Lans.

thenes, completely failed; but afterward Demosthe- |(Vid. Syracuse.) Sicily proved a rock against which nes and the Acarnanians routed the Ambracians, who their resources and efforts were fruitlessly expended. nearly all perished. In the winter (426-5) the Athe- And Sparta, which furnished but a commander and a nians purified the island of Delos, as an acknowledg- handful of men for the defence of Syracuse, soon bement to Apollo for the cessation of the plague. At held her antagonist reduced, by a series of unparalleled the beginning of the summer of 425, the Peloponne- misfortunes, to a state of the utmost distress and weaksians invaded Attica for the fifth time. At the same ness. The accustomed procrastination of the Spartime, the Athenians, who had long directed their tans, and the timid policy to which they ever adhered, thoughts towards Sicily, sent a fleet to aid the Leon-alone preserved Athens in this critical moment, or at tini in a war with Syracuse. Demosthenes accom- least retarded her downfall. Time was allowed for panied this fleet, in order to act, as occasion might her citizens to recover from the panic and consternaoffer, on the coast of Peloponnesus. He fortified Py- tion occasioned by the news of the Sicilian disaster; lus on the coast of Messenia, the northern headland and, instead of viewing the hostile flects, as they had of the modern Bay of Navarino. In the course of the anticipated, ravaging their coasts and blockading the operations which were undertaken to dislodge him, a Piræus, they were enabled still to dispute the empire body of Lacedæmonians, including several noble Spar- of the sea, and to preserve the most valuable of their tans, got blockaded in the island of Sphacteria, at the dependancies. Alcibiades, whose exile had proved so mouth of the bay, and were ultimately taken prisoners injurious to his country, since it was to his counsels by Cleon and Demosthenes. Pylus was garrisoned alone that the successes of her enemies are to be atby a colony of Messenians, in order to annoy the Spar-tributed, now interposed in her behalf, and by his inAfter this event the Athenians engaged in vig- trigues prevented the Persian satrap, Tissaphernes, orous offensive operations, of which the most impor- from placing at the disposal of the Spartan admiral tant was the capture of the island of Cythera by Nici- that superiority of force which must at once have termias early in B.C. 424. This summer, however, the rated the war by the complete overthrow of the AtheAthenians suffered some reverses in Boeotia, where nian republic. (Thucyd., lib., 8.) The temporary revthey lost the battle of Delium, and on the coasts of olution which was effected at Athens by his contriMacedonia and Thrace, where Brasidas, among other vance also, and which placed the state at variance exploits, took Amphipolis. The Athenian expedition with the fleet and army stationed at Samos, afforded to Sicily was abandoned, after some operations of no him another opportunity of rendering a real service to great importance, in consequence of a general pacifica- his country by moderating the violence and animosity tion of the island, which was effected through the in- of the latter. The victory of Cynossema and the subfluence of Hermocrates, a citizen of Syracuse. In the sequent successes of Alcibiades, now elected to the year 423, a year's truce was concluded between Spar-chief command of the forces of his country, once more ta and Athens, with a view to a lasting peace. Hos restored Athens to the command of the sea, and, had tilities were renewed in 422, and Cleon was sent to she reposed that confidence in the talents of her gencope with Brasidas, who had continued his opera-eral which they deserved and her necessities required, tions even during the truce. A battle was fought be- the efforts of Sparta and the gold of Persia might have tween these generals at Amphipolis, in which the de- proved unavailing. But the second exile of Alcibiafeat of the Athenians was amply compensated by the des, and, still more, the iniquitous sentence which condouble deliverance which they experienced in the deaths demned to death the generals who fought and conboth of Cleon and Brasidas. In the following year quered at Arginuse, sealed the ruin of Athens; and (421) Nicias succeeded in negotiating a peace with the battle of Argos Potamos at length terminated a Sparta for fifty years, the terms of which were, a mu. contest which had been carried on, with scarcely any tual restitution of conquests made during the war, and intermission, during a period of twenty-seven years, the release of the prisoners taken at Sphacteria. This with a spirit and animosity unparalleled in the annals treaty was ratified by all the allies of Sparta except of warfare. Lysander now sailed to Athens, receiving the Baotians, Corinthians, Eleans, and Megarians. as he went the subinission of the allies, and blockaded This peace never rested on any firm basis. It was no the city, which surrendered after a few months (B.C. sooner concluded than it was discovered that Sparta 404) on terms dictated by Sparta, with a view of mahad not the power to fulfil her promises, and Athens king Athens a useful ally by giving the ascendancy in insisted on their performance. The jealousy of the the state to the oligarchical party. The history of the other states was excited by a treaty of alliance which Peloponnesian war was written by Thucydides, upon was concluded between Sparta and Athens immediate- whose accuracy and impartiality, as far as his narrative ly after the peace; and intrigues were commenced for goes, we may place the fullest dependance. His histhe formation of a new confederacy, with Argos at the tory ends abruptly in the year 411 B.C. For the rest head. Au attempt was made to draw Sparta into al- of the war we have to follow Xenophon and Dioliance with Argos, but it failed. A similar overture, dorus. The value of Xenophon's history is impaired subsequently made to Athens, met with better suc-by his prejudices, and that of Diodorus by his carelesscess, chiefly through an artifice of Alcibiades, who was at the head of a large party hostile to the peace, and the Athenians concluded a treaty offensive and defensive with Argos, Elis, and Mantinea for 100 years (B.C. 420). In the year 418, the Argive confederacy was broken up by their defeat at the battle of Mantinea, and a peace, and soon after an alliance, was made between Sparta and Argos. In the year 416 an expedition was undertaken by the Athenians against Melos, which had hitherto remained neutral. The Melians surrendered at discretion; all the males who had attained manhood were put to death; the women and children were made slaves; and subsequently 500 Athenian colonists were sent to occupy the island. (Thucyd., 5, 116.) The fifty years' peace was not considered at an end, though its terms had been broken on both sides, till the year 415, when the Athenians undertook their disastrous expedition to Sicily.

