tures in Greece, Italy, and along the western coast of Asia Minor, usually called Cyclopean, because, according to the Greek legends, the Cyclopes built the walls of Tiryns and Mycenae, may properly be assigned to a Pelasgic origin. All these structures are characterized by the immense size of the stones with which they are built. The most extraordinary of them all is the treasury, or, as others call it, the tomb of Atreus at Mycena. It remains but to add a few remarks respecting the name of this race. The most ancient form of the name was Пeλapyoi, and Mr. Thirlwall rather fancifully supposes that the appellation was derived from upyos and new, and that it signified "inhowever, of airókos, ravрoñóhos, &c., seems, as Mr. Thirlwall himself confesses, unfavourable to this etymology. (Hist. of Greece, vol. 1, p. 59.) There is also another objection. Such a derivation of the name makes the Pelasgians to have been solely addicted to agricultural pursuits, a statement which is not borne out by facts. We are told, it is true, that they loved to settle on the rich soil of alluvial plains. The powers, too, that preside over husbandry, and protect the fruits of the earth and the growth of the flocks, appear to have been the eldest Pelasgian divinities; but this is taking too narrow a view of the subject. Even if it were not highly probable that a part of the nation crossed the sea to reach the shores of Greece, and thus brought with them the rudiments of the arts connected with navigation, it would be incredible that the tribes settled on the coast should not soon have acquired them. Accordingly, the islands of the Ægean are peopled by Pelasgians, the piracies of the Leleges precede the rise of the first maritime power among the Greeks, and the Tyrsenian Pelasgians are found infesting the seas after the fall of Troy. (Thirlwall's Greece, vol. 1, p. 60.)—Mr. Kenrick, in a very ingenious paper lasgi in military prowess and a spirit of enterprise, and were thus enabled, in some cases, to expel the Pelasgi from the country, though the Hellenes generally settled among the Pelasgi as a conquering people. — The connexion between the Pelasgic and Hellenic races has been a subject of much controversy among modern writers. Many critics have maintained that they belonged to entirely different races, and some have been disposed to attribute to the Pelasgians an Etrurian or Phoenician origin. It is true that many of the Greek writers speak of the Pelasgians and their language as barbarous, that is, not Hellenic; and Herodotus (1, 57) informs us, that the Pelasgian language was spoken in his time at Placia and Scylace on the Helles-habitants" or "cultivators of the plain." The analogy, pont. This language he describes as barbarous; and on this fact he mainly grounds his general argument as to the ancient Pelasgian tongue. It may, however, be remarked, that it appears exceedingly improbable, if the Pelasgic and Hellenic languages had none or a very slight relation to each other, that the two tongues should have so readily amalgamated in all parts of Grecce, and still more strange that the Athenians and Arcadians, who are admitted to have been of pure Pelasgic origin, should have lost their original language and learned the pure Hellenic tongue. In addition to which, it may be remarked, that we scarcely ever read of any nation entirely losing its own language and adopting that of its conquerors. Though the Persians have received many new words into their language from their Arab masters, yet twelve centuries of Arab domination have not been sufficient to change, in any essential particular, the grammatical forms and general structure of the ancient Persian; and, notwithstanding all the efforts that were used by the Norman conquerors to bring the French language into general use in England, the Saxon remains to the present day the main element of the English language. It is therefore reasonable to suppose that the Pelasgic and Hel-"On the names of the Antehellenic inhabitants of lenic tongues were different dialects of a common lan- Greece" (Philol. Museum, vol. 1. p. 609, seqq.), mainguage, which formed by their union the Greek language tains, that the name Pelargi (IIeλapyoi) was given to of later times.