There is no trace of an epode following the strophe and antistrophe in his poems.

The dialect of Aleman was the Spartan Doric, with an intermixture of the Æolic. The popular idioms of Laconia appear most frequently in his more familiar poems.

The Alexandrean grammarians placed Alcman at the head of their canon of the nine lyric poets. Among the proofs of his popularity may be mentioned the tradition that his songs were sung, with those of Terpander, at the first performance of the gymnopædia at Sparta (B.C. 665: Ælian, V. H., 12, 50), and the ascertained fact, that they were frequently afterward used at that festival. (Athen., 15, p. 678.) The few fragments which remain scarcely allow us to judge how far he deserved his reputation, but some of them display a true poetical spirit.

Aleman's poems comprised six books, the extant fragments of which are included in the collections of Neander, H. Stephens, and Fulvius Ursinus. The latest and best edition is that of Welcker, Giessen, 1815.

and the age of Pisistratus. But even earlier than the time of Pisistratus the family of the Aleuada appears to have become divided into two branches, the Aleuade and the Scopada, called after Scopas, probably a son of Aleuas. (Ov., Ibis, 512.) The Scopada inhabited Crannon, and perhaps Pharsalus also, while the main branch, the Aleuada, remained at Larissa. The influence of the families, however, was not confined to these towns, but extended more or less over the greater part of Thessaly. They formed, in reality, a powerful aristocratic party (Baotheiç) in opposition to the great body of the Thessalians. (Herod., 7, 172.)

The earliest historical person who probably belongs to the Aleuada is Eurylochus, who terininated the war of Cirrha about B.C. 590. (Strabo, 9, p. 418.-Vid. EURYLOCHUS.) In the time of the poet Simonides we find a second Aleuas, who was a friend of the poet. He is called a son of Echecratides and Syris (Schol. ad Theocrit, 16, 34); but, besides the suggestion of Ovid (Ibis, 225) that he had a tragic end, nothing is known about him. At the time when Xerxes invaded Greece, three sons of this Aleuas, Thorax, Eurypylus, and Thrasydæus, came to him as ambassadors, to request him to go on with the war, and to promise him their assistance. (Herod., 7, 6.-Vid. THORAX.) When, after the Persian war, Leotychides was sent to Thessaly to chastise those who had acted as traitors to their country, he allowed himself to be bribed by the Aleuada, although he might have subdued all Thessaly. (Herod., 6, 72.-Paus., 3, 7, § 8.) This fact shows that the power of the Aleuade was then still as great as before. About the year B.C. 460, we find an Aleuad Orestes, son of Echecratides, who came to Athens as a fugitive, and persuaded the ALECTOR ('AZÉкTwp), I. the father of Leïtus, the Athenians to exert themselves for his restoration. Argonaut. (Apollod., 1, 9, ◊ 16.) Homer (Il., 17, (Thuc., 1, 111.) He had been expelled either by 602) calls him Alectryon.-II. A son of Anaxago- the Thessalians, or, more probably, by a faction of ras, and father of Iphis, king of Argos. He was con- his own family, who wished to exclude him from the sulted by Polyneices as to the manner in which dignity of Baoiλevs (i. e., probably Tagus), for such Amphiaraus might be compelled to take part in the feuds among the Aleuade themselves are frequentexpedition against Thebes. (Apollod., 3, 6, § 2.-ly mentioned. (Xen., Anab., 1, 1, § 10.) Paus., 2, 18, § 4.) Two others of the same name are mentioned in Homer. (Od., 4, 10.-Eustath. ad Hom., p. 303 and 1598.)

ALCON, II. a surgeon (vulnerum medicus) at Rome in the reign of Claudius, A.D. 41-54, who is said by Pliny (H. N., 29, 8) to have been banished to Gaul, and to have been fined ten millions of sesterces: H. S. centies cent. mill. (about £78,125). Af ter his return from banishment, he is said to have gained by his practice an equal sum within a few years, which, however, seems so enormous (compare ALBUTIUS and ARRUNTIUS), that there must probably be some mistake in the text. A surgeon of the same name, who is mentioned by Martial (Epigr., 11, 84) as a contemporary, may possibly be the same person.