ness. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 17, p. 389, seqq.Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 299, seq.)

PELOPONNESUS (He2oróvvηcoç), that is, according to the commonly-received explanation, "the island of Pelops" (IIéhoñоç viσoç), a celebrated peninsula, com prehending the most southern part of Greece, and which would be an island were it not for the Isthmus of Corinth. Its name is said to have been derived from Pelops, who is reported by the later Greek mythologists to have been of Phrygian origin. Thucydides, however (1, 9), simply observes that he came from Asia, and brought great wealth with him. He married Hippodamia, the daughter of Encmaus, king of Pisa in Elis, and succeeded to his kingdom. Pe lops is said also to have subsequently extended his dominions over many of the districts bordering upon Elis, whence the whole country, according to the common account, obtained the name of Peloponnesus. Aga

the Sinus Saronicus, a name derived from Saron, which in ancient Greek signified an oak leaf (Plin., 4, 5), now called Gulf of Engia. (Strab., I. c.)—The principal mountains of Peloponnesus are, those of Cylleno (Zyria) and Erymanthus (Olonos) in Arcadia, and Taygetus (St. Elias) in Laconia. Its rivers are, the Alpheus, now Rouphia, passing through Arcadia and Elis, and discharging itself into the Sicilian Sea; the Eurotas, or Basilipotamo, watering Laconia, and falling into the Sinus Laconicus; the Pamisus, or Pirnatza, a river of Messenia, falling into the Sinus Messeniacus. The Peloponnesus contains but one small lake, which is that of Stymphalus, or Zaracca, in Arcadia.-According to the best modern maps, the area of the whole peninsula may be estimated at 7800 square miles; and in the more flourishing period of Grecian history, an approximate computation of the population of its different states furnishes upward of a million as the aggregate number of its inhabitants.-The divisions of the Peloponnesus were Achaia, Elis, Messenia, Laconia, Argolis. and Arcadia. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 1, seqq.)

