OvεLρOKPITIKá, is probably the same person as Abú Bekr Mohammed Ben Sirin, whose work on the same subject is still extant in Arabic in the Royal Library at Paris (Catalog. Cod. Manuscr. Biblioth. Reg. Paris., vol. 1, p. 230, cod. мccx.), and who was 728-9). (See Nicoll and Pusey, Catal. Cod. Manuscr. Arab. Biblioth. Bodl., p. 516.) This conjecture will seem the more probable when it is recollected that the two names Ahmed or Achmet and Mohammed, however unlike each other they may appear in English, consist in Arabic of four letters each, and differ only in the first. There must, however, be some difference between Achmet's work, in the form in which we have it, and that of Ibn Sírín, as the writernal evidence to have been certainly a Christian (c. 2, 150, &c.). It exists only in Greek, or, rather (if the above conjecture as to its author be correct), it has only been published in that language. It consists of three hundred and four chapters, and professes to be derived from what has been written on the same subject by the Indians, Persians, and Egyptians. It was translated out of Greek into Latin about the year 1160, by Leo Tuscus, of which work two specimens are to be found in Casp. Barthii Adversaria (31, 14, ed. Francof., 1624, fol.). It was first published at Frankfort, 1577, 8vo, in a Latin translation, made by Leunclavius, from a very imperfect Greek manuscript, with the title "Apomasaris Apotelesmata, sive de Significatis et Eventis Insomniorum, ex Indorum, Persarum, Ægyptiorumque Disciplina." The word Apomasares is a corruption of the name of the famous Albumasar, or Abú Ma'shar, and Leunclavius afterward acknowl

which characterizes him as the god of the healing | author of a work on the Interpretation of Dreams art, or, in general, as the averter of evil, like 'AkéσtoÇ. (Eurip., Androm., 901.)-III. surnamed Sacas (ZúKaç), on account of his foreign origin, was a tragic poet at Athens, and a contemporary of Aristophanes. He seems to have been either of Thracian or Mysian origin. (Aristoph., Aves, 31.-Schol., ad loc.-born A.H. 33 (A. D. 653–4), and died A.H. 110 (A.D. Vespa, 1216.-Schol., ad loc.-Phot. and Suid., s. v. Zukas-Welcker, Die Griech. Tragöd, p. 1032.) ACHEUS ('Axatóç), V. son of Andromachus, whose sister Laodice married Seleucus Callinicus, the father of Antiochus the Great. Achæus himself married Laodice, the daughter of Mithradates, king of Pontus. (Polyb., 4, 51, § 4; 8, 22, § 11.) He accompanied Seleucus Ceraunus, the son of Callinicus, in his expedition across Mount Taurus against Attalus, and after the assassination of Se-ter of the former (or the translator) appears from inleucus, avenged his death; and though he might easily have assumed the royal power, he remained faithful to the family of Seleucus. Antiochus the Great, the successor of Seleucus, appointed him to the command of all Asia on this side of Mount Taurus, B.C. 223. Achæus recovered for the Syrian empire all the districts which Attalus had gained; but having been falsely accused by Hermeias, the minister of Antiochus, of intending to revolt, he did so in self-defence, assumed the title of king, and ruled over the whole of Asia on this side of the Taurus. As long as Antiochus was engaged in the war with Ptolemy, he could not march against Achæus; but after a peace had been concluded with Ptolemy, he crossed the Taurus, united his forces with Attalus, deprived Achæus in one campaign of all his dominions, and took Sardis, with the exception of the citadel. Achæus, after sustaining a siege of two years in the citadel, at last fell into the hands of Antiochus, B.C. 214, through the treach-edged his mistake in attributing the work to him. ery of Bolis, who had been employed by Sosibius, the minister of Ptolemy, to deliver him from his danger, but betrayed him to Antiochus, who ordered him to be put to death immediately. (Polyb., 4, 2, § 6; 4, 48; 5, 40, § 7, 42, 57; 7, 15–18; 8, 17– 23.) ACHILLAS ('Axiλüç), III. one of the guardians of the Egyptian king Ptolemy Dionysus, and command- ACHOLIUS held the office of Magister Admissioer of the troops when Pompey fled to Egypt, B.C. num in the reign of Valerian (B.C. 253-260). One 48. He is called by Cæsar a man of extraordinary of his works was entitled Acta, and contained an daring, and it was he and L. Septimius who killed account of the history of Aurelian. It was in nine Pompey. (Cas., B. C., 3, 104.-Liv., Epit., 104.-books at least. (Vopisc., Aurel., 12.) He also wrote Dion Cass., 42, 4.) He subsequently joined the the life of Alexander Severus. (Lamprid., Alex. Sev., eunuch Pothinus in resisting Cæsar, and having had 14, 48, 68.) the command of the whole army intrusted to him by Pothinus, he marched against Alexandrea with 20,000 foot and 2000 horse. Cæsar, who was at Alexandrea, had not sufficient forces to oppose him, and sent ambassadors to treat with him, but these Achillas murdered to remove all hopes of reconciliation. He then marched into Alexandrea, and obtained possession of the greatest part of the city. Meanwhile, however, Arsinoë, the younger sister of Ptolemy, escaped from Cæsar and joined Achillas; but dissensions breaking out between them, she had Achillas put to death by Ganymedes, a eunuch, B.C. 47, to whom she then intrusted the command of the forces. (Cas., B. C., 3, 108-112; B. Alex., 4. - Dion Cass., 42, 36-40.-Lucan., 10, 519-523.) ACHLYS ('AX2úc), according to some ancient cosmogonies, the eternal night, and the first created being which existed even before Chaos. According to Hesiod, she was the personification of misery and sadness, and as such she was represented on the shield of Hercules (Scut., Herc., 264, &c.): pale, emaciated, and weeping, with chattering teeth, swollen knees, long nails on her fingers, bloody cheeks, and her shoulders thickly covered with dust.

