gentle mode of treatment, and to ratify their promise | Heyne, ad loc.) One of the scholiasts to the Iliad (6, with an oath, before the fugitives returned.-The Sicilian leader Ducetius founded a city named Palice in the vicinity of the temple and lakes. It did not, however, flourish for any length of time, but was already in ruins in the time of Diodorus. We are not acquainted with the causes of its overthrow.The Sicilian Palici, according to Creuzer, are mythic creations typifying some of the movements of the elements. Some authorities make Jupiter, changed into a vulture, to have been their father; while others mention Menanus or Amenanus, a deified stream (perhaps the stream of the year), as their parent. (Clem., Homil., 6, 13.-it seems, from Helenus, whom they had made captive, Creuzer, ad Cic. de N. D., 3, 22.) Vulcan, the god of fire, was one of these subterranean genii. The story of their birth and subsequent movements, when stripped of its mythic character, is simply this: the Palici denote the elements of fire and water in a state of activity; engendered by the eternal power of nature, but subjected, like it, to eternal vicissitudes, they alternately escape from the bowels of the earth in torrents of flame or water, and again, when their fury is spent, plunge into its bosom. (Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 229.-Guigniaut, vol. 3, p. 186.)

PAL

memnon.

lowed by Suidas, says it was not Diomede, but Aga- | that these were the productions of the same individo The Argives, on the other hand, main-al; but Tillemont and Fabricius adopt the opposite tained that they had the true Palladium in their coun- opinion. The best edition of the history is that of ry (Pausan., 2, 23); while Pausanias himself insists Meursius, L. Bat., 1616. A work on the nations that Eneas carried off with him the true statue to and Brahmins of India (Περὶ τῶν τῆς Ινδίας ἐθνῶν Italy (. c.). It was an established belief among the Kai Tv Вpaxuúvwv) is also ascribed to him by the Romans that their city contained the real Palladium, MSS. It would appear, however, that the author of and that it was preserved in the temple of Vesta. It this book had been actually in India, which cannot be was regarded as the fated pledge of the continuance affirmed with any certainty of the anchoret Palladius. An edition also appeared from the of their empire, and not even the Pontifex Maximus This latter work is given in the gnomologic Collection was allowed to behold it. (Ovid, Fast., 6, 424, seqq.) of Camerarius. Hence on ancient gems we sometimes see Vesta rep- London press in 1665, 4to, and, with a new title-page resented with the Palladium. (Maffei, Gemm. Ant., merely, in 1668. The editor (Bissaus) speaks of the D. 2, n. 76.) Herodian relates (1, 114), that when, in work as previously unedited, not knowing that it had the reign of Commodus, the temple of Vesta was already appeared in the Collection of Camerarius. consumed, the Palladium was for the first time ex-(Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 7, p. 34.)-III. A physi posed to public view, the Vestal Virgins having con- cian of Alexandrea, distinguished from other individveyed it through the Via Sacra to the palace of the uals of the same name by the appellation of 'Iarpoooemperor. This was the only instance of its having porns. This title he is supposed to have gained by been disturbed since the time when Metellus the Pon- having been a professor of medicine at Alexandrea. tifex rescued it from the flames on a similar occasion. His age is very uncertain; but as he quotes Galen, (Ovid, Fast., l. c.) In the reign of Elagabalus, how- and as he is several times mentioned by Rases, we ever, that emperor, with daring impiety, caused the may safely place him somewhere between the beginsacred statue to be brought into his bedchamber, pòç ning of the third and the end of the ninth century yúμov Tộ đεậ. (Herodian, 5, 6, 8.)-In order to ac- A.D. Palladius wrote a commentary on the work of count for the Romans having the Palladium among Hippocrates respecting Fractures, which has reached them, it was pretended that Diomede had, in obedience us in an imperfect state; but, in Freind's opinion, to the will of heaven, restored it to Eneas when the what remains is enough to let us see that we have not latter had reached Italy; and that Æneas being enga- lost much, the text being as full and as instructive as ged at the time in a sacrifice, an individual named Nau- the annotations. He has left also Scholia on the sixth tes had received the image, and hence the Nautian, not book of Epidemics; others, still unpublished, on the the Julian, family had the performance of the rites of regimen to be observed in acute maladies, and a treaMinerva. (Varro, ap. Serv. ad Virg., En., 2, 166.) tise on Fevers. The scholia on the Epidemics of This story deserves to be classed with another, which Hippocrates has, like the work on Fractures, reached states, that the Ilienses were never deprived by the us only in part, but is more valuable. In it, accordGreeks of the statue of Minerva, but concealed it in a ing to Freind, he with great perspicuity and exactness cavern until the period of the Mithradatic war, when illustrates not only Hippocrates, but also several pasit was discovered and sent to Rome by Fimbria. sages of Galen. The treatise on Fevers is too short (Serv., 1. c.)