memnon and Menelaus were descended from him. Such is the mythic legend relative to the origin of the name Peloponnesus. The word, however, does not occur in Homer. The original name of the peninsula appears to have been Apia (Hom., I., 1, 270-Id. ib., 3, 49), and it was so called, according to Eschylus (Suppl., 255), from Apis, a son of Apollo, or, according to Pausanias (2, 5, 5), from Apis, a son of Telchin, and descendant of Egialeus. When Argos had the supremacy, the peninsula, according to Strabo (371), was sometimes called Argos; and, indeed, Homer seems to use the term Argos, in some cases, as including the whole peninsula. (Thucyd., 1, 9.) The origin, therefore, of the name Peloponnesus still remains open to investigation. It is possible that Pelops, instead of having actually existed, may be merely a symbol representing an old race by the name of Pelopes, according to the analogy which we find in the national appellations of the Dryopes, Meropes, Dolopes, and others. The Peloponnesus, then, will have derived its name from this old race, and the very term Pelopes (Pel-opes) itself will receive something like confirmation from the ingenious remarks of Buttmann relative PELOPS, son of Tantalus king of Phrygia, and celto the early population along the shores of the Medi-ebrated in both the mythic and historical legends of terranean. (Vid. Apia, and Opici) After the line of Greece. At an entertainment given to the gods by the mythic Pelops had become celebrated in epic poe- Tantalus, the latter, in order to try their divinity, is Ery as the lords of all Argos and of many islands, the said to have killed and dressed his son Pelops, and to name of Peloponnesus would appear to have come into have set him for food before them. The assembled general use, and, by a common error, to have been deities, however, immediately perceived the horrid natransferred from the race or nation of the Pelopes to ture of the banquet, and all abstained from it with the their fabulous leader. (Vid. Pelops.)—Peloponnesus, exception of Ceres, who, engrossed with the loss of hough inferior in extent to the northern portion of her daughter Proserpina, in a moment of abstraction Greece, may be looked upon, says Strabo, as the acrop- ate one of the shoulders of the boy. At the desire of olis of Hellas, both from its position, and the power Jupiter, Mercury put all the parts back into the caland celebrity of the different people by which it was dron, and then drew forth the young Pelops alive again, mhabited. In shape it resembled the leaf of a plane- and perfect in all his parts except the shoulder, which tree, being indented by numerous bays on all sides. was replaced by an ivory one, that was said to possess Strab., 335-Plin., 4, 5.-Dionys. Per., 403.) It the power of removing every disorder and healing evis from this circumstance that the modern name of Mo-ery complaint by its touch. Hence, says the scholiast rea is doubtlessly derived, that word signifying a mul- to Pindar, the descendants of Pelops had all such a berry leaf. Strabo estimates the breadth of the penin- shoulder as this (TOLOTOV Eixov Tov duov. - Schol. sula at 1400 stadia from Cape Chelonatas, now Cape ad Pind., Ol., 1, 38). The ivory shoulder of Pelops Tornese, its westernmost point, to the isthmus, being became also a subject for the painter, as appears from nearly equal to its length from Cape Malea, now Cape Philostratus (Imag., 1, 30, p. 807), where Pelops is St. Angelo, to Egium, now Vostizza, in Achaia. Po- said doτpúpai Tu, to flash forth rays of light lybius reckons its periphery, setting aside the sinuosities from his shoulder." The shoulder of the son of Tanof the coast, at 4000 stadia, and Artemidorus at 4400; talus also plays a conspicuous part in the legend of but, if these are included, the number of stadia must Troy. The soothsayers, it seems, had declared that be increased to 5600. Pliny says that "Isidorus com- the city of Priam would never be taken until the puted its circumference at 563 miles, and as much Greeks should have brought to their camp the arrows again if all the gulfs were taken into the account. The of Hercules and one of the bones of Pelops. narrow stem from which it expands is called the isth-cordingly, the shoulder-blade (uonλárn) of the son of mus. At this point the Egean and Ionian seas, break- Tantalus was brought from Pisa to Troy. (Pausan, ing in from opposite quarters north and east, eat away 5, 13, 3. Böckh, ad Pind., l. c.) Another legend all its width, till a narrow neck of five miles in breadth states, that the Palladium in Troy was made of the is all that connects Peloponnesus with Greece. On bones of Pelops. (Vid. Palladium.)-But to return one side is the Corinthian, on the other the Saronic to the regular narrative: Neptune, attracted by the Gulf. Lechæum and Cenchree are situated on oppo- beauty of Pelops, carried him off in his golden car to site extremities of the isthmus, a long and hazardous Olympus, where he remained until his father Tantalus circumnavigation for ships, the size of which prevents had drawn on himself the indignation of the gods, their being carried over land in wagons. For this rea- when they sent Pelops once more down to the "swiftson various attempts have been made to cut a naviga- fated race of men." (Pind., Ol., 1, 60, seqq.)--When ble canal across the isthmus by King Demetrius, Ju- Pelops had attained to manhood, he resolved to seek lius Cæsar, Caligula, and Nero, but in every instance in marriage Hippodamia, the daughter of Enomaüs, without success.' (Plin., 4, 5.)—On the north the king of Pisa. An oracle having told this prince that Peloponnesus is bounded by the Ionian Sea, on the he would lose his life through his son-in-law, or, as west by that of Sicily, to the south and southeast by others say, being unwilling, on account of her surpassthat of Libya and Crete, and to the northeast by the ing beauty, to part with her, he proclaimed that he Myrtoan and Egean. These several seas form in would give his daughter only to the one who should succession five extensive gulfs along its shores: the conquer him in the chariot-race. The race was from Corinthiacus Sinus, now Gulf of Corinth or Lepanto, the banks of the Cladius in Elis to the altar of Nepwhich separated the northern coast from Ætolia, Lo- tune at the Isthmus of Corinth, and it was run in the cris, and Phocis; the Sinus Messeniacus, now Gulf following manner. Enomaüs, placing his daughter of Coron, on the coast of Messenia; the Sinus Lacon- in the chariot with the suiter, gave him the start; he icus, now Gulf of Colokythia, on that of Laconia; himself followed with a spear in his hand, and, if he the Sinus Argolicus, now Gulf of Napoli; and, lastly, overtook the unhappy lover, he ran him through.

