Postumius as commander in consequence of the to an end. Albinus was kept in the city, against name. Livy (30, 45) states expressly, that Scipio his will, by the Pontifex Maximus, because he was Africanus was the first Roman who obtained a sur- Flamen Martialis. (Liv, Epit., 19; 23, 13-Euname from his conquests. (Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, | trop, 2, 27.-Val. Max., 1, 1, § 2.) He was censor 1, p. 556.)-II. SP. POSTUMIUS A. F. P. N. ALBUS RE- in 234. (Fasti Capitol.)—XI. L. POSTUMIUS A. f. GILLENSIS, apparently, according to the Fasti, the A. N., apparently a son of the preceding, was conson of the preceding (though it must be observed, sul B.C. 234, and again in 229. In his second conthat in these early times no dependance can be pla- sulship he made war upon the Illyrians. (Eutrop, ced upon these genealogies), was consul B.C. 466.3, 4.-Oros., 4, 13.-Dion Cass, Frag., 151.-Po(Liv., 3, 2.-Dionys., 9, 60.) He was one of the lyb., 2, 11, &c., who erroneously calls him Aulus three commissioners sent into Greece to collect in- instead of Lucius.) In 216, the third year of the formation about the laws of that country, and was second Punic war, he was made prætor, and sent a member of the first decemvirate in 451. (Liv., 3, into Cisalpine Gaul, and while absent was elected 31, 33.-Dionys., 10, 52, 56.) He commanded, as consul the third time for the following year, 215. legatus, the centre of the Roman army in the battle But he did not live to enter upon his consulship; in which the Equians and Volscians were defeated for he and his army were destroyed by the Boil, in in 446. (Liv., 3, 70.)—III. A. POSTUMIUS A. F. P. N. the wood Litana, in Cisalpine Gaul. His head was ALBUS REGILLENSIS, apparently son of No. I, was cut off, and, after being lined with gold, was dedicated consul B.C. 464, and carried on war against the to the gods by the Boii, and used as a sacred drinkEquians. He was sent as ambassador to the ing-vessel. (Liv., 22, 35; 23, 24.-Polyb., 3, 106, Equians in 458, on which occasion he was insulted 118.-Cic., Tusc., 1, 37.)-XII. SP. POSTUMIUS L. by their commander. (Liv., 3, 4, 5, 25.—Dionys., F. A. N., was prætor peregrinus in B.C. 189 (Liv., 9, 62, 65.)—IV. SP. POSTUMIUS SP. F. A. N. ALBUS 37, 47, 50), and consul in 186. In his consulship REGILLENSIS, apparently son of No. II., was consu- the senatus consultum was passed, which is still ex-" lar tribune B.C. 432, and served as legatus in the tant, suppressing the worship of Bacchus in Rome, war in the following year. (Liv., 4, 25, 27.)—V. P. in consequence of the abominable crimes which POSTUMIUS A. F. A. N. ALBINUS REGILLENSIS, whom were committed in connexion with it. (Liv., 39, 6, Livy calls Marcus, was consular tribune B.C. 414, 11, &c.-Val. Max., 6, 3, § 7.—Plin., H. N., 33, and was killed in an insurrection of the soldiers, 10.--Dict. of Ant., p. 366.) He was also augur, and whom he had deprived of the plunder of the Equi- died in 179, at an advanced age. (Liv., 40, 42.an town of Bola, which he had promised them. Cic., Cato, 3)-XIII. A. POSTUMIUS A. F. A. n., (Liv., 4, 49, 50.)—VI. M. POSTUMIUS A. F. Å. N. was curule ædile B.C. 187, when he exhibited the ALBINUS REGILLENSIS, is mentioned by Livy (5, 1)| Great Games, prætor 185, and consul 180. (Liv, as consular tribune in B.C. 403, but was, in reality, 39, 7, 23; 40, 35.) In his consulship he conducted censor in that year with M. Furius Camillus. (Fasti the war against the Ligurians (40, 41). He was Capitol.) In their censorship a fine was imposed censor in 174 with Q. Fulvius. Their censorship upon all men who remained single up to old age. was a severe one: they expelled nine members from (Val. Max., 2, 9, § 1.-Plut., Cam., 5.-Dict. of Ant., the senate, and degraded many of equestrian rank. s. v. Uxorium.)-VII. A. POSTUMIUS ALBINUS REGIL- They executed, however, many public works. (Liv., LENSIS, consular tribune B.C. 397, collected, with 41, 32; 42, 10.-Comp. Cic., Verr., 1, 41.) He was his colleague L. Julius, an army of volunteers, since elected, in his censorship, one of the decemviri sathe tribunes prevented them from making a regular crorum, in the place of L. Cornelius Lentulus. (Liv., levy, and cut off a body of Tarquinienses, who were 42, 10.) Albinus was engaged in many public misreturning home after plundering the Roman territo- sions. In 175, he was sent into Northern Greece to ry. (Liv., 5, 16.)—VIII. SP. POSTUMIUS ALBINUS inquire into the truth of the representations of the REGILLENSIS, Consular tribune B.C. 394, carried on Dardanians and Thessalians about the Bastarnæ and the war against the Equians; he at first suffered Perseus. (Polyb., 26, 9.) In 171, he was sent as a defeat, but afterward conquered them complete- one of the ambassadors to Crete (Lav., 42, 35); and ly. (Liv., 5, 26, 28.)-IX. SP. POSTUMIUS, was con- after the conquest of Macedonia in 168, he was one sul B.C. 334, and invaded, with his colleague T. of the ten commissioners appointed to settle the afVeturius Calvinus, the country of the Sidicini; but, fairs of the country with Æmilius Paullus (45, 17). on account of the great forces which the enemy had Livy not unfrequently calls him Luscus, from which collected, and the report that the Samnites were it would seem that he was blind of one eye.-XIV. coming to their assistance, a dictator was appoint- SP. POSTUMIUS A. F. A. N ALBINUS PAULLULUS, probed. (Liv., 8, 16, 17.) He was censor in 332 and ably a brother of Nos. XIII. and XV., perhaps obtainmagister equitum in 327, when M. Claudius Marcel-ed the surname of Paullulus, as being small of statlus was appointed dictator to hold the comitia (8, 17, 23). In 321, he was consul a second time with T. Veturius Calvinus, and marched against the Samnites, but was defeated near Caudium, and obliged to surrender with his whole army, who were sent under the yoke. As the price of his deliverance and that of the army, he and his colleague and the other commanders swore, in the name of the Republic, to a humiliating peace. The consuls, on their return to Rome, laid down their office after appointing a dictator; and the senate, on the advice of Postumius, resolved that all persons who had sworn to the peace should be given up to the Samnites. Postumius, with the other prisoners, accordingly went to the Samnites, but they refused to accept them. (Liv., 9, 1-10.-Appian, De Reb. Sumn., 2-6-Cic., De Off., 3, 30; Cato, 12.-X. A. POSTUMIUS A. F. L. N., was consul B C. 242 with Lutatius Catulus, who defeated the Carthaginians off the gates, and thus brought the first Punic war