After the end of the Peloponnesian war, another Thessalian family, the dynasts of Pheræ, gradually rose to power and influence, and gave a great shock ALEUADE and ALEUAS ('Aλevádα and 'Aλevaç.) to the power of the Aleuada. As early as B.C. Aleuas is the ancestorial hero of the Thessalian, or, 375, Jason of Pheræ, after various struggles, sucmore particularly, of the Larissæan family of the ceeded in raising himself to the dignity of Tagus. Aleuada. (Pind., Pyth., 10, 8, with the Schol.) (Xen., Hellen., 2, 3, § 4.-Diod., 14, 82; 15, 60.) The Aleuada were the noblest and most powerful When the dynasts of Pheræ became tyrannical, among all the families of Thessaly, whence Herodo- some of the Larissaan Aleuadæ conspired to put tus (7, 6),calls its members Baotheiç. (Comp. Diod., an end to their rule, and for this purpose they invi15, 61, 16, 14.) The first Aleuas, who bore the ted Alexander, king of Macedonia, the son of Amynsurname of Пúppoç, that is, the red-haired, is called tas. (Diod. 15, 61.) Alexander took Larissa and king (here synonymous with Tagus: vid. Dict. of Crannon, but kept them to himself. Afterward, Ant., p. 945) of Thessaly, and a descendant of Her- Pelopidas restored the original state of things in cules through Thessalus, one of the many sons of Thessaly; but the dynasts of Pheræ soon recoverHercules. (Suidas, s. v. 'Ahevúðar-Ulpian aded their power, and the Aleuadæ again solicited the Dem., Olynth., 1.-Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod., 3, 1090. assistance of Macedonia against them. Phillip will-Vellei., 1, 3.) Plutarch (De Am. Frat., in fin.) ingly complied with the request, broke the power states that he was hated by his father, on account of the tyrants of Pheræ, restored the towns to an of his haughty and savage character; but his uncle, appearance of freedom, and made the Aleuadæ his nevertheless, contrived to get him elected king and faithful friends and allies. (Diod., 16, 14.) In what sanctioned by the god of Delphi. His reign was manner Philip used them for his purposes, and how more glorious than that of any of his ancestors, and little he spared them when it was his interest to do the nation rose in power and importance. This so, is sufficiently attested. (Dem., De Cor., p. 241. Aleuas, who belongs to the mythical period of Greek-Polyan., 4, 2, § 11.-Ulpian, l. c.) Among the history, is in all probability the same as the one who, according to Hegemon (ap. Æl., Anim., 8, 11), was beloved by a dragon. According to Aristotle (ap. Harpocrat., s. v. Terpapxia), the division of Thessaly into four parts, of which traces remained down to the latest times, took place in the reign of the first Aleuas. Buttmann places this hero in the period between the so-called return of the Heraclids

tetrarchs whom he intrusted with the administration of Thessaly, there is one Thrasydæus (Theopomp. ap. Athen., 6, p. 249), who undoubtedly belonged to the Aleuada, just as the Thessalian Medius, who is mentioned as one of the companions of Alexander the Great. (Plut., De Tranquil., 13.Comp. Strab., 11, p. 530.) The family now fell inte insignificance, and the last certain trace of an Aleu