Ac

which they presided, raises a natural suspicion that the hero's connexion with the East may have been a mere fiction, occasioned by a like interest, and propagated by like arts. This distrust is confirmed by the religious form which the legend was finally made to assume when it was combined with an Asiatic superstition, which found its way into Greece after the time of Homer. The seeming sanction of Thucydides loses almost all its weight, when we observe that he does not deliver his own judgment on the question, but merely adopts the opinion of the Peloponnesian antiquaries, which he found best adapted to his purpose of illustrating the progress of society in Greece." (Thirlwall's Greece, vol. 1, p. 70.) Mr. Kenrick sees in Pelops the dark-faced one (ɛλós and w¥), and thinks that the reference is to a system of religion, characterized by dark and mysterious rites, which spread from Phrygia into Greece. (Philol. Museum, No. 5, p. 353.) For another explanation of the legend of Pelops, consult remarks under the article Tantalus.

Thirteen had already lost their lives when Pelops came. In the dead of the night, says Pindar, Pelops went down to the margin of the sea, and invoked the god who rules it. On a sudden Neptune stood at his feet, and Pelops conjured him, by the memory of his former affection, to grant him the means of obtaining the lovely daughter of Enomaus. Neptune heard his prayer, and bestowed upon him a golden chariot, and horses of winged speed. Pelops then went to Pisa to contend for the prize. He bribed Myrtilus, son of Mercury, the charioteer of Enomaüs, to leave out the linchpins of the wheels of his chariot, or, as others say, to put in waxen ones instead of iron. In the race, therefore, the chariot of Enomaüs broke down, and he fell out and was killed, and thus Hippodamia became the bride of Pelops. (Schol. ad Pind., Ol., 1, 114.-Hygin., fab., 84.-Pind., Ol., 1, 114, seqq. -Apoll. Rhod., 1, 752.- Schol, ad loc.-Tzetz. ad Lycophr., 156.) Pelops is said to have promised Myrtilus, for his aid, one half of his kingdom, or, as other accounts have it, to have made a most dishonourable agreement of another nature with him. Un- PELORUS (V. is-idis, v. ias-iados), now Cape Faro, willing, however, to keep his promise, he took an op- one of the three great promontories of Sicily. It lies portunity, as they were driving along a cliff, to throw near the coast of Italy, and is said to have received Myrtilus into the sea, where he was drowned. To its name from Pelorus, the pilot of the ship which carthe vengeance of Mercury for the death of his son ried Hannibal away from Italy. This celebrated genwere ascribed all the future woes of the line of Pelops. eral, as it is reported, was carried by the tide into the (Soph., Electr., 504, seqq.) Hippodamia bore to Pe- straits between Italy and Sicily; and, as he was ignolops five sons, Atreus, Thyestes, Copreus, Alcathous, rant of the coast, and perceived no passage through and Pittheus, and two daughters, Nicippe and Lysid- (for, in consequence of the route which the vessel was ice, who married Sthenelus and Mestor, sons of Per- pursuing, the promontories on either side seemed to seus. The question as to the personality of Pelops join), he suspected the pilot of an intention to deliver has been considered in a previous article (vid. Pelo him into the hands of the Romans, and killed him on ponnesus), and the opinion has there been advanced the spot. He was soon, however, convinced of his which makes him to have been merely the symbol of error, and, to atone for his rashness and pay honour to an ancient race called Pelopes. To those, however, his pilot's memory, he gave him a magnificent funeral, who are inclined to regard Pelops as an actual per- and called the promontory on the Sicilian shore after sonage, the following remarks of Mr. Thirlwall may his name, having erected on it a tomb with a statue not prove uninteresting: "According to a tradition, of Pelorus. (Val. Max., 9, 8.-Mela, 2, 7.-Strab., which appears to be sanctioned by the authority of 5.- Virg., Æn., 3, 411, 687. — Ovid, Met., 5, 350; Thucydides, Pelops passed over from Asia to Greece 13, 727; 15, 706.)—This whole story is fabulous; with treasures, which, in a poor country, afforded him nor is that other one in any respect more worthy of the means of founding a new dynasty. His descend-belief, which makes the promontory in question to ants sat for three generations on the throne of Argos: their power was generally acknowledged throughout Greece; and, in the historian's opinion, united the Grecian states in the expedition against Troy. The renown of their ancestor was transmitted to posterity by the name of the southern peninsula, called after him Peloponnesus, or the isle of Pelops. Most authors, however, fix his native seat in the Lydian town of Sipylus, where his father Tantalus was fabled to have reigned in more than mortal prosperity, till he abused the favour of the gods, and provoked them to destroy him. The poetical legends varied as to the marvellous causes through which the abode of Pelops was transferred from Sipylus to Pisa, where he won the daughter and the crown of the bloodthirsty tyrant Enomais as the prize of his victory in the chariotrace. The authors who, like Thucydides, saw nothing in the story but a political transaction, related that Pelops had been driven from his native land by an invasion of Ilus, king of Troy (Pausan., 2, 22, 3); and hence it has very naturally been inferred, that, in leading the Greeks against Troy, Agamemnon was merely avenging the wrongs of his ancestor. (Kruse, Hellas, vol. 1, p. 485.) On the other hand, it has PELTE, a city of Phrygia, southeast of Cotyæum, been observed that, far from giving any countenance mentioned by Xenophon in his narrative of the retreat to this hypothesis, Homer, though he records the gen- of the Ten Thousand (1, 2). He describes it as well ealogy by which the sceptre of Pelops was transmitted inhabited. Pliny (5, 27) speaks of Peitæ as belongto Agamemnon, nowhere alludes to the Asiatic ori-ing to the Conventus Juridicus of Apamea. In the no'gin of the house. As little does he seem to have heard of the adventures of the Lydian stranger at PiThe zeal with which the Eleans maintained this part of the story, manifestly with a view to exalt the antiquity and the lustre of the Olympic games, over