ACHMET, Son of Seirim ('Axpèr viòç Zeipeip), the

It was published in Greek and Latin by Rigaltius, and appended to his edition of the Oneirocritica of Artemidorus, Lutet., Paris, 1603, 4to, and some Greek various readings are inserted by Jac. De Rhoer in his Otium Daventriense, p. 338, &c., Daventr., 1762, 8vo. It has also been translated into Italian, French, and German.

ACIDINUS, a family name of the Manlia gens. Cicero speaks of the Acidini as among the first men of a former age. (De leg. agr., 2, 24.)—I. L.. MANLIUS, prætor urbanus in the year B.C. 210, was sent by the senate into Sicily to bring back the consul Valerius to Rome to hold the elections. (Liv., 26, 23; 27, 4.) In B.C. 207, he was with the troops stationed at Narnia to oppose Has drubal, and was the first to send to Rome intelli gence of the defeat of the latter. (Liv., 27, 50. In B.C. 206, he and L. Cornelius Lentulus had the province of Spain intrusted to them, with proconsular power. In the following year he conquered the Ausetani and Ilergetes, who had rebelled against the Romans in consequence of the absence of Scipio. He did not return to Rome till the year B.C. 199, but was prevented by the tribune P. Porcius Læca from entering the city in an ovation, which the senate had granted him. (Liry, 28, 38; 29, 1–3, 13; 32, 7.)-II. L. MANLIUS FULVIANUS, originally helonged to the Fulvia gens, but was adopted into the Manlia gens, probably by the above-mentioned Acidinus. (Vell. Pat., 2, 8.) He was prætor B.C. 188, and had the province of Hispania Citerior al lotted to him, where he remained till B.C. 186. In

against Egypt. Acoris collected a large army to oppose them, and engaged many Greek mercenaries, of whom he appointed Chabrias general. Chabrias, however, was recalled by the Athenians on the complaint of Pharnabazus, who was appointed by Artaxerxes to conduct the war. When the Per. ian army entered Egypt, which was not till B.C. 373, Acoris was already dead. (Diod., 15, 2-4, 8, 9, 29, 41, 42.-Theopom. ap Phot., cod. 176) Syncellus (p. 76, a., p. 257, a.) assigns thirteen years to his reign.