ure, to distinguish him more accurately from his two brothers. He was prætor in Sicily B.C. 183, and consul 174. (Liv., 39, 45; 41, 26; 43, 2.)—XV. L. POSTUMIUS A. F. A. N., probably a brother of Nos. XIII. and XIV., was prætor B.C. 180, and obtained the province of farther Spain. His command was prolonged in the following year. After conquering the Vaccæi and Lusitani, he returned to Rome in 178, and obtained a triumph on account of his victories. (Liv., 40, 35, 44, 47, 48, 50; 41, 3, 11.) He was consul in 173, with M. Popillius Lænas; and the war in Liguria was assigned to both consuls. Albinus, however, was first sent into Campania to separate the land of the state from that of private persons; and this business occupied him all the summer, so that he was unable to go into his province. He was the first Roman magistrate who put the allies to any expense in travelling through their territories. (Liv., 41, 33; 42, 1, 9.) The festival of the Floralia, which had been discontinued, was

restored in his consulship. (Or., Fast., 5, 329.) In war against Jugurtha. He made vigorous prepar171, he was one of the ambassadors sent to Masi-ations for war, but when he reached the province, nissa and the Carthaginians in order to raise troops he did not adopt any active measures, but allowed for the war against Perseus. (Liv., 42, 35.) In 169, himself to be deceived by the artifices of Jugurtha, he was an unsuccessful candidate for the censor- who constantly promised to surrender. Many pership (43, 16). He served under Æmilius Paullus in sons supposed that his inactivity was intentional, Macedonia in 168, and commanded the second le- and that Jugurtha had bought him over. When Algion in the battle with Perseus (45, 41). The last binus departed from Africa, he left his brother Aulus time he is mentioned is in this war, when he was in command. (Vid. No. XXI.) After the defeat of sent to plunder the town of the Ænii (45, 27).-XVI. the latter he returned to Numidia, but, in conseA. POSTUMIUS, one of the officers in the army of quence of the disorganized state of his army, he did Æmilius Paullus in Macedonia, B.C. 168. He was not prosecute the war, and handed over the army in sent by Paullus to treat with Perseus; and after- this condition, in the following year, to the Consul ward Perseus and his son Philip were committed Metellus. (Sall., Jug., 35, 36, 39, 44.-Oros., 4, to his care by Paullus. (Liv., 45, 4, 28.)—XVII. | 15.—Eutrop., 4, 26.) He was condemned by the L. POSTUMIUS SP. F. L. N., apparently son of No. XII., Mamilia Lex, which was passed to punish all those was curule ædile B.C. 161, and exhibited the Ludi who had been guilty of treasonable practices with Megalenses, at which the Eunuch of Terence was Jugurtha. (Cic., Brut., 34.-Comp. Sall., Jug., 40.) acted. He was consul in 154, and died seven days-XXI. A. POSTUMIUS, brother of No. XX., and after he had set out from Rome in order to go to his probably son of No. XIX., was left by his brother province. It was supposed that he was poisoned by as pro-prætor, in command of the army in Africa, in his wife. (Obseq., 76.—Val. Max., 6, 3, § 8.) B.C. 110. (Vid. No. XX.) He marched to besiege XVIII. A. POSTUMIUS A. F. A. N., apparently son of Suthul, where the treasures of Jugurtha were deNo. XIII., was prætor B.C. 155 (Cic., Acad., 2, 45.- posited; but Jugurtha, under the promise of giving Polyb., 33, 1), and consul in 151 with L. Licinius him a large sum of money, induced him to lead his Lucullus. He and his colleague were thrown into army into a retired place, where he was suddenly prison by the tribunes for conducting the levies with attacked by the Numidian king, and only saved his too much severity. (Liv., Epit., 48.-Polyb., 35, troops from total destruction by allowing them to 3.-Oros., 4, 21.) He was one of the ambassadors pass under the yoke, and undertaking to leave Nusent in 153 to make peace between Attalus and Pru- midia in ten days. (Sall., Jug., 36-38.)