-From all that has been said, it would ap- to be of much value, and almost the whole of it is to pear, that the ancient cities in general were accustom- be found in Galen, Aëtius, and Alexander TralliaA work on alchymy is also ascribed to him, but ed to have tutelary images, which they held peculiarly nus. The commentary is pubsacred, and with which their safety was thought to be very probably the author of this last production has intimately connected; and as Pallas or Minerva was merely borrowed his name. in an especial sense the "protectress of cities" (nouou-lished with the works of Hippocrates. The scholia on the Epidemics have appeared in a Latin translation The Greek text has χος), was but natural that many places should contend for the honour of having the true image of that by Crassus, Basil, 1581, 4to. goddess contained within its walls. (Du Theil, Mem. lately been published, for the first time, by Dietz, in de l'Acad. des Inscr., &c., vol. 39, p. 238.-Heyne, his "Scholia in Hippocratem et Galenum," &c., ReExcurs., 9, ad En., 2.-Spanheim, ad Callim., H. in giomont. Pruss., 1834, 2 vols. 8vo. The treatise on Fevers was edited, with a Latin version, by Chartier, Lav. Pall., 39.) Paris, 1646, 4to; the last and best edition is by St. Bernard, Lugd. Bat., 1745, 8vo. The commentary on Fractures was translated into Latin by Santalbinus, and is inserted in the edition of Hippocrates by Foesius, and in that of Hippocrates and Galen by Chartier. Dietz, in his preface, mentions another work by Palladius, which he found in MS. in the library at Florence, consisting of Scholia on Galen's work "De Secta," which he intended to publish, but he found the MS. so corrupt that he was obliged to give it up. Palladius appears to have been well known to the Arabians, since, besides being quoted by Rases, he is mentioned, among other commentators or Hippocra"Biblioth. Arabico-Hisp. Escutes, by the unknown author of "Philosop. Biblioth.," quoted in Casiri, rial," vol. 1, p. 237. (Encyclop. Use. Knowl., vol. 17, p. 171.-Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 7, p. 259.) -IV. Rutilius Taurus Emilianus, the last of the His work is entitled Latin writers on agriculture. "De Re Rustica," and is divided into fourteen books. It contains materials selected from earlier authors on this subject, and especially from Columella, who is often literally copied. Nevertheless, Palladius treats, in a much more exact manner than Columella, the respective heads of fruit-trees and kitchen-gardens, having followed in these the work of Gargilius Martialis,

PALLADIUS, I. a sophist, a native of Methone, who He wrote lived in the time of Constantine the Great. Dissertations or Declamatory Essays, and also a work on the Roman festivals. (Photius, cod., 132, vol. 1, p. 97, ed. Bekker. -Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 6, p. 312.)-II. An eastern prelate and ecclesiastical writer, a native of Galatia, born about A.D. 368, and made bishop of Hellenopolis in Bithynia. He was ordained by Chrysostom, to whose party he attached himself, and, on the banishment of Chrysostom, fell under persecution, and, being obliged to withdraw from his see, retired to Italy, and took refuge at Rome. Some time after, venturing to return to the East, he was banished to Syene. Having regained his liberty, he resigned the see of Hellenopolis, and was appointed to the bishopric of Alexandrea. He is thought to have died A.D. 431. He wrote the "Lausiac History" about the year 421, which contains the lives of persons who were at that time eminent for their extraordinary austerities in Egypt and Palestine. It was called the "Lausiac History," from Lausus, an officer in the imperial court at Constantinople, to whom it was dedicated. It is by no means certain whether Palladius, author of the "Lausiac History," and Palladius, author of the "Life of Chrysostom," were different persons, or one and the same. Dupin thinks

not been acknowledged as his son. They had recourse to arms in order to enforce their claim to the sovereignty, but were defeated by Theseus. (Plut., Vit. Thes.)