-The ancient writers differ as much re- the race on account of their rudeness of speech, which specting the degree of civilization to which the Pelas- sounded "to the exquisite fineness of the Hellenic ear" gi attained before they became an Hellenic people, as like the cry of the stork (TEλapyóc). Hence the peo they do respecting their original language. ́ Accord-ple who spoke thus were called IIɛ2apyoi or storks. ing to some ancient writers, they were little better than And he seeks to confirm this etymology by endeava race of savages till conquered and civilized by the ouring to show that, "among birds, the stork laboured Hellenes; but others represent them, and perhaps more under the heaviest charge of defective elocution;" correctly, as having attained to a considerable degree that he was held to have no tongue at all; that, as of civilization previous to the Hellenic conquest. being yλwooos, he was especially adapted to repreMany traditions represent the Pelasgians as cultivating sent a people of barbarous speech; and that we find, agriculture and the useful arts. Pelasgus in Arcadia, in the time of Homer, the inhabitants of the Thracian said the tradition, taught men to bake bread. (Pausan., side of the Hellespont called Kikovec, a name which 1, 14, 1.) The ancient Pelasgic Buzyges yoked bulls appears to be closely analogous to the Latin Ciconia. to the plough (Etym. Mag., s. v. Bouguyns); Pelas- This etymology, however, proves too much. It is gians invented the goad for the purpose of driving an- based on the supposition that there was a radical difimals (Etym. Mag., s. v. йkaiva. - Bekker, Anecd. ference between the Pelasgic and Hellenic forms of Gr., 357); and a (Pelasgic) Thessalian in Egypt speech, which, from what has already been premised, taught the art of measuring land (Etym. Mag., ubi could not possibly have been the case. This same sup.).-It is a curious fact, which has been noticed by derivation of the name from that of rehapyós, “a Mr. Malden (Hist. of Rome, p. 70), that the Grecian stork," appears also among the Greek writers, but there race which made the most early and the most rapid the explanation is founded on the erroneous idea that progress in civilization and intellectual attainments, the Pelasgi were a roaming race. Myrsilus of Lesbos was one in which the Pelasgian blood was least adul- related, according to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, that terated by foreign mixture, namely, the Ionians of At the Tyrrhenians, flying from public calamities with tica and of the settlements in Asia; and that we prob- which they were chastised by heaven, because among ably owe to the Pelasgic element in the population of other tithes they had not offered that of their children, Greece all that distinguishes the Greeks in the history had quitted their home, and had long roamed about beof the human mind. The Dorians, who were the most fore they again acquired a fixed abode; and that, as strictly Hellenic, long disdained to apply themselves to they were seen thus going forth and returning, the literature or the fine arts. Some writers have main-name of Pelargi, or storks, was given to them! (Dion. tained, that the Greeks derived the art of writing and Hal., 1, 23.) This etymology is about as valuable as most of their religious rites from the Pelasgians; but, the one which deduces Pelasgus from Peleg, or Graius without entering into these questions, it may be as- from Reu. Nor is that derivation much superior which serted, with some degree of certainty, that the most traces Pelasgus to nehayos, "the sea," and makes the ancient architectural monuments in Europe clearly ap-name refer to the maritime habits of the race. pear to have been the work of their hands. The struc- sanctioned, indeed, by the authority of Hermann - It is (Opusc., vol. 2, p. 174), but it offends grievously against analogy (Lobeck, ad Phryn., p. 109); and if it be applicable to the Tyrrhenian Pelasgians of later times, it certainly is not so to the original Pelasgians of Dodona or Thessaly. Perhaps the peculiar style of building ascribed to the Pelasgic race may furnish users say that she was courted by Jupiter alone, till he with an etymology for their name, equal, at least in point of plausibility, to any of those which have thus far been enumerated. The term Pelargi may mean "stone-builders" or "stone-workers," as indicating a race whose massive style of architecture may have excited the wonder of the early Greeks, and have given rise to a species of national appellation. Thus, in the Macedonian dialect, a signified "a stone" (ràs πέλας, τοὺς λίθους, κατὰ τὴν Μακεδόνων φωνήν.— Ulpian, ad Demosth., de fals. leg., p. 376, B., ed. Francof., 1604.-Compare Ruhnken, ad Tim. Lex., p. 270), and upyov (or Fúpyov) is an earlier form for Epyov. (Böckh, Corp. Inscript., fasc., 1, p. 29, 83.) The two old forms, then, éλa (a stone") and upyov ("work"), may perhaps have produced, by their combination, the name of IIɛλapyoí. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 17, p. 377, seqq.-Clinton, Fast. Hell., vol. 1, p. 1, seqq.-Curtius, de Antiquis Italia incolis, § 6, seqq. -Kruse, Hellas, vol. 1, p. 404, seqq. - Thirlwall's Greece, vol. 1, p. 33, seqq.-Philological Museum, vol. 1, p. 613.) PELASGICUM (IIEλaoyikóv), a name given to the most ancient part of the fortifications of the Acropolis at Athens, from its having been constructed by the Pelasgi, who, in the course of their migrations, settled in Attica, and were employed by the Athenians in the erection of these walls. The rampart raised by this people is often mentioned in the history of Athens, and included also a portion of ground below the wall at the foot of the rock of the Acropolis. This had been allotted to the Pelasgi while they resided at Athens, and on their departure it was forbidden to be inhabited or cultivated. (Thucyd., 2, 7.- Pollux, 8, 102.-Myrsil., ap. Dion. Hal., 1, 19.-Herod., 2, 51. -Id., 6, 137.) It was apparently on the northern side of the citadel, as we are informed by Plutarch, that the southern wall was built by Cimon, from whom it received the name of Cimonium. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 382.) It was PELASGIOTIS, a district of Thessaly, occupying the lower valley of the Peneus as far as the sea. originally inhabited by the Perrhæbi, a tribe of Pelasgic origin. (Simon., ap. Strab., 441.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 363.) PELASGUS, an ancient monarch of the Pelasgi. (Vid. Pelasgi.) PELETHRONII, an epithet given to the Lapith, because they dwelt in the vicinity of Mount Pelethronium, in Thessaly. (Virg., Georg., 3, 115.) Pelethronium appears to have been a branch of Pelion. riage. The spouse selected for him was the seanymph Thetis, who had been wooed by Jupiter himself and his brother Neptune; but Themis having declared that her child would be greater than his sire, the gods withdrew. (Pind., Isth., 8, 58, seqq.) Othwas informed by Prometheus that, if he had a son by her, that son would dethrone him. (Apollod., 3, 13, 1.- Schol. ad Il., 1, 519.) Others, again, maintain that Thetis, who was reared by Juno, would not assent to the wishes of Jupiter, and that the god, in his anger, condemned her to espouse a mortal; or that Juno herself selected Peleus for her spouse. (Il., 24, 59.-Apoll. Rhod., 4, 793, seqq.) Chiron, being made aware of the will of the gods, advised Peleus to aspire to the bed of the nymph of the sea, and instructed him how to win her. He therefore lay in wait, and seized and held her fast, though she changed herself into every variety of form, becoming fire, water, a serpent, and a lioness. (Pind., Nem., 4, 101-Soph., frag. ap. Schol. ad Nem., 3, 60.) The wedding was solemnized on Mount Pelion: the gods all honoured it with their presence, and bestowed armour on the bridegroom. (Il., 17, 195.-Ib., 18, 84.) Chiron gave him the famous ashen spear afterward wielded by his son; and Neptune bestowed on him the immortal Harpy-born steeds Balius and Xanthus. The offspring of this union was the celebrated Achilles. According to one account, Peleus was deserted by his goddess-wife for not allowing her to cast the infant Achilles into a caldron of boiling water, to try if he were mortal. (Vid. Achilles.) This, however, is a posthomeric fiction, since Homer represents Peleus and Thetis as dwelling together all the lifetime of their son. Of Peleus it is farther related, that he survived his son, and even grandson (Od., 11, 493.Eurip., Androm.), and died in misery in the island of Cos. (Callim., ap. Schol. ad Pind., Pyth., 3, 167. Keightley's Mythology, p. 313, seqq.) It was at the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis that the goddess of Discord threw the apple of gold into the middle of the assembled deities, with which was connected so much misfortune for both the Trojans and the Greeks. (Vid. Helena, and Paris.) PELIADES, daughters of Pelias. (Vid. Jason, and also Pelias, towards the end of the latter article.) PELIAS, the twin brother of Neleus, was son of Neptune by Tyro, the daughter of Salmoneus. The mother, to conceal her disgrace, exposed her twinsons as soon as they were born. A troop of mares, followed by their keeper, passing by where they lay, one of the mares touched the face of one of the infants with her hoof, and made it livid (méλtov). The keeper took and reared the babes, naming the one with the mark Pelias, the other Neleus. When