the latter year he defeated the Celtiberi, and had it | ras, B.C. 376, the Persians directed their forces not been for the arrival of his successor, would have reduced the whole people to subjection. He applied for a triumph in consequence, but obtained only an ovation. (Liv., 38, 35; 39, 21, 29.) In B.C. 183, he was one of the ambassadors sent into Gallia Transalpina, and was also appointed one of the triumvirs for founding the Latin colony of Aquileia, which was, however, not founded till B.C. 181. (Liv., 39, 54, 55; 40, 34.) He was consul B.C 179 (Liv., 40, 43), with his own brother, Q. Fulvius Flaccus, which is the only instance of two brothers holding the consulship at the same time. (Fast. Capitol.-Vell. Pat., 2, 8.) At the election of Acidinus, M. Scipio declared him to be virum bonum, egregiumque civem. (Cic., De Or., 2, 64.)-III. L. MANLIUS, who was quæstor in B.C. 168 (Liv., 45, 13), is probably one of the two Manlii Acidini, who are mentioned two years before as illustrious youths, and of whom one was the son of M. Manlius, the other of L. Manlius. (Liv., 42, 49.) The latter is probably the same as the quæstor, and the son of No. II-IV. A young man who was going to pursue his studies at Athens at the same time as young Cicero, B.C. 45. (Cic. ad Att., 12, 32.) He is, perhaps, the same Acidinus who sent intelligence to Cicero respecting the death of Marcellus. (Cic. ad Fum., 4, 12.)

ACRA (Aкpaía), I. a daughter of the river-god Asterion, near Mycenae, who, together with her sisters Euboea and Prosymna, acted as nurses to Juno. A hill, Acræa, opposite the temple of Juno, near Mycenæ, derived its name from her. (Paus., 2, 17, 2.)-II. Acræa and Acræus are also attributes given to various goddesses and gods whose temples were situated upon hills, such as Jupiter, Juno, Venus, Minerva, Diana, and others. (Paus., 1, 1, § 3; 2, 24, § 1.—Apollod., 1, 9, ◊ 28.-Vitruv, 1, 7-Spanheim, ad Callim., Hymn. in Jov., 82.)

ACROPOLĪTA, GEORGIUS (Γεώργιος ̓Ακρπολίτης), the son of the great logotheta Constantinus Acropolita the elder, belonged to a noble Byzantine family which stood in relationship to the imperial family of the Ducas. (Acropolita, 97.) He was born at ConÁCINDYNUS, GREGORIUS (Tрnyópoç 'Akivdvvoç), a stantinople in 1220 (ib., 39), but accompanied his faGreek monk, A.D. 1341, distinguished in the con- ther in his sixteenth year to Nicæa, the residence troversy with the Hesychast or Quietist monks of of the Greek emperor John Vatatzes Ducas. There Mount Athos. He supported and succeeded Bar- he continued and finished his studies under Theolaam in his opposition to their notion that the light dorus Exapterigus and Nicephorus Blemmida. (Ib., which appeared on the Mount of the Transfiguration 32.) The emperor employed him afterward in dipwas uncreated. The emperor, John Cantacuzenus, lomatic affairs, and Acropolita showed himself a very took part (A.D. 1347) with Palamas, the leader of discreet and skilful negotiator. In 1255 he comthe Quietists, and obtained the condemnation of manded the Nicæan army in the war between MiAcindynus by several councils at Constantinople, at chael, despot of Epirus, and the Emperor Theodore one especially in A.D. 1351. Remains of Acindy- II., the son and successor of John. But he was nus are, De Essentia et Operatione DEI adversus im- made prisoner, and was only delivered in 260 by peritiam Gregorii Palama, &c., in "Variorum Pon- the mediation of Michael Palæologus. Previousiy tificum ad Petrum Gnapheum Eutychianum Epis-to this he had been appointed great logotheta, either tol.," p. 77, Gretser., 4to, Ingolst., 1616, and Car- by John or by Theodore, whom he had instructed men Iambicum de Haresibus Palama, "Græciæ Or- in logic. Meanwhile, Michael Palæologus was prothodoxæ Scriptores," by Leo. Allatius, p. 755, vol. 1, claimed Emperor of Nicæa in 1260, and in 1261 he 4to, Rom., 1652. expelled the Latins from Constantinople, and became emperor of the whole East; and from this moment Georgius Acropolita becomes known in the history of the Eastern empire as one of the greatest diplomatists. After having discharged the function of ambassador at the court of Constantine, king of the Bulgarians, he retired for some years from public affairs, and made the instruction of youth his sole occupation. But he was soon employed in a very important negotiation. Michael, afraid of a new Latin invasion, proposed to Pope Clemens IV. to reunite the Greek and the Latin churches; and negotiations ensued, which were carried on during the reign of five popes, Clemens IV., Gregory X., John XXI., Nicolaus III., and Martin IV., and the happy result of which was almost entirely owing to the skill of Acropolita. As early as 1273, Acropolita was sent to Pope Gregory X., and in 1274, at the Council of Lyons, he confirmed, by an oath in the emperor's name, that that confession of faith which had been previously sent to Constantinople by the pope had been adopted by the Greeks. The reunion of the two churches was afterward broken off, but not through the fault of Acropolita. In 1282, Acropolita was once more sent to Bulgaria, and shortly after his return he died, in the month of December of the same year, in his 62d year.