-XXII. A. sias (Polyb., 33, 11), and accompanied L. Mummius POSTUMIUS A. F. SP. N., grandson of No. XIX., and Achaicus into Greece, in 146, as one of his legates. probably son of No. XXI., was consul B.C. 99, with There was a statue erected to his honour on the M. Antonius. (Plin., H. N., 8, 7.-Obseq., 106.) Isthmus. (Cic. ad Att., 13, 30, 32.) Albinus was Gellius (4, 6) quotes the words of a senatus consulwell acquainted with Greek literature, and wrote in tum passed in their consulship in consequence of that language a poem and a Roman history, the lat- the spears of Mars having moved. Cicero says that ter of which is mentioned by several ancient wri- he was a good speaker. (Brut., 35; post Red. ad ters. Polybius (40, 6) speaks of him as a vain and Quir., 5.)-XXIII. A. PoSTUMIUS, a person of prælightheaded man, who disparaged his own people, torian rank, commanded the fleet, B.C. 89, in the and was sillily devoted to the study of Greek litera- Marsic war, and was killed by his own soldiers unHe relates a tale of him and the elder Cato, der the plea that he meditated treachery, but, in rewho reproved Albinus sharply because, in the pref-ality, on account of his cruelty. Sulla, who was ace to his history, he begged the pardon of his read- then a legate of the Consul Porcius Cato, incorporaers if he should make any mistakes in writing in a ted his troops with his own, but did not punish the foreign language; Cato reminded him that he was offenders. (Liv., Epit., 75.-Plut., Sulla, 6.)— not compelled to write at all, but that, if he chose to XXIV. A. POSTUMIUS, was placed by Cæsar over write, he had no business to ask for the indulgence Sicily, B.C. 48. (Appian, B. C., 2, 48.)—XXV. D. of his readers. This tale is also related by Gellius JUNIUS BRUTUS, adopted by No. XXII. — XXVI. (11, 8), Macrobius (Preface to Saturn.), Plutarch Procurator of Judæa in the reign of Nero, about (Cato, 12), and Suidas (s. v. Avios Ilooróμioç). A.D. 63 and 64, succeeded Festus, and was guilty Polybius also says that Albinus imitated the worst of almost every kind of crime in his government. parts of the Greek character, that he was entirely He pardoned the vilest criminals for money, and devoted to pleasure, and shirked all labour and dan- shamelessly plundered the provincials. He was ger. He relates that he retired to Thebes, when succeeded by Florus. (Joseph., Ant. Jud., 20, 8, the battle was fought at Phocis, on the plea of in- § 1; Bell. Jud., 2, 14, §1.) The LuUCEIUS ALBINUS disposition, but afterward wrote an account of it mentioned below may possibly have been the same to the senate as if he had been present. Cicero person.-XXVII. LUCEIUS, was made by Nero prospeaks with rather more respect of his literary mer- curator of Mauretania Cæsariensis, to which Galba its he calls him doctus homo and litteratus et diser- added the province of Tingitana. After the death tus. (Cic., Acad., 2, 45; Brut., 21.) Macrobius of Galba, A.D. 69, he espoused the side of Otho, and (2, 16) quotes a passage from the first book of the prepared to invade Spain. Cluvius Rufus, who comAnnals of Albinus respecting Brutus, and as he uses manded in Spain, being alarmed at this, sent centuthe words of Albinus, it has been supposed that therions into Mauretania to induce the Mauri to revolt Greek history may have been translated into Latin. A work of Albinus, on the arrival of Æneas in Italy, is referred to by Servius (ad Virg., En., 9, 710), and the author of the work De Origine Gentis Romanæ," c. 15. (Krause, Vitæ et Fragm. Veterum Historicorum Romanorum, p. 127, &c.)-XIX. SP. POSTUMIUS ALBINUS MAGNUS, was consul B.C. 148, in which year a great fire happened at Rome. (Obseq., 78.) It is this Sp. Albinus of whom Cicero speaks in the Brutus (c. 25), and says that there were many orations of his.-XX. SP. POSTUMIUS SP. F. SP. N., probably son of No. XIX., was consul B.C. 110, and obtained the province of Numidia to carry on the