sa.

have derived its name from a colossal (πελúpioç) statue of Orion placed upon it, and who was fabled to have broken through and formed the straits and promontory. (Diod. Sic., 4, 85. — Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 264.) The name is, in fact, much older than the days of Hannibal. Polybius, a contemporary of the Carthaginian commander, gives the appellation of Pelorius to this cape without the least allusion to the story of the pilot: Thucydides, long before the time of Hannibal, speaks of Peloris as being included in the territory of Messana (4, 25); and, indeed, it may be safely asserted that Hannibal never was in these straits.-The promontory of Pelorus is sandy, but Silius Italicus errs when he speaks of its being a lofty one (14, 79). It is a low point of land, and the sand-flats around contain some salt-meadows. Solnus describes them with an intermixture of fable (c. 11). The passage directly across to Italy is the shortest; but as there is no harbour here, and the current runs to the south, the route from the Italian shore is a southwestern one to Messana. The Italian promontory facing Pelorus is that of Cænys. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 265.)

tices of the ecclesiastical writers it appears as the seat of a bishopric. Xenophon makes the distance between it and Celana ten parasangs. We must look for the site of this place to the north of the Maander, and probably in the valley and plair farmed by the

western branch of that river, now called Askli-tchai, | importunate suiters, aspiring to the hand of the quceu. out formerly Glaucus. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 24.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 104.-Compare Rennell's Geography of Western Asia, vol. 2, p. 141, seqq., in notis.)