they grew up they discovered their mother, and resolved to PELEUS, a king of Thessaly, son of Eacus mon- kill her stepmother Sidero, by whom she was cruelly arch of Egina, and the nymph Endeis the daughter treated. They pursued her, accordingly, to the altar of Chiron. Having been accessory, along with Tela- of Juno; and Pelias, who never showed any regard mon, to the death of their brother Phocus, he was ban- for that goddess, slew her before it. The brothers ished from his native island, but found an asylum at afterward fell into discord, and Pelias abode at Iolcos, the court of Eurytus, son of Actor, king of Phthia in but Neleus settled in Elis, where he built a town Thessaly. He married Antigone, the daughter of Eu- named Pylos. Tyro afterward married her uncle rytus, and received with her, as a marriage portion, Cretheus, to whom she bore three sons, son, Phethe third part of the kingdom. Peleus was present res, and Amythaon. Cretheus was succeeded in the with Eurytus at the chase of the Calydonian boar; kingdom of folcos by son, who became by Alcibut, having unfortunately killed his father-in-law with mede the father of Jason. Pelias, by force or fraud, the javelin which he had hurled against the animal, deprived Eson of his kingdom, and then sought the he was again doomed to be a wanderer. His second life of the infant Jason; but the parents of the latter benefactor was Acastus, king of Iolcos; but here gave out that he was dead, and meantime conveyed again he was involved in trouble, through a false him by night to the cave of the centaur Chiron, to charge brought against him by Astydamia, or, as Hor- whose care they committed him.-The rest of the leace calls her, Hippolyte, the queen of Acastus. (Vid. gend of Pelias will be found under the article Jason. Acastus.) To reward the virtue of Peleus, as fully (Apollod., 1, 9, 7, seqq.-Od., 11, 235, seqq.) Pelias shown by his resisting the blandishments of Astyda- married Anaxibia the daughter of Bias, or, as others mia, the gods resolved to give him a goddess in mar-say, Philomache the daughter of Amphion, and became by her the father of one son, Acastus, and of four | Bichlisias, situated on a river of the same name --daughters, Pisidice, Pelopea, Hippothoë, and Alces- (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 76.) tis. (Apollvd., 1, 9, 10.) These daughters were called Peliades, and became, unwittingly, through the arts of Medea, the slayers of their sire. (Vid. Jason.) PELIDES, a patronymic of Achilles, as the son of Peleus. (Vid. Peleus) PELLA, a city of Macedonia, near the top of the Sinus Thermnaïcus, on the confines of Emathia. It became the capital of the kingdom when Edessa was annihilated, according to Ptolemy, and owed its grandeur to Philip and to his son Alexander, who was born there, and who was hence styled Pellaus Juvenis by the PELIGNI, an Italian tribe, belonging to the Sabine Roman poets. According to Stephanus Byzantinus, its race, according to Ovid (Fast., 3, 95), but, according more ancient appellation was Bunomus and Bunomeia, to Festus, deriving their origin from Illyria. The which it exchanged for the name of its founder Pellas. statement of Ovid appears the more probable one, if Livy describes it as situate on a hill which faced the we consider the uniformity of language, customs, and southwest, and surrounded with morasses formed by character apparent in all the minor tribes of central stagnant waters from the adjacent lakes, so deep as to Italy, as well as in the Samnites, between whom and be impassable either in winter or in summer. In the the Sabines these tribes may be said to form an inter- morass nearest the city, the citadel rose up like an mediate link in the Oscan chain.—The Peligni were island, being built on a mound of earth formed with situate to the east and northeast of the Marsi, and immense labour, so as to be capable of supporting the had Corfinium for their chief town. They derive some wall, and secure against any injury from the surroundconsideration in history from the circumstance of their ing moisture. At a distance it seemed to join the chief city having been selected by the allies in the city rampart, but it was divided from it by a river Social war as the seat of the new empire. Had their which ran between, and over which was a bridge of plans succeeded, and had Rome fallen beneath the communication. This river was called Ludias, Lœefforts of the coalition, Corfinium would have become dias, and Lydius. (Liv., 44, 46.) The baths of Pelthe capital of Italy, and perhaps of the world. (Strab., la were said to be injurious to health, producing bil 241) The country of the Peligni was small in ex-iary complaints, as we are informed by the comic poet tent, and mountainous, and noted for the coldness of Macho. (Athen., 8, 41) Pella, under the Romans, its climate, as well as for the abundance of its springs was made the chief town of the third region of Maceand streams. (Horace, Od., 3, 19. Ovid, Fast., 4, don. (Liv., 45, 29.) It was situated on the Via Eg685.) That some portion of it, however, was fertile, natia, according to Strabo (323) and the Itineraries. we learn also from the latter poet. (Am., 2, 16.