What he states respecting the mode of preserving fruits, &c., is taken from the Greek Geoponica, of which he appears to have possessed a much more complete copy than the abridgment which has come down to us. Of the fourteen books of his work, the first PALLANTIUM (IIaλλávrov), a town of Arcadia, northcontains a general introduction; each of the twelve west of Tegea. The Romans affirmed, that from this following bears the name of one of the months of the place Evander led into Italy the colony which settled year, and treats of the labours proper to each season; on the banks of the Tiber. (Pausan., 8, 43. — En., the fourteenth book is a poem, in elegiac measure, on 8, 54.-Plin., 4, 6) Pallantium was subsequently the grafting of trees. The style of Palladius is in-united to Megalopolis, and became nearly deserted; correct and full of neologisms. In his poems he dis- but in the reign of Antoninus it was again restored to plays some talent by the variety which he introduces independence, and received other privileges from that in describing the operation of grafting as suitable to emperor, in consideration of the ancient connexion different kinds of trees. He is often, however, ob- which was supposed to exist between its inhabitants scure, and too figurative.-Critics have not been able and the Romans. The vestiges of this town are disto agree as to the period when this writer lived; some cernible near the village of Thana, on the right of the Flacing him at the beginning of the second century, road leading from Tripolitza to Leondari. (Gell's others at the end of the fourth. Some suppose him to Itin., p. 136.—Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p 349.) be the same with the relative of whom the poet Rutil- PALLAS (gen. -adis), an appellation given to the godius speaks in his Itinerary (1, 208), while others very dess Minerva (IIaλλàç 'AÐŋva-Pallas Athena). For justly remark, in opposition to this, that the last-men- a probable etymology of the term, consult remarks at tioned writer was a young Gaul, sent by his father to the close of the article Minerva. The ordinary derithe capital of the empire, to study law there, whereas vation makes the goddess to have obtained this name Palladius had possessions in Italy and Sardinia: they from having slain the Titan, or Giant, Pallas. (Vid. add, that the name of Palladius does not occur among Pallas, -antis, I.) those of the prefects and other high magistrates during the first half of the fifth century, while the title of Vir illustris, which the manuscripts give to our author, indicate that he was invested with some high official dignity. Wernsdorff has attempted another mode of ascertaining the age of Palladius. The fourteenth book of his work being dedicated to a certain Pasiphilus, he has endeavoured to discover the period when this latter individual lived, whom Palladius styles a wise man, and whose fidelity he praises (ornatus fidei). Ammianus Marcellinus (29, 1), in speaking of the conspiracy against Valens, which was discovered in 371, relates, that the proconsul Eutropius, who was among the accused, was saved by the courage of the philosopher Pasiphilus, from whom the torture could wring no confession. These circumstances harmonize in some degree, according to Wernsdorff, with the epithets bestowed by Palladius on his friend; and if this is the same Pasiphilus who, in 395, was rector of a province, as appears from a law of the Theodosian code (L. 8.-Cod. Theod., 1. 2, tit. 1), we may suppose that the fourteenth book of Palladius, where no allusion is made to this official rank, was written between 371 and 395. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 3, p. 243, seqq.)

PALLANTEUM, an ancient town of Italy, in the vicinity of Reate, in the territory of the Sabines. It was said, in tradition, to have been founded by the Arcadian Pelasgi united with the Aborigines. (Dion. Hal., 1, 14.) From it, according to some, the Palatine Mount at Rome is said to have derived its name. (Varro, L. L., 4.) Holstenius (ad Steph. Byz., s. v.) thinks it must have occupied the site of Palazzo, on the hill called Fonte di Rieti. The real name of this place was Palacium, as appears from a rare coin published by Sestini from the Museo Fontana. (Classes Gen. seu Mon. Vet., p. 12.-Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 1, p. 317.)