Her relations also urged her to abandon all thoughts of the probability of her husband's return, and not to disregard, as she had, the solicitations of the rival aspirants to her favour. Penelope, however, exerted every resource which her ingenuity could suggest to protract the period of her decision: among others, she declared that she would make choice of one of them as soon as she should have completed a web that she was weaving (intended as a funeral ornament for the aged Laertes); but she baffled their expectations by undoing at night what she had accomplished during the day. This artifice has given rise to the proverb of "Penelope's web," or "to unweave the web of Penelope” (Penelopes telam retexere), applied to whatever labour appears to be endless. (Erasm., Adag. Chil., 1, cent. 4, col. 145.) For three years this artifice succeeded; but, on the beginning of a fourth, a disclosure was made by one of her female attendants; and the faithful and unhappy Penelope,

her persecutors, agreed, at their instigation, to bestow her hand on him who should shoot an arrow from the bow of Ulysses through a given number of axe-eyes placed in succession. An individual disguised as a beggar was the successful archer. This was no other than Ulysses, who had just returned to Ithaca. The hero then directed his shafts at the suiters, and slew them all. (Vid. Ulysses.)—The character of Penelope has been variously represented; but it is the more popular opinion that she is to be considered as a model of conjugal and domestic virtue. (Apollod., 3, 10, 11.- Heyne, ad loc. - Hom., Od. - Hygin., fab., 127.—Ovid, Her. Ep., 1.)

PELUSIUM, an important city of Egypt, at the entrance of the Pelusiac mouth of the Nile, and about 20 stadia from the sea. It was surrounded by marshes, and was with truth regarded as the key of Egypt in this quarter. An Arabian horde might indeed traverse the desert on this side without approaching Pelusium; but an invading army would be utterly unable to pass through this sandy waste, where water completely failed. The route of the latter would have to be more to the north, and here they would encounter Pelusium, surrounded with lakes and marshes, and which extended from the walls of the city down to the very coast. Hence it was that the Persian force sent against King Nectanebis did not venture to attack the city, but sailed into the Mendesian mouth with their vessels. (Diod. Sic., 15, 42.) Subse-constrained at length by the renewed importunities of quently, however, the Persians diverted the course of that arm of the Nile on which the city stood, and succeeded in throwing down the walls and taking the place. Pelusium, after this, was again more than once taken, and gradually sank in importance. Ptolemy does not even name it as the capital of a Nome. In the reign of Augustus, however, it became the chief city of the newly-erected province of Augustamnica. The name of this city is evidently of Grecian origin, and is derived from the term nós, mud, in allusion to its peculiar situation. It would seem to have received this name at a very early period, since Herodotus gives it as the usual one, without alluding to any older term. Most probably the appellation was first given under the latter Pharaohs, and a short time previous to the Persian sway, since about this time the Greeks were first allowed to have any regular commercial intercourse with the ports of Egypt. To give a more reputable explanation of the Grecian name than that immediately suggested by its root, the mythologists fabled that Peleus, the father of Achilles, came to this quarter, for the purpose of purifying himself, from the murder of his brother Phocus, in the lake that afterward washed the walls of Pelusium, being ordered so to do by the gods; and that he became the founder of the city. (Amm. Marcell., 22, 16.)As soon as the easternmost or Pelusiac mouth of the Nile was diverted from its usual course, Pelusium, as has already been remarked, began to sink in importance, and soon lost all its consequence as a frontier town, and even as a place of trade. It fell back eventually to its primitive mire and earth, the materials of which it was built having been merely burned bricks; and hence, among the ruins of Pelusium at the present day, there are no remains of stone edifices, no large temples; the ground is merely covered with heaps of earth and rubbish. Near the ruins stands a dilapidated castle or fortress named Tinch, the Arabic term for "mire."

PENEUS, I. a river of Thessaly, rising in the chain of Pindus, and falling into the Sinus Thermaïcus after traversing the whole breadth of the country. Towards its mouth it flows through the celebrated Vale of Tempe. (Vid. Tempe.) It seems to have been the general opinion of antiquity, founded on very early traditions, that the great basin of Thessaly was at some remote period covered by the waters of the Peneus and its tributary rivers, until some convulsion of nature had rent asunder the gorge of Tempe, and thus afforded a passage to the pent-up streams. This opinion, which was first reported by Herodotus in his account of the march of Xerxes (7, 129), is repeated by Strabo, who observes in confirmation of it, that the Peneus in his day was still liable to frequent inundations, and alsc that the land in Thessaly is higher towards the sea than towards the more central parts. (Strab., 430.) The Peneus is called Salambria by Tzetzes (Chil., 9, 707), and Salabria and Salampria by some of the Byzantine historians, which name appears to be derived from cahúubn, "an outlet," and was applicable to it more particularly at the Vale of Tempe, where it has forced a passage through the rocks of Ossa and Olympus. (Dodwell, Tour, vol. 2, p. 102.) The Peneus is said to be never dry, though in summer it is shallow after heavy rains, and the sudden melting of the snow on Pindus, it sometimes overflows its banks, when the impetuous torrent of its waters sweeps away houses and inundates the neighbouring plain. Ælian, in his description of Tempe (V. H., 3, 1), makes the Peneus flow through the vale as smoothly as oil; and PENELOPE, a princess of Greece, daughter of Ica- Dodwell remarks, that, in its course through the town rius, brother of Tyndarus king of Sparta, and of Po- of Larissa, it has at the presest day a surface as smooth lycaste or Periboea. She became the wife of Ulysses, as oil. The intelligent traveller just mentioned obmonarch of Ithaca, and her marriage was celebrated serves in relation to this river, "Many authors have about the same time with that of Menelaus and Helen. extolled the diaphanous purity of the Peneus, although Penelope became by Ulysses the mother of Telema- it must in all periods have exhibited a muddy appearchus, and was obliged soon after to part with her hus-ance, at least during its progress through the Thesband, whom the Greeks compelled to go to the Trojan war. (Vid. Ulysses.) Twenty years passed away, and Ulysses returned not to his home. Meanwhile, his palace at Ithaca was crowded with numerous and