ture.

against Albinus. They accomplished this without much difficulty, and Albinus was murdered, with his wife. (Tac., Hist., 2, 58, 59.)

ALBUTIUS OF ALBUCIUS, IV. a physician at Rome, who lived, probably, about the beginning or middle of the first century after Christ, and who is mentioned by Pliny (H. N., 29, 5) as having gained by his practice the annual income of two hundred and fifty thousand sesterces (about £1953 2s. 6d.). This is considered by Pliny to be a very large sum, and may, therefore, give us some notion of the fortunes made by physicians at Rome about the beginning of the Empire.

ALCEUS ('Aλkałoç), II. of MESSENE, the author of a number of epigrams in the Greek Anthology, from some of which his date may be easily fixed. He was contemporary with Philip III., king of Macedonia, and son of Demetrius, against whom several of his epigrams are pointed, apparently from patriotic feelings. One of these epigrams, however, gave even more offence to the Roman general, Flamininus, than to Philip, on account of the author's ascribing the victory of Cynoscephale to the Ætolians as much as to the Romans. Philip contented himself with writing an epigram in reply to that of Alcæus, in which he gave the Messenian a very broad hint of the fate he might expect if he fell into his hands. (Plut., Flamin., 9.) This reply has singularly enough led Salmasius (De Cruce, p. 449, ap. Fabric., Biblioth. Græc., 2, p. 88) to suppose that Alcæus was actually crucified. In another epigram, in praise of Flamininus, the mention of the Roman general's name, Titus, led Tzetzes (Proleg. in Lycophron.) into the error of imagining the existence of an epigrammatist named Alcæus under the Emperor Titus. Those epigrams of Alcæus which bear internal evidence of their date, were written between the years 219 and 196 B.C.

Of the twenty-two epigrams in the Greek Anthology which bear the name of "Alcæus," two have the word "Mytilenæus" added to it; but Jacobs seems to be perfectly right in taking this to be the addition of some ignorant copyist. Others bear the name "Alcæus Messenius," and some of Alcæus alone. But in the last class there are several which must, from internal evidence, have been written by Alcæus of Messene; and, in fact, there seems no reason to doubt his being the author of the whole twenty-two.

3, 1, § 10, with Spalding's note.) He was a pupil of Gorgias, and resided at Athens between the years B.C. 432 and 411. Here he gave instructions in eloquence, according to Eudocia (p. 100), as the successor of his master, and was the last of that sophistical school, with which the only object of eloquence was to please the hearers by the pomp and brilliancy of words. That the works of Alcidamas bore the strongest marks of this character of his school, is stated by Aristotle (Rhet., 3, § 8), who censures his pompous diction and extravagant use of poetical epithets and phrases, and by Dionysius (De Isao, 19), who calls his style vulgar and inflated. He is said to have been an opponent of Isocrates (Tzetz., Chil., 11, 672), but whether this statement refers to real personal enmity, or whether it is merely an inference, from the fact that Alcidamas condemned the practice of writing orations for the purpose of delivering them, is uncertain.