- From the coins of this city we may infer that it was Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 332.) colonized by Julius Cæsar. Under the late emperors it assumed the title of Col. Jul. Pella; and it is probable, as Mannert has observed, that in the reign of Dioclesian this name was exchanged for Dioclesianopolis, which we find in the Antonine Itinerary (p. 330. --Mannert, Geogr., vol. 7, p. 479). Its ancient appellation, however, still remained in use, as may be seen from Jornandes (R. G., 56) and Hierocles (Synecdem., p. 638). The ruins of Pella are yet visible on the spot called Palatisa or Alaklisi_by the Turks. "Il ne reste plus de Pella," says Beaujour, “que quelques ruines insignificantes; mais on voit encore le pourtour de son magnifique port, et les vestiges du canal qui joignoit ce port à la mer par le niveau le mieux entendu. Les mosquées de Jenidjé ont été bâties avec les débris des palais des rois Macédoniens." (Tableau du Commerce de la Grèce, vol. 1, p. 87.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 225.) -- PELION, I. a range of mountains in Thessaly, along a portion of the eastern coast. Its principal summit rises behind Iolcos and Ormenium. The chain extends from the southeastern extremity of the Lake Bobeïs, where it unites with one of the ramifications of Ossa, to the extreme promontory of Magnesia. (Strabo, 443.- Herod., 7, 129.- Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1, p. 429.) In a fragment of Dicæarchus which has been preserved to us, we have a detailed description of Pulion and its botanical productions, which appear to have been very numerous, both as to forest-trees and plants of various kinds. (Cramer, 1. c.) On the most elevated part of the mountain was a temple dedicated to Jupiter Actæ us, to which a troop of the noblest youths of the city of Demetrias ascended every year by appointment of the priest; and such was the cold experienced on the summit, that they wore the thickest woollen fleeces to protect PELLENE, a city of Achaia, southwest of Sicyon, themselves from the inclemency of the weather. (Di- situate on a lofty and precipitous hill about sixty stadia cœarch., p. 29.) It is with propriety, therefore, that from the sea. From the nature of its position, the town Pindar applies to Pelion the epithet of stormy. (Pyth., was divided into two distinct parts. (Pausan., 7, 26. 9. 6.)-Homer alludes to this mountain as the ancient -Strabo, 386.) Its name was derived either from the abode of the Centaurs, who were ejected by the Lap- Titan Pallas, or Pellen, an Argive, who was son of ithæ. (Il., 2, 743. —Compare Pind., Pyth., 2, 83.) Phorbas. (Apollon, Arg., 1, 176.-Hom., Il., 2, 574 ) It was, however, more especially the haunt of Chiron, The Pellenians alone among the Achæans first aided whose cave, as Dicæarchus relates, occupied the high- the Lacedæmonians in the Peloponnesian war, though est point of the mountain. (Cramer, l. c.) In their afterward all the other states followed their example. wars against the gods, the giants, as the poets fable, (Thucyd., 2, 9.) They were often engaged in hostilplaced Ossa upon Pelion, and "rolled upon Ossa the ities with their neighbours the Phliasians and Sicyoleafy Olympus," in their daring attempt to scale thenians. (Xen, Hist. Gr., 7, 2.) Pellene was celeheavens. (Virg., Georg., 1, 281, seq) The famous spear of Peleus, which descended to his son Achilles, and which none but the latter and his parent could wield, was cut from an ash-tree on this mountain, and thence received its name of Pelias. (Hom., Il., 16, 144.)