PALLANTIAS, I. a name of Aurora, as being related to the giant Pallas, whose cousin she was. Pallas was son of Creus (Tov Kpɛiov), Aurora was daughter of Hyperion, and Hyperion and Creus were brothers, off spring of Coelus and Terra. (Hesiod, Theog., 134, 371, seqq Ovid, Fast., 4, 373.-Id, Met., 9, 420.Id. ib., 15, 191.)-II. An appellation given to the Tritonis Paus in Libya, because Minerva (Pallas) was fabled by some to have been first seen on its banks. (Pliny, 5, 4.-Mela, 1, 7.- Serv. ad Virg., Æn., 2, 171.)

PALLANTIDE, the fifty sons of Pallas the brother of Ægeus, and next heirs to the latter if Theseus had

PALLAS (gen. -antis), I. a son of Pandion, who became the father of Clytus, Butes, and the fifth Minerva," according to Cicero's enumeration. (N. D., 3, 23.) He was destroyed by his daughter for attempt. ed violence to her person. (Cic., l. c.—Ovid, Met., 7, 500.)-II. One of the Titans, but enumerated by Claudian (Gigantom., 94), and others, among the Giants. He was the son of Creus, and grandson of Coelus and Terra, and was also cousin to Aurora. (Vid. Pallantias I.)-III. King of Arcadia, the grandfather or great-grandfather of King Evander. (Serv. ad Virg., En., 8, 54.)-IV. The son of Evander, according to Virgil. (En., 8, 104.) Other poetic legends, however, made him the offspring of Hercules and Dymæ the daughter of Evander. Pallas followed Æneas to the war against Turnus, by whose hand he fell, after having distinguished himself by his valour. The belt which Turnus tore from the body of the young prince, and wore as a trophy of his victory, was the immediate cause of his own death; for, being vanquished by Eneas in single combat, he had almost persuaded the victor to spare his life, when the sight of Pallas' belt rekindled the wrath of Eneas, and he indignantly slew the destroyer of his youthful friend. (Virg., Æn., 10, 439.-Id. ib., 12, 941.)

PALLENE, a peninsula of Macedonia, one of the three belonging to the district of Chalcidice. It was situate between the Sinus Thermaïcus or Gulf of Saloniki, and the Sinus Toronaïcus or Gulf of Cassandria. This peninsula was said to have borne the name of Phlegra, and to have witnessed the conflict between the gods and the earth-born Titans. (Pind., Nem., 1, 100.—Id., Isth., 6, 47.— Lycophron, 1408.) It is connected with the mainland by a narrow isthmus of little more than two miles in breadth, on which once stood the rich and flourishing city of Potidea. (Scyl., Peripl., p. 26.) Among other towns on this peninsula was one of the same name with it, according to Stephanus of Byzantium. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1, p. 244.)

PALMARIA, a small island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the coasts of Latium and Campania, and south of the promontory of Circeii. It is now Palmaruola. (Plin., 3, 5.)

PALMYRA, a celebrated city of Asia. situate in an oasis of the Syrian desert, nearly half way between the Orontes and Euphrates, and about 140 miles eastnortheast of Damascus. Its Oriental name was Tadmor, which, according to Josephus, signifies the same as Palmyra, "the place of palm-trees." There seems to be sufficient evidence that the Palmyra of the