and cynædi. Among his epic poems, we possess ander Aphrodisiensis, there are extant two others the titles and some fragments of three pieces: the of which the author is not certainly known, b Fisherman (avs: Athen., 7, p. 296), Kirka or which are by some persons supposed to belong to Krika (Athen., 7, p. 283), which, however, is desig- him, and which commonly go under his name. The nated by Athenæus as doubtful, and Helena. (Bek- first of these is entitled 'Tarpikà 'Aторуμатa κа ker, Anecd., p. 96.) Of his elegies, some beautiful votkà ПIрobλýμaтa, “Quæstiones Medica et Prob fragments are still extant. (Athen., 4, p. 170, 11, lemata Physica," which there are strong reasons for p. 496; 15, p. 899-Strab., 12, p. 556; 14, p. 681. believing to be the work of some other writer. I -Parthen., Erot., 4-Tzetz. ad Lycophr., 266.– the first place, it is not mentioned in the list of his Schol. and Eustath. ad Il., 3, 314.) His Cynædi, or works given by the Arabic author quoted by Casiri 'Ioviкà пoinμata, are mentioned by Strabo (14, p. (Biblioth. Arabico-Hisp. Escurial., vol. 1, p. 243); 648) and Athenæus (14, p. 620). Some anapas- secondly, it appears to have been written by a pertic verses in praise of Euripides are preserved in son who belonged to the medical profession (2, præf. Gellius (15, 20). All the fragments of Alexander et § 11), which was not the case with Alexander Etolus are collected in "Alexandri Etoli frag- Aphrodisiensis; thirdly, the writer refers (1, 87) to menta coll. et ill. A. Capellmann,” Bonn, 1829, 8vo. a work by himself, entitled 'Aλλnyopiaì tŵv eiç Oɛovç -Comp. Welcker, Die Griech. Tragödien, p. 1263, 'Avanλatтoμévwv H¿ðavŵv 'Ioropiov, “ Allegoria His&c.-Düntzer, Die Fragm. der Episch. Poesie der toriarum Credibilium de Diis Fabricatarum," which Griechen, von Alexand. dem Grossen, &c., p. 7. we do not find mentioned among Alexander's works; &c.-IX. Commander of the horse in the army of fourthly, he more than once speaks of the soul as ANTIGONUS DOSON during the war against Cleome- immortal (2, præf. et § 63, 67), which doctrine Alexnes III., of Sparta. (Polyh., 2, 66.) He fought ander Aphrodisiensis denied; and, fifthly, the style against Philopomen, then a young man, whose pru- and language of the work seem to belong to a later dence and valour forced him to a disadvantageous age. Several eminent critics suppose it to belong engagement at Sellasia (2, 68). This Alexander is to Alexander Trallianus, but it does not seem likely probably the same person as the one whom Antig- that a Christian writer would have composed the onus, as the guardian of Philip, had appointed com- mythological work mentioned above. It consists mander of Philip's body-guard, and who was calum- of two books, and contains several interesting medniated by Apelles (4, 87). Subsequently he was sent ical observations, along with much that is frivolous by Philip as ambassador to Thebes, to persecute and trifling. It was first published in a Latin transMegaleas (5, 28). Polybius states, that at all times lation by George Valla, Venet., 1488, fol. The he manifested a most extraordinary attachment to Greek text is to be found in the Aldine edition of his king (7, 12).-X. Son of ANTONIUS, the triumvir, Aristotle's works. Venet., fol., 1495, and in that by and Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. He and his twin- Sylburgius, Francof., 1585, 8vo; it was published sister Cleopatra were born B.C. 40. Antonius be- with a Latin translation by J. Davion, Paris, 1540 stowed on him the titles of "Helios" and "King 1541, 16mo; and it is inserted in the first volume of Kings," and called his sister "Selene." He also of Ideler's Physici et Medici Græci Minores, Berol., destined for him, as an independent kingdom, Ar- 1841, 8vo. The other work is a short