The ancients mention several works of Aleidamas, such as a Eulogy on Death, in which he enumerated the evils of human life, and of which Cicero seems to speak with great praise (Tusc., 1, 48); a show-speech, called λóyoç Meconiakóç (Aristot., Rhet., 1, 13, § 5); a work on music (Suidas, s. v. 'Aλkidáμaç); and some scientific works, viz., one on rhetoric (Téxνn pηTopikŃ: Plut., Demosth, 5), and another called 2óyos ovσikóç (Diog. Laert., 8, 56); but all of them are now lost. Tzetzes (Chil., 11, 752) had still before him several orations of Alcidamas, but we now possess only two declamations which go under his name. 1. 'OdvooεÙÇ, ǹ KATÀ IIaλaμýdovç πpodoσías, in which Ulysses is made to accuse Palamedes of treachery to the cause of the Greeks during the siege of Troy. 2. IIɛpì σoLoTv, in which the author. sets forth the advanThere are mentioned, as contemporaries of Al- tages of delivering extempore speeches over those cæus, two other persons of the same name, one of which have been previously written out. These them an Epicurean philosopher, who was expelled two orations, the second of which is the better one, from Rome by a decree of the senate about 173 or both in form and thought, bear scarcely any traces 154 B.C. (Perizon. ad Ælian., V. H., 9, 22.-Athen., of the faults which Aristotle and Dionysius censure 12, p. 547, A.—Suidas, s. v. 'Eñíkovpos): the other is in the works of Alcidamas; their fault is rather beincidentally spoken of by Polybius as being accus- ing frigid and insipid. It has, therefore, been maintomed to ridicule the grammarian Isocrates. (Po-tained by several critics, that these orations are lyb., 32, 6, B.C. 160.) It is just possible that these two persons, of whom nothing farther is known, may have been identical with each other, and with the epigrammatist. (Jacobs, Anthol. Græc., 13, p. 836-838: there is a reference to Alcæus of Messene in Eusebius, Præpar. Evang., 10, 2.)-III. The son of Miccus, was a native of MYTILENE, according to Suidas, who may, however, have confounded him in this point with the lyric poet. He is found exhibiting at Athens as a poet of the old comedy, or, rather, of that mixed comedy which formed the transition between the old and the middle. In B.C. | 388, he brought forward a play entitled Пaoipún, in the same contest in which Aristophanes exhibited his second Plutus; but, if the meaning of Suidas is rightly understood, he obtained only the fifth place. He left ten plays, of which some fragments remain, and the following titles are known: 'Adɛλpaì μoxevομέναι, Γανυμήδης, Ενδυμίων, Ἱερὸς γάμος, Καλλιστώ, Kouwdorpayidia, Пaλaiorpa. Alcæus, a tragic poet, mentioned by Fabricius (Biblioth. Græc., 2, 282), does not appear to be a different person from Alcæus the comedian. The mistake of calling him a tragic poet arose simply from an erroneous reading of the title of his "Comodo-tragoedia." (The Greek Argument to the Plutus.-Suidas, sub voce.-Pollux, 10, 1.Casaubon on Athen., 3, p. 206. Meineke, Fragm. Comic. Græc., p. 1, 244; 2, p. 824. Bode, Geschichte der Dramatischen Dichtkunst der Hellenen, 2, p. 386.)

not the works of Alcidamas; and, with regard to the first of them, the supposition is supported by strong probability; the second may have been written by Alcidamas, with a view to counteract the influence of Isocrates, The first edition of them is that in the collection of Greek orators published by Aldus, Venice, 1513, fol. The best modern editions are those in Reiske's Oratores Græci, vol. 8, p. 64, &c.; and in Bekker's Oratores Attici, vol. 7 (Oxford).

ALCIMACHUS, a painter mentioned by Pliny (H. N., 35, 11, s. 40). He is not spoken of by any other writer, and all that is known about him is, that he painted a picture of Dioxippus, a victor in the pancratium at Olympia. Dioxippus lived in the time of Alexander the Great. (Elian, V. H., 10, 22.— Diod., 17, 100.-Athen., 6, p. 251, a.) Alcimachus, therefore, probably lived about the same time.

ALCIMEDON ('Aλkiμiédwv), I. an Arcadian hero, from whom the Arcadian_plain «Alcimedon derived its name. He was the father of Phillo, by whom Hercules begat a son, Æchmagoras, whom Alcimedor exposed, but Hercules saved. (Pausanias., 8, 12, 2).

ÁLCIMENES ('A2Kμévnç), I. a son of Glaucus, who was unintentionally killed by his brother Bellerophon. According to some traditions, this brother of Bellerophon was called Deliades, or Peiren. (Apol lod., 2, 3, § 1.)-II. One of the sons of Jason and Medeia. When Jason subsequently wanted to marALCIDĀMAS ('A2Kidáμaç), a Greek rhetorician, was ry Glauce, his sons Alcimenes and Tisander were a native of Elea in Eolis, in Asia Minor. (Quintil., | murdered by Medeia, and were afterward buried by

Jason in the sanctuary of Juno, at Corinth. (Died., | and turned towards himself, “that it might look out 4, 54, 55.)-III. An Athenian comic poet, apparent- upon intellectual things (c. 14), and receive forms ly a contemporary of Eschylus. One of his pieces is supposed to have been the Koλvubwoai (the Female Swimmers). His works were greatly admired by Tynnichus, a younger contemporary of Eschylus. There was a tragic writer of the same name, a native of Megara, mentioned by Suidas. (Meineke, Hist. Crit. Comicorum Græc., p. 481.- Suid., 8. v. 'Αλκιμένης and 'Αλκμάν.)