-II. A city of Illyria, on the Macedonian border, and commanding a pass leading into that country. It was a place of considerable importance from its situation; and Arrian speaks of it at some length in his relation of an attack made upon it by Alexander. (Exp. Al., 1, 5, seqq.) We must look for it, most probably, in the mountains which separate the district of Castoria (the ancient Orestis) from that of Okrida. It cannot have been far from the modern town of brated for its manufacture of woollen cloaks, which PELOPEA OF PELOPIA, a daughter of Thyestes, the brother of Atreus. She became, by her own parent, the mother of Ægisthus. (Vid. Atreus.) PELOPIDAS, Son of Hippoclus, belonged to one of the principal families of Thebes. He distinguished himself at the battle of Mantinea (B. C. 385), in which the of Persia, sent on their part Pelopidas to support their Thebans took part as allies of the Lacedæmonians, under the Spartan king Agesipolis. In this battle, Pelopidas being wounded and thrown down, was saved from death by Epaminondas, who protected him with his shield, maintaining his ground against the Arcadians until the Lacedæmonians came to their relief, and saved both their lives. From that time a close friendship was formed between Epaminondas and Pelopidas, which lasted till the death of the latter. When the Lacedæmonians surprised the citadel of Thebes, and established the power of the aristocracy in that city, Pelopidas, who belonged to the popular party, retired to Athens, together with a number of other citizens. After a time, he and his brother exiles formed a plan, with their friends in Thebes, for surprising and overthrowing the oligarchy, and restoring the popular government. Pelopidas and some of his friends set off from Athens disguised as hunters, found means to enter Thebes unobserved, and concealed themselves in the house of a friend, whence they issued in the night, and, having surprised the leaders of the aristocratic party, put them to death. The people then rose in arms, and, having proclaimed Pelopidas their commander, they obliged the Spartan garrison to surrender the citadel by capitulation (B.C. 379). Pelopidas soon after contrived to excite a war between Sparta and Athens, and thus divide the attention of the former power. The war between the Thebans and the Lacedæmonians was carried on for some years in Boeotia by straggling parties, and Pelopidas, having obtained the advantage in several skirmishes, ventured to encounter the enemy in the open field at Tegyræ, near Orchomenus. The Lacedæmonians were defeated, and thus Pelopidas demonstrated, for the first time, that the armies of Sparta were not invincible; a fact which was afterward confirmed by the battle of Leuc- PELOPONNESIACUM BELLUM is the name given to tra (B.C. 371), in which Pelopidas fought under the the great contest between Athens and her allies on the command of his friend Epaminondas. In the year one side, and the Peloponnesian confederacy, headed 369 B C., the two friends. being appointed two of the by Sparta, on the other, which lasted from 431 to 404 Bootarchs (Plut., Vit. Pelop., c. 24), marched into B.C. The war was a consequence of the jealousy with the Peloponnesus, obliged Argos, and Arcadia, and which Sparta and Athens regarded each other, as states other states to renounce the alliance of Sparta, and each of which was aiming at supremacy in Greece, as carried their incursions into Laconia in the depth of the heads respectively of the Dorian and Ionian races, winter. Having conquered Messenia, they invited the and as patrons of the two opposite forms of civil govdescendants of its former inhabitants, who had gone ernment, oligarchy and democracy. The war was eainto exile about two centuries before, to come and re- gerly desired by a strong party in each of those states; people their country. They thus confined the power but it was necessary to find an occasion for commenof Sparta to the limits of Laconia. Pelopidas and cing hostilities, especially as a truce for thirty years had Epaminondas, on their return to Thebes, were tried been concluded between Athens and Sparta in the for having retained the command after the expiration year B.C. 445. Such an occasion was presented by of the year of their office, but were acquitted; and the affairs of Corcyra and Potidea. In a quarrel, which Pelopidas was afterward employed against Alexander, soon became a war, between Corinth and Corcyra, retyrant of Phere, who was endeavouring to make him- specting Epidamnus, a colony of the latter state (B.C. self master of all Thessaly. He defeated him. From 436), the Corcyreans applied to Athens for assistance. Thessaly he was called into Macedonia, to settle a Their request was granted, as far as the conclusion of quarrel between Alexander, king of that country, and a defensive alliance between Athens and Corcyra, and son of Amyntas II., and his natural brother