treatise, menia, and such countries as might yet be conquer- IIɛpì Пuperav, De Febribus, which is addressed to a ed between the Euphrates and Indus, and wrote to medical pupil whom the author offers to instruct in the senate to have his grants confirmed; but his let- any other branch of medicine; it also is omitted in ter was not suffered to be read in public (B.C. 34). the Arabic list of Alexander's works mentioned After the conquest of Armenia, Antonius betrothed above. For these reasons it does not seem likely Jotape, the daughter of the Median king Artavasdes, to be the work of Alexander Aphrodisiensis, while to his son Alexander. When Octavianus made him- the whole of the twelfth book of the great medical self master of Alexandrea, he spared Alexander, but work of Alexander Trallianus (to whom it has also took him and his sister to Rome, to adorn his tri- been attributed) is taken up with the subject of umph. They were generously received by Octavia, Fever, and he would hardly have written two treathe wife of Antonius, who educated them with her tises on the same disease without making in either own children. (Dion Cassius, 49, 32, 40, 41, 44; the slightest allusion to the other. It may possibly 50, 25; 51, 21.- Plutarch, Antonius, 36, 54, 87. belong to one of the other numerous physicians - Livy, Epit., 131, 132.)-XI. Brother of Mouo. of the name of Alexander. It was first published On the accession of Antiochus III., afterward call-in a Latin translation by George Valla, Venet., ed the Great, in B.C. 224, he intrusted Alexan- 1498, fol., which was several times reprinted. The der with the government of the satrapy of Persis, Greek text first appeared in the Cambridge Muand Molo received Media. Antiochus was then seum Criticum, vol. 2, p. 359-389, transcribed by Deonly fifteen years of age; and this circumstance, metrius Schinas, from a manuscript at Florence; it together with the fact that Hermeias, a base flat- was published, together with Valla's translation, by terer and crafty intriguer, whom every one had to Franz Passow, Vratislav., 1822, 4to, and also in fear, was all-powerful at his court, induced the two Passow's Opusc. Academ., Lips., 1835, 8vo, p. 521. brothers to form the plan of causing the upper sat- The Greek text alone is contained in the first volrapies of the kingdom to revolt. It was the secretume of Ideler's Phys. et Med. Graci Minores, Berol., wish of Hermeias to see the king involved in as 1841, 8vo.-XVII. Surnamed Isius, the chief commany difficulties as possible, and it was on his ad- mander of the Etolians, was a man of considerable vice that the war against the rebels was intrusted ability and eloquence for an Ætolian. (Liv., 32, 33. to men without courage and ability. In B.C. 220,-Polyb., 17, 3, &c.) In B.C. 198, he was present however, Antiochus himself undertook the com- at a colloquy held at Nicea on the Maliac Gulf, and mand. Molo was deserted by his troops, and to spoke against Philip III., of Macedonia, saying that avoid falling into the hands of the king, put an end the king ought to be compelled to quit Greece, and to his own life. All the leaders of the rebellion fol- to restore to the Etolians the towns which had lowed his example, and one of them, who escaped formerly been subject to them. Philip, indignant at to Persis, killed Molo's mother and children, per- such a demand being made by an Ætolian, answersuaded Alexander to put an end to his life, and at ed him in a speech from his ship. (Liv., 32, 34.) last killed himself upon the bodies of his friends. Soon after this meeting, he was sent as ambassador (Polyb., 5, 40, 41, 43, 54.)-XIV. APHRODISIENSIS. of the Etolians to Rome, where, together with other Besides the works universally attributed to Alex- envoys, he was to treat with the senate about peace,