ACETES ('AKOĹrns), according to Ovid (Met., 3, 582, &c.), the son of a poor fisherman in Mæonia, who served as pilot in a ship. After landing at the island of Naxos, some of the sailors brought with them on board a beautiful sleeping boy, whom they had found in the island, and whom they wished to take with them; but Acotes, who recognised in the boy the god Bacchus, dissuaded them from it, but in vain. When the ship had reached the open sea, the boy awoke, and desired to be carried back to Naxos. The sailors promised to do so, but did not keep their word. Hereupon the god showed himself to them in his own majesty vines began to twine around the vessel, tigers appeared, and the sailors, seized with madness, jumped into the sea and perished. Acœtes alone was saved and conveyed back to Naxos, where he was initiated in the Bacchic mysteries, and became a priest of the god. Hyginus (Fab., 134), whose story, on the whole, agrees with that of Ovid, and all the other writers who mention this adventure of Bacchus, call the crew of the ship Tyrrhenian pirates, and derive the name of the Tyrrhenian Sea from them. (Comp. Hom, Hymn. in Buch.-Apollod., 3, 5, § 3.Seneca, Ed., 449.)

ACORIS ("Akopiç), king of Egypt, entered into alliance with Evagoras, king of Cyprus, against their Acropolita is the author of several works: the common enemy Artaxerxes, king of Persia, about most important of which is a history of the ByzanBC. 385, and assisted Evagoras with ships and tine Empire, under the title Xportkor úg iv ovrópri money. On the conclusion of the war with Evago. [ rŵv kv vorépot, that is, from the taking of Coi stan

ACTUARIUS ('AKтovúpιoç), the surname by which an ancient Greek physician, whose real name was Joannes, is commonly known. His father's name was Zacharias; he himself practised at Constantinople, and, as it appears, with some degree of credit, as he was honoured with the title of Actu-nal matter. It is the most complete and systematic arius, a dignity frequently conferred at that court upon physicians. (Dict. of Ant., p. 631, b.) Very little is known of the events of his life, and his date is rather uncertain, as some persons reckon him to have lived in the eleventh century, and others bring him down as low as the beginning of the fourteenth. He probably lived towards the end of the thirteenth century, as one of his works is dedicated to his tutor, Joseph Racendytes, who lived in the reign of Andronicus II. Palæologus, A.D. 1281-1328. One of his schoolfellows is supposed to have been Apocauchus, whom he describes (though without naming him) as going upon an embassy to the north. (De Meth. Med., Præf. in 1, 2, p. 139, 169.)

One of his works is entitled Пɛpì 'Evepуɛiv Kai Παθῶν τοῦ Ψυχικοῦ Πνεύματος, καὶ τῆς κατ' αὐτὸ Atairns, "De Actionibus et Affectibus Spiritus Animalis, ejusque Nutritione." This is a psychological and physiological work in two books, in which all his reasoning, says Freind, seems to be founded upon ACULEO occurs as a surname of C. Furius, who the principles laid down by Aristotle, Galen, and was quæstor of L. Scipio, and was condemned of others, with relation to the same subject. The style | peculatus. (Liv., 38, 55.) Aculeo, however, seems

not to have been a regular family-name of the Furia gens, but only a surname given to this person, of which a similar example, occurs in the following article.