Ptolemy. an Athenian fleet was sent to their aid, which, howHaving succeeded in this, he returned to Thebes, bring- ever, soon engaged in active hostilities against the Coing with him Philip, brother of Alexander, and thirty rinthians. Potidea, on the isthmus of Pallene, was a youths of the chief families of Macedonia as hostages. Corinthian colony, and, even after its subjection to A year after, however, Ptolemy murdered his brother Athens, continued to receive every year from Corinth Alexander, and took possession of the throne. Pelop- certain functionaries or officers (¿πidnμlovpуoí). The idas, being applied to by the friends of the late king, Athenians, suspecting that the Potidæans were inclined enlisted a band of mercenaries, with which he marched to join in a revolt, to which Perdiccas, king of Macedon, against Ptolemy, who entered into an agreement to was instigating the towns of Chalcidice, required them hold the government only in trust for Perdiccas, a to dismiss the Corinthian functionaries, and to give younger brother of Alexander, till he was of age, and other pledges of their fidelity. The Potideans reto keep the alliance of Thebes; and he gave to Pelop-fused; and, with most of the other Chalcidian towns, idas his own son Philoxenus and fifty of his companions as hostages. Some time after, Pelopidas, being in Thessaly, was treacherously surprised and made prisoner Alexander of Pheræ, but the Thebans sent Epaminondas with an army, who obliged the tyrant to release him. The Thebans, soon after, having discovered that the Spartans and Athenians had sent ambassadors to conclude an alliance with Artaxerxes, king revolted from Athens, and received aid from Corinth. The Athenians sent an expedition against them, and, after defeating them in battle, laid siege to Potidæa (B.C. 432). The Corinthians now obtained a meeting of the Peloponnesian confederacy at Sparta, in which they complained of the conduct of Athens with regard to Corcyra and Potidea. After others of the allies had brought their charges against Athens, and tæa. waste. In the same summer the Athenians expelled the inhabitants of Ægina from their island, which they colonized with Athenian settlers. In the winter there was a public funeral at Athens for those who had fallen in the war, and Pericles pronounced over them an oration, the substance of which is preserved by Thucydides (2, 35-46). In the following summer (B.C. 430) the Peloponnesians again invaded Attica under Archidamus. who now entirely laid aside the forbearance which he had shown the year before, and left scarcely a corner of the land unravaged. This invasion lasted forty days. In the mean time, a grievous pestilence broke out in Athens, and raged with the more viru In after some of the Athenian envoys, who happened to be in the city, had defended the conduct of their state, the Spartans first, and afterward all the allies, decided that Athens had broken the truce, and they resolved upon immediate war; King Archidamus alone recommended some delay. In the interval necessary for preparation, an attempt was made to throw the blame of commencing hostilities upon the Athenians, by sending three several embassies to Athens with demands of such a nature as could not be accepted. In the assembly which was held at Athens to give a final answer to these demands, Pericles, who was now at the height of his power, urged the people to engage in the war, and laid down a plan for the conduct of it. He ad-lence on account of the crowded state of the city. Of vised the people to bring all their moveable property this terrible visitation Thucydides, who was himself a from the country into the city, to abandon Attica to the sufferer, has left a minute and apparently faithful deravages of the enemy, and not to suffer themselves to be scription (2, 46, seq.). The murmurs of the people provoked to give them battle with inferior numbers, but against Pericles were renewed, and he was compelled to expend all their strength upon their navy, which might to call an assembly to defend his policy. He sucbe employed in carrying the war into the enemy's ter- ceeded so far as to prevent any overtures for peace ritory, and in collecting supplies from subject states; being made to the Lacedæmonians, but he himself and farther, not to attempt any new conquest while the was fined, though immediately afterward he was rewar lasted. His advice was adopted, and the Spartan elected general. While the Peloponnesians were in envoys were sent home with a refusal of their de- Attica, Pericles led a fleet to