but at the same time to bring accusations against | which_Athenæus (9, p. 392) likewise quotes the Philip. (Polyb., 17, 10.) In B.C. 197, Alexander second book. The work on Birds (Hepi Hryvov : again took part in a meeting, at which T. Quinctius Plut., Mar., 17.-Athen., 9, p. 387, 388, 390, &c.) Flamininus, with his allies, and King Philip were was a separate work, and the second book of it is present, and at which peace with Philip was discuss-quoted by Athenæus. Diogenes Laertius (1, 29) ed. Alexander dissuaded his friends from any peace- mentions one Alexon of Myndus as the author of a ful arrangement with Philip. (Polyb., 18, 19, &c.- work on myths, of which he quotes the ninth book. Appian, Maced., 7, 1.) In B.C. 195, when a con- This author being otherwise unknown, Menage progress of all the Greek states that were allied with posed to read 'Αλέξανδρος ὁ Μύνδιος instead of 'Αλέξ Rome was convoked by T. Quinctius Flamininus at wv. But everything is uncertain, and the conjec Corinth, for the purpose of considering the war that ture, at least, is not very probable.-XX. NUMENIUS was to be undertaken against Nabis, Alexander (Αλέξανδρος Νουμήνιος οι ὁ Νουμηνίου, as Suidas spoke against the Athenians, and also insinuated calls him), a Greek rhetorician, who lived in the that the Romans were acting fraudulently towards reign of Hadrian or that of the Antonines. About his Greece. (Liv., 34, 23.) When, in B.C. 189, M. Ful- life nothing is known. We possess two works vius Nobilior, after his victory over Antiochus, was which are ascribed to him. The one which cerexpected to march into Ætolia, the Etolians sent tainly is his work bears the title IIepì rov Tπç Alavenvoys to Athens and Rhodes; and Alexander Isius, oíaç kai Aé§ɛwr Exnμátwv, i. e., “De Figuris Sententogether with Phaneas and Lycopus, were sent to tiarum et Elocutionis." J. Rufinianus, in his work Rome to sue for peace. Alexander, now an old on the same subject (p. 195, cd. Ruhnken), expressly man, was at the head of the embassy; but he and states that Aquila Romanus, in his treatise "De his colleagues were made prisoners in Cephalenia Figuris Sententiarum et Elocutionis," took his maby the Epirots, for the purpose of extorting a heavy terials from Alexander Numenius's work mentioned ransom. Alexander, however, although he was above. The second work bearing the name of Alexvery wealthy, refused to pay it, and was, according- ander Numenius, entitled IIɛpì 'EmidεIKTIK@v, i. e., ly, kept in captivity for some days, after which he "On Show-speeches," is admitted on all hands not was liberated, at the command of the Romans, with- to be his work, but of a later grammarian of the out any ransom. (Polybius, 22, 9.)-XVIII. Sur- name of Alexander; it is, to speak more correctly, named LYCHNUS (Aúxvoç), a Greek rhetorician and made up very clumsily from two distinct ones, one poet. He was a native of Ephesus, whence he is of which was written by one Alexander, and the sometimes called Alexander Ephesius, and must other by Menander. (Vales, ad Euseb., Hist. Echave lived shortly before the time of Strabo (14, p. cles., p. 23.) The first edition of these two works is 642), who mentions him among the more recent that of Aldus, in his collection of the Rhetores Græci, Ephesian authors, and also states that he took a Venice, 1508, fol., vol. 1, p. 574, &c. They are part in the political affairs of his native city. Strabo also contained in Walz's Rhetores Græci, vol. 8. ascribes to him a history, and poems of a didactic The genuine work of Alexander Numenius has also kind, viz., one on astronomy and another on geogra- been edited, together with Minucianus and Phoebamphy, in which he describes the great continents of mon, by L. Normann, with a Latin translation and the world, treating of each in a separate work or useful notes, Upsala, 1690, 8vo. (Vid. Ruhnken, book, which, as we learn from other sources, bore the ad Aquil., Rom., p. 139, &c.