov, the less kúatos; while Pliny to be 60, 40, and 32 σrádia. (12, 25) makes the koyxn a determinate measure. Μύστρον οι μύστλον was borrowed, as its name im8. DETERMINATION OF THE GREEK FOOT. ports, from the shell of the sea-mouse, and was of two There are two methods of investigating the value of kinds: the less and more common being kvalos, the the Tous proposed to us: the first consists in its de-greater of the korún. Xhun, derived also from termination by its ratio to the Roman foot; the secsome shellfish, was divided into the greater or rustic, ond, by means of the public edifices of the Greeks KOTÚλn; and the less, or that used by physiwhich are yet standing. χήμη. 1. All authors agree that the ratio subsisting be-cians, 36 KOTÚλN. Koxkúptov was equal to tween the Roman and Greek foot is 24: 25, as might also be inferred from the value the Greeks assigned in the measurement of grain was Médoc=6 modir. 2. For things dry.-The largest measure employed το μίλιον, which we have mentioned was 8 στάδια 4800 modes=5000 pedes. Now the Roman foot hav-it contained 48 xoivikes; so that the oivis equalled Its divisions were τρίτος, Έκτος, and ἡμίεκτον; and ing been determined .97075 ft., the value of the 4 korúhat. The remaining measures were the same with the liquid measures. (See Tab. XVI. and XVII.) Greek foot hence deduced is 1.0111812 ft. 2. Mr. Stuart, who examined the temples remain ing at Athens, found the average ratio of the Greek to the Roman foot to be 25.04: 24. (Quarterly Review, No. 10, p. 280.) The Greek foot would hence 1.0128168 ft. The mean of these two values is 1.011999 ft. We prefer, however, adopting Wurm's determination, who has examined Mr. Stuart's measurements with great accuracy, and has equalled the Greek foot to 136.65 Par. lin. 1.01146 ft. (See Tab. XIII. and XIV.) 11. GRECIAN WEIGHTS. 20í. 'Obohóc equalled, according to Pollux, 8 xahkot, The unit of weight was dpaxun or drachm-6 ¿60though Pliny makes the 6602óc=10, and Suidas =6 and the yaλkós, on the authority of Suidas =7 Zéπta; xaλkoi. The Romans translated xa2kóg areolus, and Tov minuta or minutia. Though Rhemnius Fannius asserts that the Greeks used no weights less than the boλós, the physicians employed some smaller, viz., Kɛpúτtov, equal to the siliqua of the Romans, The multiples of the ponderal unit, or the weights greater than the Spaxun, were the uva or mina=100, and rúλavrov 6000 Spaxuaí. From libra, the later Greeks derived their Airpa, which, in imitation of the 9. GRECIAN MEASURES OF EXTENT. The unit of extent was 'Apovpa, being a square uncia, and ourάpiov, or grain, siliqua. whose side is 50 módeç: it was divided into sixths and twelfths, respectively called ExTot and huiɛKTOL. The πλέθρον contained 4 άρουραι, and is the measure most frequently mentioned in the superficial measurements of lands. The values and relations of the oth-Romans, they divided into 12 ovyyía; the Táλavrov ers are exhibited in Table XV. 10. GRECIAN MEASURES OF CAPACITY. being, according to Livy (38, 38), 80 libræ, the libra 75 Spaxual, and the Spaxun libra=67.327 grs. which result differs very little from that assigned 1. For Liquids.-The greatest liquid measure was by Wurm. Considering that a more correct value of Μετρητής, which was also called κάδος, from χαδεῖν, the δραχμή might be obtained from the coins extant, "to contain" Repúшov, probably from its being made | he has followed the determinations of Letronne, and 1444 MEASURES, WEIGHTS, AND MONEYS OF THE GREEKS AND ROMANS. assumed it=821 Par. grs.=67.3349 grs. The values | μov, which, were it a coin, must have been very large. of the remaining weights are easily calculated, and may be seen in Tables XVIII. and XIX. 12. GRECIAN COINS. Apaxun quasi dpayun, is interpreted a handful of e oboλot, which were equal to it in value; it was employed in the computations of the Greeks, as the sestertius was by the Romans, Plutarch affording us many examples. The Spaxun varied in different countries determining the rúλavrov of corresponding variation; that of gina was called maxɛia, since it equalled 13 Attic drachms, in contradistinction to the Attic, called λɛπτý. It is a matter of doubt when the Greeks commenced the coinage of metallic ores. The Oxonian marbles render it apparent that Phido, king of the Argives, about 700 B.C. struck some silver pieces, and there yet remain many Macedonian coins purporting to be struck five centuries B.C. Of all the Greek cities, There is mention made of the Boûç, a coin so called Athens was most celebrated for the fineness of her sil- from the stamp of an ox with which it was impressed, ver, and the justness of its weight; and Xenophon reputed equal to the dispaxμov, and coined of gold mentions, that wherever Attic silver was carried, it and silver. This was perhaps one of the most ancient sold to advantage. Indeed, their money deserves our Greek coins, being known to Homer, if we credit the particular attention, since we have unexceptionable testimony of Julius Pollux, and to it that immortal evidence of