ALCIMUS ('AλKoç), I. also called Jacimus, or Joachim (lákεuoc), one of the Jewish priests who espoused the Syrian cause. He was made high-priest by Demetrius, about B.C. 161, and was installed in his office by the help of a Syrian army. In consequence of his cruelties he was expelled by the Jews, and obliged to fly to Antioch, but was restored by the help of another Syrian army. He continued in his office, under the protection of the Syrians, till his death, which happened suddenly (B.C.159), while he was pulling down the wall of the temple that divided the court of the Gentiles from that of the Israelites. (Joseph., Ant. Jud., 12, 9, § 7.—1 Maccab., 7, 9.)-II. A Greek rhetorician, whom Diogenes Laertius (2, 114) calls the most distinguished of all Greek rhetoricians, flourished about B.C. 300. It is not certain whether he is the same as the Alcimus to whom Diogenes, in another passage (3, 9), ascribes a work πрòç'Аμúντаv. Athenæus in several places speaks of a Sicilian Alcimus, who appears to have been the author of a great historical work, parts of which are referred to under the names of 'Itaλikú and LikeɛλIKά. But whether he was the same as the rhetorician Alcimus, cannot be determined. (Athen., 10, p. 441; 12, p. 519; 7, p. 322.)—III. (AVITUS) ALETHIUS, the writer of seven short poems in the Latin Anthology, whom Wernsdorf has shown (Poët. Lat. Min., vol. 6, p. 26, &c.) to be the same person as Alcimus, the rhetorician in Aquitania in Gaul, who is spoken of in terms of high praise by Sidonius Apollinaris (Epist., 8, 11; 5, 10) and Ausonius (Profess. Burdigal., 2). His date is determined by Hieronymus in his Chronicon, who says that Alcimus and Delphidius taught in Aquitania in A.D. 360. His poems are superior to most of his time. They are printed by Meier in his "Anthologia Latina," ep. 254-260, and by Wernsdorf, vol. 6, p. 194, &c.

ALCINÕUS ('A2Kivovs), II. a Platonic philosopher, who probably lived under the Cæsars. Nothing is known of his personal history, but a work entitled Ἐπιτομὴ τῶν Πλάτωνος δογμάτων, containing an analysis of the Platonic philosophy, as it was set forth by late writers, has been preserved. The treatise is written rather in the manner of Aristotle than of Plato, and the author has not hesitated to introduce any of the views of other philosophers which seemed to add to the completeness of the system. Thus the parts of the syllogism (c. 6), the doctrine of the mean and of the ěžɛis and evɛpyɛiat (c. 2, 8), are attributed to Plato, as well as the division of philosophy which was common to the Peripatetics and Stoics. It was impossible from the writings of Plato to get a system complete in its parts, and hence the temptation of later writers, who sought for system, to join Plato and Aristotle, without perceiving the inconsistency of the union, while everything which suited their purpose was fearlessly ascribed to the founder of their own sect. In the treatise of Alcinous, however, there are still traces of the spirit of Plato, however low an idea he gives of his own philosophical talent. He held the world and its animating soul to be eternal. This soul of the universe ( x TOÙ кóσμOν) was not created by God, but, to use the image of Alcinous, it was awakened by him as from a profound sleep,

and ideas from the divine mind." It was the first of a succession of intermediate beings between God and man. The idéal proceeded immediately from the mind of God, and were the highest object of our intellect; the "form" of matter, the types of sensible things, having a real being in themselves (c. 9). He differed from the earlier Platonists in confining the ideal to general laws: it seemed an unworthy notion that God could conceive an idea of things artificial or unnatural, or of individuals or particulars, or of anything relative. He seems to have aimed at harmonizing the views of Plato and Aristotle on the idéal, as he distinguished them from the ɛidn, forms of things which, he allowed, were inseparable: a view which seems necessarily connected with the doctrine of the eternity and self-existence of matter. God, the first founder of the idéat, could not be known as he is: it is but a faint notion of him we obtain from negations and analogies: his nature is equally beyond our power of expression or conception. Below him are a series of beings (daipovec), who superintend the production of all living things, and hold intercourse with men. The human soul passes through various transmigrations, thus connecting the series with the lower classes of being, until it is finally purified and rendered acceptable to God. It will be seen that his system was a compound of Plato and Aristotle, with some parts borrowed from the East, and perhaps derived from a study of the Pythagorean system. (Ritter, Geschichte der Philosophie, 4, p. 243.) Alcinous first appeared in the Latin version of Pietro Balbi, which was published at Rome, with Apuleius, 1469, fol. The Greek text was printed in the Aldine edition of Apuleius, 1521, 8vo. Another edition is that of Fell, Oxford, 1667. The best, however, is that of J. H. Fischer, Leipzig, 1783, 8vo. It was transla ted into French by J. J. Combes-Dounous, Paris, 1800, 8vo, and into English by Stanley, in his History of Philosophy.