-Westermann, Gesch. name of the continent of which it contained an ac- der Griech. Beredtsamkeit, § 95, n. 13, § 104, n. 7.)—– count. What kind of history it was that Strabo XXI. Surnamed PELOPLATON (Inhonhúτwv), a Greek alludes to is uncertain. The so-called Aurelius Vic- rhetorician of the age of the Antonines, was a son tor (De Orig. Gent. Rom., 9) quotes, it is true, the of Alexander of Seleucia, in Cilicia, and of Seleucis. first book of a history of the Marsic war by Alexan- |(Philostr., Vit. Soph., 2, 5, § 1, compared with Epist. der the Ephesian, but this authority is more than Apollon. Tyan., 13, where the father of Alexander doubtful. Some writers have supposed that this Peloplaton is called Straton, which, however, may Alexander is the author of the history of the suc- be a mere surname.) His father was distinguished cession of Greek philosophers (ai Tev piλoσópov as a pleader in the courts of justice, by which he diadoxai) which is so often referred to by Diogenes acquired considerable property, but he died at an Laertius (1, 116; 2, 19, 106; 3, 4, 5; 4, 62; 7, 179; age when his son yet wanted the care of a father. 8, 24; 9, 61), but this work belonged, probably, to His place, however, was supplied by his friends, Alexander Polyhistor. His geographical poem, of especially by Apollonius of Tyana, who is said to which several fragments are still extant, is frequent- have been in love with Seleucis on account of her ly referred to by Stephanus Byzantius and others. extraordinary beauty, in which she was equalled by (Steph. Βyz., s. υυ. Λάπηθος, Ταπροβάνη, Δῶρος, Ὑρ- her son. His education was intrusted, at first, to Kavoi, Mehiraia, &c.-Comp. Eustath. ad Dionys. Phavorinus, and afterward to Dionysius. He spent Perieg., 388, 591.) Of his astronomical poem a the property which his father had left him upon fragment is still extant, which has been erroneously pleasures, but, says Philostratus, not contemptible attributed by Gale (Addend. ad Parthen., p. 49) and pleasures. When he had attained the age of manSchneider (ad Vitruv., 2, p. 23, &c.) to Alexander hood, the town of Seleucia, for some reason now Etolus. (Vid. Nake, Scheda Critice, p. 7, &c.) It unknown, sent Alexander as ambassador to the Emis highly probable that Cicero (ad Att., 2, 20, 22) peror Antoninus Pius, who is said to have ridiculed is speaking of Alexander Lychnus when he says the young man for the extravagant care he bestowthat Alexander is not a good poet, a careless wri-ed on his outward appearance. He spent the greatter, but yet possesses some information.-XIX. Of MYNDUS in Caria, a Greek writer on zoology, of uncertain date. His works, which are now lost, must have been considered very valuable by the ancients, since they refer to them very frequently. The titles of his works are, Kτŋvv 'Ioropía, a long fragment of which, belonging to the second book, is quoted by Athenæus (5, p. 221; comp. 2, p. 65.– Elian, Hist. An., 3, 23; 4, 33; 5, 27; 10, 34). This work is probably the same as that which in other passages is simply called Hɛpì Zwwv, and of