its standard weight, and since it furnishes bard is supposed to allude when he sings of Glaucus us with the knowledge we possess of the moneys of changing his golden armour, worth 100 ẞóɛs, for the the other Greek cities. Copper was not coined till brazen one of Diomede. The Tεтрádрaxμov, or silver the 26th year of the Peloponnesian war, when Callias σrarip, appears to have been the coin most generally was a second time archon. It was soon after publicly in use among the Greeks. Livy informs us, that becried down by a proclamation, which deciared silver tween the years 564 and 566 A.U.C. there were the lawful money of Athens; it, however, was shortly brought to Rome by M. Fulvius 118,000, by M. Acilafter again introduced. The common opinion, that ius 113,000, by L. A. Regillus 34,700, and by Scipio the Athenians coined gold, is considered by some to Asiaticus 22,400 тεтрúðраxua. So many specimens be without sufficient authority. That they had no of them remain, that they are to be found at the presgold coin at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, ent day in almost every collection. Letro.ne having appears from the account given by Pliny of the treas- accurately examined 500 of them, and arranged them ure amassed in the Acropolis, which consisted of sil- according to the centuries in which they were struck, ver in coin, and gold and silver in bullion. Athenæus deduced the mean weight of the old Attic spaxμn, tells us that gold was very sparingly circulated in coined two centuries and more B.C., 824 Par. Greece, until the Phocians despoiled and plundered grs. 67.3349 grs.; and its purity being .97, its value the temple at Delphi. But the gold-mines in the is 9d. 2.85 far, or 17 cts. 5.93 mills Federal currenneighbourhood of Philippi were so improved by Philip cy. The latter Attic dpaxun was also found=77 of Macedon as to yield 1000 talents yearly, from Par. grs.=63.236 grs.; and its value thereby deterwhich were struck the Philippics. When Greece be- mined is 9d. 0.487 far., or 16 cts. 5.22 mills. The came subject to the Romans, the standard of the con- Xpvooùç, or golden orarip, weighed 2, and was valquerors was introduced, and there remain some gold ued at 20 Spaxuaí; golden pieces were coined of coins which were struck subsequently to this event, double and half its weight; and though no Attic staters of the weight of the aureus; one of these is preserved remain at the present day, there have been preserved in the British Museum, which, though a little worn, some darics and Philippics, whose purity is very rebears the evidence of elegant workmanship: its im- markable, being .979. The ratio of gold and silver press on one side is the head of Minerva, and on the varied at different periods. Herodotus estimates it as other an owl and oil-bottle, with the inscription AOH, 13 to 1; in the dialogue of Hipparchus, commonly as NH, the last two letters being placed under the oil-cribed to Plato, it is 12 to 1; and Lysias, the orator, bottle. The Persian daric seems to have been the assumes it as 10 to 1, which last ratio was preserved gold coin best known at Athens when in her lofty state without alteration. of independence, and was called orario, probably beThe Mina (Mva), according to Plutarch, equalled 75 cause it was originally the standard by which the Spaxuai, till the time of Solon, who made it contain Spaxun was adjusted; and subsequently the Philippics 100. The Attic talent of silver equalled 60 min; were standarded by means of the daric or the drachma. that of Ægina, which was current at Corinth, was The Greeks counted by means of Táhavтa, uvai, TET- 100; and the Attic talent of gold was 600 minæ, acpúdpaxua, and dpaxuai, and their method of standard-cording to the proportion of gold and silver just preing excelled the Roman in point of ease and convenience, since their coins were weights also. mised. For the values of the different coins, see Tables XX. and XXI. The brazen coins were Χαλκους=ὶ ὀβολός; and λέπτον=! Χαλκούς. The ὀβολός was so called, because, previously to the introduction of coined money, it was in the form of a small spit. The silver coins referring to the obohóc are, Tεтрóbokov, тpróboZor, dióbokov, nuobókov, and dixa2kov; but those are most celebrated which refer to the Spaxun, viz., δίδραχμον, τρίδραχμον, τετράδραχμον. Rome de l'Isle mentions a Greek coin of silver, 11 dpaxuaí, and Plato and Julius Pollux speak of the TEνTηKоνтúdрax-have been calculated NOTE. The method of calculating the value of the old Attic drachm is as follows: Its weight being 67.3349 mint-pound grs, or 67.3631 Troughton's grs., and its purity being .97, it contains 65.3148 mt. pd. grs., or 65.3422 Tr. grs. of pure silver. Now 371.25 mt. pd grs. of pure silver being coined into 100 cts., and 5328 Tr. grs. of pure silver being coined into 792d. (see Pres. Adamns's Report), the value of the old Attic drachm is hence des termined in the Federal and Sterling currencies. In a similar manner, the values of the less Attic drachm and of the denarius |