PENĀTES, a name given to a certain class of household deities among the Romans, who were worshipped in the innermost part of their dwellings. For the points of distinction between them and the Lares, consult the latter article.

:

salian plain; for who can expect a current of lucid crystal in an argillaceous soil? Strabo, Pliny, and others have misunderstood the meaning of Homer (II., 2, 756) when he speaks of the confluence of the silvery

Cret., 4, 3.-Heyne ad Virg., En., 1, 490.) Dares Phrygius, however, makes Penthesilea to have been slain by Neoptolemus. (Dar. Phryg., 36.)

PENTHEUS, son of Echion and Agave, and king of Thebes in Boeotia. During his reign, Bacchus came from the East, and sought to introduce his orgies into his native city. The women ail gave enthusiastically in to the new religion, and Mount Citharon resounded with the frantic yells of the Bacchantes. Pentheus sought to check their fury; but, deceived by the god, he went secretly and ascended a tree on Citharon, to be an ocular witness of their revels. While there he was descried by his mother and aunts, to whom Bac

Pencus and the beautiful Titaresius, which he says do not mix their streams, the latter flowing like oil on the silver waters of the former. Strabo, in complete contradiction to the meaning of Homer, asserts that the Peneus is clear, and the Titaresius muddy. Pliny has committed the same error. The mud of the Peneus is of a light colour, for which reason Homer gives it the epithet of silvery. The Titaresius, and other smaller streams, which are rolled from Olympus and Ossa, are so extremely clear, that their waters are distinguished from those of the Peneus to a considerable distance from the point of their confluence. Barthelemy has followed Strabo and Pliny, and has given an interpretation to the descriptive lines of Homer which the ori-chus made him appear to be a wild beast, and he was ginal was never intended to convey. The same effect is seen when muddy rivers of considerable volume mingle with the sea or any other clear water." (Tour, vol. 2, p. 110.)-II. A river of Elis, now the Igliaco, falling into the sea a short distance below the promontory of Chelonatas. Modern travellers describe it as a broad and rapid stream. (Itin. of the Morca, p. 32.) The city of Elis was situate in the upper part of its course. (Strab., 337.- Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 86.)

PENNINE ALPES, a part of the chain of the Alps, extending from the Great St. Bernard to the source of the Rhone and Rhine. The name is derived from the Celtic Penn, a summit. (Vid. Alpes.)

PENTAPOLIS, I. a town of India, placed by Mannert in the northeastern angle of the Sinus Gangeticus, or Bay of Bengal-II. A name given to Cyrenaica in Africa, from its five cities. (Vid. Cyrenaica.)-III. A part of Palestine, containing the five cities of Gaza, Gath, Ascalon, Azotus, and Ekron.-IV. A name applied to Doris in Asia Minor, after Halicarnassus had been excluded from the Doric confederacy. (Vid. Doris.)

torn to pieces by them. (Eurip., Baccha.—Apollod., 3, 5, 2.-Ovid, Met., 3, 511, seqq.)