er part of his life away from his native place, at Antiochia, Rome, Tarsus, and travelled through all Egypt, as far as the country of the Teuvo (Ethiopi ans). It seems to have been during his stay at Antiochia that he was appointed Greek secretary to the Emperor M. Antoninus, who was carrying on a war in Pannonia, about A.D. 174. On his journey to the emperor he made a short stay at Athens, where he met the celebrated rhetorician Herodes Atticus. He had a rhetorical contest with him, in which he not only conquered his famous adversary,

but gained his esteem and admiration to such a de- | strangled. (Zosimus, 2. 12, 14.-Aur. Vict., De gree, that Herodes honoured him with a munificent Cas., 40; Epit., 40.)-XXIV. TIBERIUS (Tibépio5 present. One Corinthian, however, of the name of 'A2Savdpoç), was born at Alexandrea, of Jewish paSceptes, when asked what he thought of Alexander, rents. His father held the office of Alabarch in expressed his disappointment by saying that he had Alexandrea, and his uncle was Philo, the wellfound "the clay (II20g), but not Plato." This say-known writer. Alexander, however, did not coning is a pun on the surname of Peloplaton. The tinue in the faith of his ancestors, and was rewardplace and time of his death are not known. Philos-ed for his apostacy by various public appointments. tratus gives the various statements which he found In the reign of Claudius he succeeded Fadius as about these points. Alexander was one of the great- procurator of Judæa, about A.D. 46, and was proest rhetoricians of his age, and he is especially moted to the equestrian order. He was subsepraised for the sublimity of his style and the bold- quently appointed by Nero procurator of Egypt; ness of his thoughts; but he is not known to have and by his orders 50,000 Jews were slain on one written anything. An account of his life is given by occasion at Alexandrea, in a tumult in the city. It Philostratus (Vit. Soph., 2, 5), who has also pre- was apparently during his government in Egypt that served some of his sayings, and some of the sub- he accompanied Corbulo in his expedition into Arjects on which he made speeches. (Comp. Suidas, menia, A.D. 64; and he was, in this campaign, 8. v. 'Ahéfavdpos Alyaios, in fin.-Eudoc., p. 52.)-given as one of the hostages to secure the safety of XXII. PHILALETHES ('Aλéžavdpoç kiλahýons), an an- Tiridates, when the latter visited the Roman camp. cient Greek physician, who is called by Octavius Alexander was the first Roman governor who deHoratianus (4, p. 102, d, ed. Argent., 1532), Alexan-clared in favour of Vespasian; and the day on which der Amator Veri, and who is probably the same per- he administered the oath to the legions in the name son who is quoted by Cælius Aurelianus (De Morb. of Vespasian, the Kalends of July, A.D. 69, is reAcut., 2, 1, p. 74) under the name of Alexander La-garded as the beginning of that emperor's reign. odicensis. He lived, probably, towards the end of Alexander afterward accompanied Titus in the war the first century before Christ, as Strabo speaks of against Judæa, and was present at the taking of him (12, p. 580) as a contemporary; he was a pu- Jerusalem. (Joseph., Ant. Jud., 20, 4, § 2; Bell. pil of Asclepiades (Octav. Horat., l. c.), succeeded Jud., 2, 11, § 6; 15, § 1; 18, § 7, 8; 4, 10, ◊ 6; 6, Zeuxis as head of a celebrated Herophilean school 4, § 3.-Tac., Ann., 15, 28; Hist. 1, 11; 2, 74, 79. of medicine, established in Phrygia between Laodi--Suet., Vesp., 6.) cea and Carura (Strab., l. c.), and was tutor to Aristoxenus and Demosthenes Philalethes. (Galen, De Differ. Puls., 4, 4, 10, vol. 8, p. 727, 746.) He is several times mentioned by Galen, and also by Soranus (De Arte Obstetr., c. 93, p. 210), and appears to have written some medical works, which are no longer extant.-XXIII. Assumed the title of EMPEROR OF ROME in A.D. 311; he was, according to some accounts, a Phrygian, and according to others a Pannonian. He was appointed by Maxentius gov- ALEXIAS ('Alesias), an ancient Greek physician, ernor of Africa, but discovering that Maxentius was who was a pupil of Thrasyas of Mantinea, and lived, plotting against his life, he assumed the purple, probably, about the middle of the fourth century bethough he was of an advanced age and a timid na-fore Christ. Theophrastus mentions him as having ture. Maxentius sent some troops against him un-lived shortly before his time (Hist. Plant., 9, 16, ģ der Rufius Volusianus, who put down the insurrec-8), and speaks highly of his abilities and acquiretion without difficulty. Alexander was taken and ments.

ALEXARCHUS ('Aλé§apyoç), a Greek historian, who wrote a work on the history of Italy ('Iraλiká), of which Plutarch (Parallel., 7) quotes the third book. Servius (ad En., 3, 334) mentions an opinion of his respecting the origin of the names Epirus and Campania, which unquestionably belonged to his work on Italy. The writer of this name whom Plutarch mentions in another passage (De Is. et Os., p. 365), is probably a different person.