ALCIS (AZKI), that is, the Strong, I. a surname of Athena, under which she was worshipped in Macedonia. (Liv., 42, 51.)—II. A deity among the Naharvali, an ancient German tribe. (Tacit., Germ., 43.) Grimm (Deutsche Mythol., p. 39) considers Alcis in the passage of Tacitus to be the genitive of Alx, which, according to him, signifies a sacred grove, and is connected with the Greek hoog. Another Alcis occurs in Apollodorus, 2, 1, § 5.

ALCMEON ('Aкμаíшν) V. one of the most eminent natural philosophers of antiquity, was a native of Crotona, in Magna Græcia. His father's name was Pirithus, and he is said to have been a pupil of Pythagoras, and must, therefore, have lived in the latter half of the sixth century before Christ. (Diog. Laërt., 8, 83.) Nothing more is known of the events of his life. His most celebrated anatomical discovery has been noticed in the Dict. of Ant., p. 772, a ; but whether his knowledge in this branch of science was derived from the dissection of animals or of human bodies is a disputed question, which it is difficult to decide. Chalcidius, on whose authority the fact rests, merely says (Comment. in Plat., "Tim.," p. 368, ed. Fabr.), "qui primus exsectionem aggredi est ausus," and the word exsectio would apply equally well to either case. He is said also (Drog. Laërt., l. c.-Clemens Alexandr., Strom., 1, p. 308) to have been the first person who wrote on natural philosophy (quσiкòv λóyov), and to have invented fables (fabulas: Isid., Orig., 1, 39). He also wrote several other medical and philosophical works, of which nothing but the titles and a few fragments have been preserved by Stobæus (Eclog. Phys.), Plutarch (De Phys. Philos. Decr.), and Galen (His

tor. Philosoph.) A farther account of his philosoph- clude, with Clinton, that he flourished from about ical opinions may be found in Menage's Notes to 671 to about 631 B.C. (Clinton, Fast., 1, p, 189, Diogenes Laërtius, 8, 83, p. 387.-Le Clerc, Hist. de 191, 365.-Hermann, Antiq. Lacon., p. 76, 77.) He la Méd. Alfons. Ciacconius, ap. Fabric., Biblioth. is said to have died, like Sulla, of the morbus pedicu Græc., vol. 13, p. 48, ed. vet.-Sprengel, Hist. de la laris. (Aristot., Hist. Anim., 5, 31 or 25.-Plut., Méd., vol. 1, p. 239.-C. G. Kühn, De Philosoph. | Sulla, 36.—Plin., H. N., 11, 33, § 39 ) ante Hippocr. Medicine Cultor., Lips., 1781, 4to, reprinted in Ackermann's Opusc. ad Histor. Medic. Pertinentia, Norimb., 1797, 8vo, and in Kühn's Opusc. Acad. Med. et Philol., Lips., 1827–8, 2 vols. 8vo. Isensee, Gesch. der Medicin.

music, and he was himself the inventor of new forms of rhythm, some of which bore his name.