C. ACULEO, a Roman knight, who married the sister of Helvia, the mother of Cicero. He was surpassed by no one in his day in his knowledge of the Roman law, and possessed great acuteness of mind, but was not distinguished for other attainments. He was a friend of L. Licinius Crassus, and was defended by him upon one occasion. The son of Aculeo was C. Visellius Varro; whence it would appear that Acuico was only a surname given to the father from his acuteness, and that his full name was C. Visellius Varro Aculeo. (Cic., De Or., 1, 43; 2, 1, 65; Brut., 76.)

ACUMENUS ('AKOVμevóc), a physician of Athens, who lived in the fifth century before Christ, and is mentioned as the friend and companion of Socrates. (Plat., Phædr., init.-Xen., Memor., 3, 13, § 2.) He was the father of Eryximachus, who was also a physician, and who is introduced as one of the speakers in Plato's Symposium. (Plat., Protag., p. 315, c.; Symp., p. 176, c.) He is also mentioned in the collection of letters first published by Leo Allatius, Paris, 1637, 4to, with the title Epist. Socratis et Socraticorum, and again by Orellius, Lips., 1815, 8vo, ep. 14, p. 31.

ADEUS OF ADDÆUS ('Adcioç or 'Addałoç), a Greek epigrammatic poet, a native, most probably, of Macedonia. The epithet Makedóvos is appended to his name before the third epigram in the Vat. MS. (Anth. Gr., 6, 228); and the subjects of the second, eighth, ninth, and tenth epigrams agree with this account of his origin. He lived in the time of Alexander the Great, to whose death he alludes. (Anth. Gr., 7, 240.) The fifth epigram (Anth. Gr., 7, 305) is inscribed 'Addaíov Mervänvalov, and there was a Mitylenæan of this name, who wrote two prose works, Περὶ ̓Αγαλματοποιών, and Περὶ Διαθέσεως. (Athen.. 13, p. 606, A; 11, p. 471, F.) The time when he lived cannot be fixed with certainty. Reiske, though on insufficient grounds, believes these two to be the same person. (Anth. Græc., 6, 228, 258; 7, 51, 238, 240, 305; 10, 20.-Brunck, Anal., 2, p 224-Jacobs, 13, p. 831.)

is quoted by the scholiast to Hesiod, and an extract from it is given by Aëtius (tetrab. 1, serm. 3, c 163); it is said to be still in existence in manuscript in the Royal Library at Paris. Several of his medical prescriptions are preserved by Oribasius and Aëtius.

ADIATORIX ('Adiarópış), son of a tetrarch in Galatia, belonged to Antony's party, who killed all the Romans in Heracleia shortly before the battle of Actium. After this battle he was led as prisoner in the triumph of Augustus, and put to death with his younger son. His elder son, Dyteutus, was subsequently made priest of the celebrated goddess in Comana. (Strab., 12, p. 543, 558, 559.-Cic. ad Fam., 2, 12.)

ADIMANTUS ('Adeiuavтoç), I. the son of Ocytus, the Corinthian commander in the invasion of Greece by Xerxes. Before the battle of Artemisium he threatened to sail away, but was bribed by Themistocles to remain. He opposed Themistocles with great insolence in the council which the commanders held before the battle of Salamis. According to the Athenians, he took to flight at the very commencement of the battle, but this was denied by the Corinthians and the other Greeks. (Herodotus, 8, 5, 56, 61, 94.-Plutarch, Themistocles, 11.)—II. The son of Leucolophides, an Athenian, was one of the commanders with Alcibiades in the expedition against Andros, B.C. 407. (Xenophon, Hell, 1, 4,

21.) He was again appointed one of the Athenian generals after the battle of Arginusæ, B.C. 406, and continued in office till the battle of Ægospotami, B.C. 405, where he was one of the commanders, and was taken prisoner. He was the only one of the Athenian prisoners who was not put to death, because he had opposed the decree for cutting off the right hands of the Lacedæmonians who might be taken in the battle. He was accused by many of treachery in this battle, and was afterward impeached by Conon. (Xen., Hell., 1, 7, 4 1 ; 2, 1, § 30-32.—Paus., 4, 17, § 2; 10, 9, § 5.— Dem., De fals. leg., p. 401.-Lys., c. Alc., p. 143, 21.) Aristophanes speaks of Adimantus in the Frogs" (1513), which was acted in the year of the battle, as one whose death was wished for; and he also calls him, apparently out of jest, the son of Leucolophus, that is, "White Crest.” In the “Protagoras" of Plato, Adimantus is also spoken of as present on that occasion (p. 315, e).—III. The brother of Plato, who is frequently mentioned by the latter. (Apol., Socr., p. 34, a; De Rep., 2, p. 367, e, p. 548, d, e.)