ravage the coasts of mands, but with an offer to refer the matters in differ- Peloponnesus. In the winter of this year Potida a ence to an impartial tribunal, an offer which the Lace- surrendered to the Athenians on favourable terms. dæmonians had no intention of accepting. After this, (Thucyd, 2, 70) The next year (B. C. 429), instead the usual peaceful intercourse between the rival states of invading Attica, the Peloponnesians laid siege to was discontinued. Thucydides (2, 1) dates the begin- Platea. The brave resistance of the inhabitants forced ning of the war from the early spring of the year 431 their enemies to convert the siege into a blockade. B.C, the fifteenth of the thirty years' truce, when a the same summer, an invasion of Acarnania by the party of Thebans made an attempt, which at first suc- Ambracians and a body of Peloponnesian troops was ceeded, but was ultimately defeated, to surprise Pla- repulsed; and a large Peloponnesian fleet, which was The truce being thus openly broken, both par- to have joined in the attack on Acarnania, was twice ties addressed themselves to the war. The Pelopon- defeated by Phormion in the mouth of the Corinthian nesian confederacy included all the states of Pelopon- gulf. An expedition sent by the Athenians against nesus except Achaia (which joined them afterward) the revolted Chalcidian towns was defeated with great and Argos, and without the Peloponnesus, Megaris, loss. In the preceding year (B.C. 430) the Athenians Phocis, Locris, Boeotia, the island of Leucas, and the had concluded an alliance with Sitalces, king of the cities of Ambracia and Anactorium. The allies of the Odrysæ in Thrace, and Perdiccas, king of Macedon, on Athenians were Chios and Lesbos, besides Samos and which occasion Sitalces had promised to aid the Athethe other islands of the Egean which had been re- nians to subdue their revolted subjects in Chalcidice. duced to subjection (Thera and Melos, which were He now collected an army of 150,000 men, with which still independent, remained neutral), Platea, the Mes- he first invaded Macedonia, to revenge the breach of senian colony in Naupactus, the majority of the Acar- certain promises which Perdiccas had made to him nanians, Corcyra, Zacynthus, and the Greek colonies the year before, and afterward laid waste the territory in Asia Minor, in Thrace and Macedonia, and on the of the Chalcidians and Bottiæans, but he did not atHellespont. The resources of Sparta lay chiefly in tempt to reduce any of the Greek cities. About the her land forces, which, however, consisted of contin- middle of this year Pericles died. The invasion of gents from the allies, whose period of service was lim- Attica was repeated in the next summer (428 B.C.); ited; the Spartans were also deficient in money. The and, immediately afterward, all Lesbos except MeAthenian strength lay in their fleet, which was manned thymne revolted from the Athenians, who laid siege to chiefly by foreign sailors, whom the wealth they col-Mytilene. The Mytilenæans begged aid from Sparta, lected from their allies enabled them to pay. Thu- which was promised, and they were admitted into the cydides informs us, that the cause of the Lacedæmoni- Spartan alliance. In the same winter a body of Plaans was the more popular, as they professed to be de-tæans, amounting to 220, made their escape from the liverers of Greece, while the Athenians were fighting besieged city in the night, and took refuge in Athens. in defence of an empire which had become odious In the summer of 427 the Peloponnesians again inthrough their tyranny, and to which the states which yet retained their independence feared to be brought into subjection. In the summer of the year 431 B.C., the Peloponnesians invaded Attica under the command of Archidamus, king of Sparta. Their progress was slow, as Archidamus appears to have been still anxJous to try what could be done by intimidating the Athenians before proceeding to extremities. Yet their presence was found to be a greater calamity than the people had anticipated; and, when Archidamus made his appearance at Acharnæ, they began loudly to demand to be led out to battle. Pericles firmly adhered to his plan of defence, and the Peloponnesians returned home. Before their departure the Athenians had sent out a fleet of 100 sail, which was joined by fifty Corcyrean ships, to waste the coasts of Peloponnesus; and towards the autumn Pericles led the whole disposable force of the city into Megaris, which he laid The vaded Attica, while they sent a fleet of 42 galleys, un- |