The period during which most of Alcman's poems were composed was that which followed the conclusion of the second Messenian war. During this period of quiet, the Spartans began to cherish that taste for the spiritual enjoyments of poetry which, Although Alemæon is termed a pupil of Pythag- though felt by them long before, had never attained oras, there is great reason to doubt whether he was to a high state of cultivation while their attention a Pythagorean at all; his name seems to have crept was absorbed in war. In this process of improveinto the lists of supposititious Pythagoreans given us ment Alcman was immediately preceded by Terby later writers. (Brandis, Geschichte der Philoso- pander, an Eolian poet, who, before the year 676 phie, vol. 1, p. 507.) Aristotle (Metaphys., A., 5) B.C., had removed from Lesbos to the mainland of mentions him as nearly contemporary with Pythag- Greece, and had introduced the Eolian lyric into oras, but distinguishes between the oroixeia of op- the Peloponnesus. This new style of poetry was posites, under which the Pythagoreans included all speedily adapted to the choral form, in which the things, and the double principle of Alcmæon, ac- Doric poetry had hitherto been cast, and gradually cording to Aristotle, less extended, although he supplanted that earlier style which was nearer to does not explain the precise difference. Other doc- the epic. In the 33d or 34th Olympiad, Terpander trines of Alemæon have been preserved to us. He made his great improvements in music. (Vid. said that the human soul was immortal, and partook TERPANDER:) Hence, arose the peculiar character of the divine nature, because, like the heavenly bod- of the poetry of his younger contemporary, Aleman, ies, it contained in itself a principle of motion. which presented the choral lyric in the highest ex(Arist., De Anima, 1, 2, p. 405.-Cic., De Nat. cellence which the music of Terpander enabled it Deor., 1, 11.) The eclipse of the moon, which was to reach. But Aleman had also an intimate acalso eternal, he supposed to arise from its shape,quaintance with the Phrygian and Lydian styles of which, he said, was like a boat. All his doctrines which have come down to us relate to physics or medicine, and seem to have arisen partly out of the speculations of the Ionian school, with which, rather than the Pythagorean, Aristotle appears to connect Alemæon, partly from the traditionary lore of the earliest medical science. (Brandis, vol. 1, p. 508.) ALCMAN ('AλKuáv), called by the Attic and later Greek writers Alemæon ('A2kμaiwv), the chief lyric poet of Sparta, was by birth a Lydian of Sardis. His father's name was Damas or Titarus. He was brought into Laconia as a slave, evidently when very young. His master, whose name was Agesidas, discovered his genius, and emancipated him; and he then began to distinguish himself as a lyric poet. (Suidas, s. v.-Heraclid. Pont., Polit., p. 206. -Vell. Pat., 1, 18.—Aleman, fr. 11, Welcker.-Epigrams by Alexander Etolus, Leonidas, and Antipater Thess., in Jacobs's Anthol. Græc., 1, p. 207, No. 3; p. 175, No. 80; 2, p. 110, No. 56; in the Anthol. Palat., 7, 709, 19, 18.) In the epigram last cited it is said that the two continents strove for the honour of his birth; and Suidas (l. c.) calls him a Laconian of Messoa, which may mean, however, that he was enrolled as a citizen of Messoa after his emancipation. The above statements seem to be more in accordance with the authorities than the opinion of Bode, that Alcman's father was brought from Sardis to Sparta as a slave, and that Alcman himself was born at Messoa. It is not known to what extent he obtained the rights of citizenship.

The time at which Alcman lived is rendered somewhat doubtful by the different statements of the Greek and Armenian copies of Eusebius, and of the chronographers who followed him. On the whole, however, the Greek copy of Eusebius appears to be right in placing him at the second year of the twenty-seventh Olympiad (B.C. 671). He was contemporary with Ardys, king of Lydia, who reigned from 678 to 629 B.C., with Lesches, the author of the "Little Iliad," and with Terpander, during the later years of these two poets; he was older than Stesichorus, and he is said to have been the teacher of Arion. From these circumstances, and from the fact which we learn from himself (Fr., 29), that he lived to a great age, we may con

A large portion of Aleman's poetry was erotic. In fact, he is said by some ancient writers to have been the inventor of erotic poetry. (Athen., 13, p. 600.-Suidas, s. v.) From his poems of this class, which are marked by a freedom bordering on licentiousness, he obtained the epithets of sweet” and "pleasant" (yukús, xapiɛis). Among these poems were many hymeneal pieces. But the Parthenia, which form a branch of Alcman's poems, must not be confounded with the erotic. They were so called because they were composed for the purpose of being sung by choruses of virgins, and not on account of their subjects, which were very various: sometimes, indeed, erotic, but often religious. Aleman's other poems embrace hymns to the gods, Pæans, Prosodia, songs adapted to different religious festivals, and short ethical or philosophical pieces. It is disputed whether he wrote any of those anapastic war-songs, or marches, which were called Eμbaripia; but it seems very unlikely that he should have neglected a kind of composition which had been rendered so popular by Tyrtæus.

His metres are very various. He is said by Suidas to have been the first poet who composed any verses but dactylic hexameters. This statement is incorrect; but Suidas seems to refer to the shorter dactylic lines into which Aleman broke up the Homeric hexameter. In this practice, however, he had been preceded by Archilochus, from whom he borrowed several others of his peculiar metres: others he invented himself. Among his metres we find various forms of the dactylic, anapæstic, trochaic, and iambic, as well as lines composed of different metres : for example, iambic and anapastic. The Cretic hexameter was named Alemanic, from his being its inventor. The poems of Alcman were chiefly in strophes, composed of lines sometimes of the same metre throughout the strophe, sometimes of different metres. From their choral character, we might conclude that they sometimes had an antistrophic form; and this seems to be confirmed by the statement of Hephæstion (p. 134, Gaisf.), that he composed odes of fourteen strophes, in which there was a change of metre after the seventh strophe.