ADAMANTIUS ('Adquivrios), an ancient physician, bearing the title of Iatrosophista (iarpikov λóyov Goplotis: Socrates, Hist. Eccles., 7, 13), for the meaning of which see Dict. of Ant., p. 528. Little is known of his personal history, except that he was by birth a Jew, and that he was one of those who fled from Alexandrea at the time of the expul- ADMETE ('Adurn), I. a daughter of Eurystheus sion of the Jews from that city by the Patriarch St. and Antimache or Admete. Hercules was obliged Cyril, A D. 415. He went to Constantinople, was by her father to fetch for her the girdle of Mars, persuaded to embrace Christianity, apparently by which was worn by Hippolyte, queen of the AmAtticus, the patriarch of that city, and then return- azons. (Apollodorus, 2, 5, ◊ 9.) According to Tzeted to Alexandrea. (Socrates, l. c.) He is the au- zes (ad Lycophron., 1327), she accompanied Herthor of a Greek treatise on physiognomy, votoyvw.cules on this expedition. There was a tradition Hovikά, in two books, which is still extant, and which is borrowed, in a great measure (as he himself confesses, 1, Proœm., p. 314, ed. Franz.), from Polemo's work on the same subject. It is dedicated to Constantius, who is supposed by Fabricius (Biblioth. Græca, vol. 1, p. 171; 13, 34, ed. vet.) to be the person who married Placidia, the daughter of Theodosius the Great, and who reigned for seven months in conjunction with the Emperor Honorius. It was first published in Greek at Paris, 1540, 8vo, then in Greek and Latin at Basle, 1544, 8vo, and afterward in Greek, together with Elian, Polemo, and some other writers, at Rome, 1545, 4to; the last and best edition is that by J. G. Franzius, who has inserted it in his collection of the Scriptores Physiognomia Veteres, Gr. et Lat., Altenb., 1780, ADRANTUS, ARDRANTUS or ADRASTUS, a contem8vo. Another of his works, IIɛpì 'Aveμwv, De Ventis.porary of Athenæus, who wrote a commentary in

(Athen., 15, p. 447), according to which Admete was originally a priestess of Juno at Argos, but fled with the image of the goddess to Samos. Pirates were engaged by the Argives to fetch the image back, but the enterprise did not succeed; for the ship, when laden with the image, could not he made to move. The men then took the image back to the coast of Samos and sailed away. When the Samians found it, they tied it to a tree, but Adinete purified it and restored it to the temple of Samos. In commemoration of this event, the Samians celebrated an annual festival called Tonea. This story seems to be an invention of the Argives, by which they intended to prove that the worship of Juno in their place was older than in Samos.

five books upon the work of Theophrastus, entitled | celebrated in ancient story as the war of the Epig.. Hepi 'Howv, to which he added a sixth book upon the Nicomachian Ethics of Aristotle. (Athen., 15, p. 673, e, with Schweighäuser's note.)

ADRANUS ('Adpavóc), a Sicilian divinity who was worshipped in all the island, but especially at Adranus, a town near Mount Etna. (Plut., Timol., 12. -Diodor., 14, 37.) Hesychius (s. v. Ilahikoi) rep-temple of Nemesis, in the neighbourhood of Thebes resents the god as the father of the Palici. According to Elian (Hist. Anim., 11, 20), about 1000 sacred dogs were kept near his temple. Some modern critics consider this divinity to be of Eastern origin, and connect the name Adranus with the Persian Adar (fire,) and regard him as the same as the Phoenician Adramelech, and as a personification of the sun, or of fire in general. (Bochart, Geograph. Sacra, p. 530.)