PEPARETHOS, a small island in the Egean Sea, off the coast of Thessaly, and in a northeastern direction from Euboea. Pliny (4, 12) observes that it was formerly called Evænus, and assigns to it a circuit of nine miles. It was colonized by some Cretans, under the command of Staphylus. (Scymn., Ch., 579.) The island produced good wine (Athen., 1, 51) and oil. (Ovid, Met., 7, 470.) The town of Peparethos suffered damage from an earthquake during the Peloponne sian war. (Thucyd., 3, 89.) It was defended by Philip against the Romans (Liv., 28, 5), but was afterward destroyed. (Strab., 9, p. 436.) - Diocles, who wrote an early history of the origin of Rome, was a native of this island. (Plut., Vit. Rom.-Athen., 2, 44.) The modern name is Piperi. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 453.)

its lying over against Rhodes (Téрav, beyond, over against). It began at the promontory Cynossema, and is mentioned by Seylax (p. 38) under the name of ʼn 'Podiwv xúpa. Philip, king of Macedon, having seized upon it, was called upon by the Romans to restore it to Rhodes. (Polyb., 17, 2, seq.- Liv, 32, 33.) The Rhodians, however, were obliged to recover this territory by force of arms. (Liv., 33, 18.)

PEREA, I. a name given by the Greeks to that part of Judæa which lay east of Jordan, from its egress out of the Lake of Gennesareth to its entrance into the Dead Sea, and still lower down as far as the river Ar non. The term is derived from Téрav, beyond. (Plin, PENTELICUS, a mountain of Attica, containing quar-5, 14.)-II. A part of Caria, deriving its name from ries of beautiful marble. According to Dodwell (Tour, vol. 1, p. 498), it is separated from the northern foot of Hymettus, which in the narrowest part is about three miles broad. It shoots up into a pointed summit; but the outline is beautifully varied, and the greater part is either mantled with woods or variegated with shrubs. Several villages and some monasteries and churches are seen near its base.-According to Sir W. Gell, the great quarry is forty-one minutes distant from the monastery of Penteli, and affords a most extensive prospect from Citharon to Sunium. (Itin., p. 64.) "Mount Pentelicus," observes Hobhouse, "at this day called Pendele, and sometimes Mendele, must be, I should think, one third higher than Hymettus, and its height is the more apparent, as it rises with a peaked summit into the clouds. The range of Pentelicus runs from about northwest to southeast, at no great distance from the eastern shore of Attica overhanging the plain of Marathon, and mixing imperceptibly, at its northern extremity, with the hills of Brilessus, now called, as well as part of Mount Parues, Ozca." (Hobhouse, Journey, vol. 1, p. 235, seqq.) Interesting accounts of visits to the quarries are given by Dodwell and Hobhouse.

PENTHESILEA, a celebrated queen of the Amazons, daughter of Mars, who came to the aid of Priam in the last year of the Trojan war, and was slain by Achilles after having displayed great acts of valour. According to Tzetzes, Achilles, after he had slain Penthesilea, admiring the prowess which she had exhibited, and struck by the beauty of the corpse, wished the Greeks to erect a tomb to her. Thersites, thereupon, both ridiculed the grief which the hero testified at her fall, and indulged in other remarks so grossly offensive that Achilles slew him on the spot. Diomede, the relative of Thersites, in revenge for his loss, dragged the dead body of the Amazon out of the camp, and threw it into the Scamander (Tzetz. ad Lycophr., 999 - Dict.

PERCOTE, an ancient town of Mysia, south of Lampsacus, and not far from the shores of the Hellespont It appears to have been situate on the banks of the small river Practius. (Il., 2, 835.) Charon of Lampsacus, cited by Strabo (583), reckoned 300 stadia from Parium to the Practius, which he looked upon as the northern boundary of the Troad. This distance serves to identify the stream with the river of Bergaz or Bergan, a small Turkish town situated on its left bank, and which probably represents Percote. This place continued to exist long after the Trojan war, since it is spoken of by Herodotus (5, 117), Scylax (Peripl., p. 35), Arrian (Exp. Al., 1, 13), Pliny (5, 32), and others. It is named by some writers among the towns given to Themistocles by the King of Persia. (Athenæus, 1. p. 29. Plut., Vit. Themist., c. 30.- Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 69, seq.)

PERDICCAS, I. the youngest of the three brothers who came from Argos and settled in Upper Macedonia, and who are said to have been descended from Temenus. (Vid. Macedonia.) The principality of which they became possessed devolved on Perdiccas, who is therefore considered by both Herodotus (8, 137) and Thucydides (2, 99) as the founder of the Macedonian dynasty. Eusebius, however, names three kings before Perdiccas I., thus making him the fourth Macedonian monarch. These are, Caranus, who reigned 28 years; Coenus, who reigned 12 years; and Thurimas, who continued on the throne for 38. Herodotus and Thucydides, however, omit all notice of these three mon