Greeks was the "Tadmor in the wilderness" built | about A.D. 400. But Procopius states that the place by Solomon: from which two things may be inferred; had been for some time almost deserted, when Justinian first, that this monarch extended his arms and his ter- repaired the town, and supplied it with water for the use ritory thus far; and, secondly, that he must have had of a garrison which he left there. We hear no more some adequate object for so doing, and for maintain- of Palmyra in the Roman history, and the ecclesiastical ing an establishment and erecting a city, at incredible historians supply us with no information repecting its pains and expense, on a spot so remote from the habita- subsequent fortunes. The Moslems are said to have ble parts of his kingdom. The circumstance of Palmy- taken it under the caliphate of Abu Bekr, Mohammed's ra's being situated in an oasis, sheltered by hills to the successor. That it has been made use of as a place west and northwest, and supplied with wholesome wa- of strength by the Saracens and Turks appears from ter, and also on a line leading from the coast of Syria the alterations made in the temple, as well as from the to the regions of Mesopotamia, Persia, and India, modern temple on the hill. Benjamin of Tudela, who must have pointed it out, in very early times, to the visited it about A.D. 1172, states that it then containcaravans, as a convenient halting-place in the midst of ed about 2000 Jews. Abulfeda, who wrote about the desert. The Phoenicians, in all probability, were 1321 A.D., mentions very briefly its situation, referacquainted with it at an early period, and may have ring to its many ancient columns, its palm and fig trees, suggested to Solomon, with whom the King of Tyre its walls and castle; he only calls it Tedmor.-The was in alliance, the idea of establishing an emporium ruins of Palmyra are said to present a fine view at a here. We read in the second book of Chronicles (8, distance, but disappointment succeeds when they are 4), that Solomon "built Tadmor in the wilderness, examined in detail. "On opening upon the ruins of and all the store-cities which he built in Hamath." Palmyra," says Captain Mangles, as seen from the Hamath was a town and territory extending along the valley of the tombs, we were much struck with the banks of the Orontes, and bordering on the Syrian picturesque effect of the whole, presenting altogether desert. After this, we read no more of Tadmor in the most imposing sight of the kind we had ever seen. the Scriptures; but John of Antioch, probably from It was rendered doubly interesting by our having travsome tradition, says that it was destroyed by Nebu-elled through a wilderness destitute of a single building, chadnezzar. The first notice which we have of it in from which we suddenly opened upon these innumeraRoman history is at the commencement of the wars ble columns and other ruins, on a sandy plain on the with the Parthians, when we find it mentioned as a skirts of the desert. So great a number of Corinthian rich and powerful city, and permitted to maintain a columns, mixed with so little wall or solid building, and state of independence and neutrality between the con- the snow-white appearance of the ruins contrasted tending parties in this struggle. Marc Antony, indeed, with the yellow sand, produced a very striking imattempted to plunder it, but the inhabitants removed pression." Great, however, he proceeds to say, was their most valuable effects over the Euphrates, and de- the disappointment of himself and his fellow-travelfended the passage of the river by their archers. The ler (Mr. Irby), when, on a minute examination, they pretence he made use of, to give such conduct a colour found that there was not a single column, pediment, of justice, was, that they did not preserve a strict neu- architrave, portal, frieze, or other architectural remtrality but Appian says his real motive was to en- nant worthy of admiration. None of the columns exrich his troops with the plunder of the Palmyrenes. ceed forty feet in height or four feet in diameter; In the time of Pliny it was the intermediate emporium those of the boasted avenue have little more than of the trade with the East, a city of merchants and thirty feet of altitude: whereas the columns of Balfactors, who carried on traffic with the Parthians on bec are nearly sixty feet in height and seven in dithe one hand, and the Romans on the other. The ameter, supporting a most rich and beautifully-wrought produce of India found its way to the Roman world epistylium of twenty feet more; and the pillars are through Palmyra. Pliny has very happily collected in constructed of only three pieces of stone, while the a few lines the most striking circumstances with re- smallest columns at Palmyra are formed of six, sevgard to this place, except that he takes no notice of en, and eight parts. In the centre of the avenue, the buildings. Palmyra is remarkable for situation, however, are four granite columns, each of one sina rich soil and pleasant streams; it is surrounded on gle stone, about thirty feet high one only is still all sides by a vast sandy desert, which totally separates standing. "Take any part of the ruins separately," it from the rest of the world, and has preserved its in- says this traveller, "and they excite but little interdependence between the two great empires of Rome est; and, altogether, we judged the visit to Palmyand Parthia, whose first care when at war is to engagera hardly worthy of the time, expense, anxiety, and it in their interest." Palmyra afterward became alli- fatiguing journey through the wilderness which we ed to the empire as a free state, and was greatly fa- had undergone to visit it. The projecting pedestals voured by Hadrian and the Antonines, under whom it in the centre of the columns of the great avenue have attained its greatest splendour. We find, from the in- a very unsightly appearance. There is also a great scriptions, that the Palmyrenes joined Alexander Sev- sameness in the architecture, all the capitals being erus in his expedition against the Persians. We do Corinthian, excepting those which surround the Temnot meet with the mention of the city again until ple of the Sun. These last were fluted, and, when the reign of Gallienus, when it makes a principal fig- decorated with their brazen Ionic capitals, were doubture in the history of those times, and in a few years less very handsome; but the latter being now defiexperienced the greatest vicissitudes of good and bad cient, the beauty of the edifice is entirely destroyed. fortune. After attaining to a widely-extended away The sculpture, as well of the capitals of the columns under Odenatus and his queen Zenobia, who survived as of the other ornamental parts of the doorways and him, it fell at length, together with the latter, under buildings, is very coarse and bad. The three arches the power of Aurelian. (Vid. Odenatus, and Zeno- at the end of the avenue, so beautiful in the designs of bia.) A revolt, on his departure, compelled him to Wood and Dawkins, are excessively insignificant, the return, and, having retaken the city, he delivered it decorated frieze is badly wrought, and even the dewithout mercy to the pillage and havoc of his soldiery. vices are not striking. They are not to be compared This event happened in the year 272, after which Pal- to the common portals of Thebes, if indeed the Egypmyra never recovered her former importance, although tians were unacquainted with the arch."-If inferior, it is certain that none of the public edifices were de- however, to Balbec, and not to be compared to stroyed, though some were damaged, by the soldiers Thebes, it is only by comparison that these remains of of Aurelian. From this time Palmyra had a Roman ancient magr..ficence can be with any propriety thus governor. The first Illyrian legion was stationed here slightly estimated; and when this traveller speaks of

them as hardly repaying the toils and expense of the journey, it must be recollected that he was already satiated with the wonders of Egypt. Yet, taken as a tout ensemble, he admits that they are more remarkable by reason of their extent (being nearly a mile and a half in length), than any which he had met with; they have the advantage, too, of being less encumbered with modern fabrics than almost any ancient ruins. Exclusive of the Arab village of Tadmor, which occupies the peristyle court of the Temple of the Sun, and the Turkish burying-place, there are no obstructions whatever to the antiquities. The temple itself is disfigured, indeed, by modern works, but it is still a most majestic object. The natives firmly believe, Mr. Wood informs us, that the existing ruins were the works of King Solomon. All these mighty things," say they, "Solyman Ebn Daoud (Solomon the son of David) did by the assistance of spirits." King Solomon is the Merlin of the East, and to the genii in his service the Persians as well as the Arabs ascribe all the magnificent remains of ancient art. From the dates in the inscriptions, in which the era of Seleucus is observed, with the Macedonian names of the months, it appears that none of the existing monuments are earlier than the birth of Christ; nor is there any inscription so late as the destruction of the city by Aurelian, except one in Latin, which mentions Dioclesian. "As to the age of those ruinous heaps," says Mr. Wood, "which belonged evidently to buildings of greater antiquity than those which are yet partly standing, it is difficult even to guess; but if we are allowed to form a judgment by comparing their state with that of the monument of Iamblichus at Palmyra, we must conclude them extremely old; for that building, erected 1750 years ago" (Mr. Wood published in 1753), " is the most perfect piece of antiquity I ever saw." (Mansford's Scripture Gazetteer, p. 451, seqq.- Modern Traveller, part 5, p. 10, seqq.)

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fortunately lost. There were some who ascribed it to Soterides, the father of Pamphila. (Suidas, s. v., corrected by Vossius, de Hist. Græc., p. 237, ed. Westermann.) According to Photius, Pamphila lived in the reign of Nero. (Phot., cod., 175-vol. 1, p. 119, ed. Bekker --Vossius, de Hist. Græc., l. c..-Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 4, p. 106.) Krüger, in his Life of Thucydides (p. 7), calls in question the credit of this female author. (Westermann, ad Voss., l. c.) PAMPHILUS, I. an Alexandrine grammarian, and a pupil of Aristarchus. He was the author of a large lexicon, in 91 or 95 books, often quoted by Athenæus, in which he had incorporated the lexicon of the Crotonian dialect by Hermonax, and an Italian (i. e., Doric) lexicon by Diodorus and Heracleon. Other works of his are enumerated by Athenæus. (Needham, Proleg. ad Geopon., p. 63, seqq. — Schweighaeuser, Ind. Auct. ad Athen, vol. 9, p. 159.)-II. A celebrated painter, a native of Amphipolis, but who studied his art under Eupompus of Sicyon, and succeeded in establishing the school which his master had founded. The characteristics of the Sicyonian school of painting were, a stricter attention to dramatic truth of composition, and a finer and more systematic style of design. Pamphilus taught the principles of this school to Apelles. Such was his authority, says Pliny (35, 10, 36), that, chiefly through his influence, first in Sicyon and then throughout all Greece, noble youth were taught the art of drawing before all others; it was considered among the first of liberal arts, and was practised exclusively among the freeborn, for there was a law prohibiting all slaves the use of the cestrum or ypapis. In this school of Pamphilus, the most famous of all the ancient schools of painting, the progressive courses of study occupied the long period of ten years, and the fee of admission was not less than a talent. Pamphilus, like his master Eupompus, seems to have been occupied principally with the theory of his art and with teaching, since we have very PAMISOS, I. a river of Thessaly, now the Fanari, scanty notices of his works. Yet he, and his pupil falling into the Peneus to the east of Tricca. (He- Melanthius, according to Quintilian (12, 10), were the rod, 7, 132)-II. Major, a river of Messenia, falling most renowned among the Greeks for composition. into the Sinus Messeniacus at its head. It is now We have accounts of only four of his paintings, the the Pimatza. (Walpole, vol. 2, p. 35.) Pausanias "Heraclidæ," mentioned by Aristophanes (Plutus, affirms, that the waters of this river were remarkably | 385), and three others named by Pliny, the "Batpure, and abounded with various kinds of fish. He tle of Phlius and victory of the Athenians," "Ulysses adds, that it was navigable for ten stadia from the sea on the raft," and a Relationship" or Cognatio, (4, 34.-Compare Polyb., 16, 16).-III. A torrent of probably a family portrait. These pictures were all Messenia, falling into the Sinus Messeniacus near conspicuous for the scientific arrangement of their Leuctrum, and forming part of the ancient boundary parts, and their subjects certainly afford good materials between Laconia and Messenia. (Strab., 361.) for fine composition. The period of Pamphilus is PAMPHILA, a Grecian female, whom Photius makes sufficiently fixed by the circumstance of his having a native of Egypt, but who, according to Suidas, Dio- taught Apelles, and he consequently flourished somegenes Laertius (1, 24), and others, was born at Epi- what before, and about the time of Philip II. of Madaurus in Argolis. She wrote several works, the con- cedon, from B.C. 388 to about B.C. 348. He left tents of which were chiefly historical. One of these writings upon the arts, but they have unfortunately was entitled 'ETITоμai iσTopiν (Historical Abridg- suffered the common fate of the writings of every othments). Another, which Photius has made known to er ancient artist. He wrote on painting and famous us, bore the name of Zvukтa loторiкà vлоμvýμаτa painters. (Encyclop. Us. Knowl., vol. 17, p. 177.— (Historical Miscellany). It was a species of note or Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.)-III. A bishop of Cæsarea in memorandum book, in which this female regularly in- Palestine, and the intimate friend of Eusebius, who, serted, every day, whatever she heard most deserving in memory of him, appended Pamphili" (i. e., the of being remembered, in the conversations between her friend of Pamphilus) to his own name (vid. Eusebius). husband Socratidas and the literary friends who visited He is said to have been born at Berytus, and educated his house, and also whatever she had met with wor- by Pierius. He spent the greater part of his life in thy of being recorded, in the course of her historical Cæsarea, where he suffered martyrdom in the year reading. She was united to Socratidas for thirteen 309. Pamphilus was a man of profound learning, and years, during all which time the compilation was being devoted himself chiefly to the study of the Scriptures formed. The work, however, was without any syste- and the works of the Christian writers. Jerome matic arrangement, though it would appear to have con- states, that he wrote out with his own hand the greattained a vast variety of literary anecdote, some fewer part of Origen's works. He founded a library at portions of which have reached us in the quotations of Casarea, chiefly consisting of ecclesiastical works, others. Photius only knew of eight books of this col- which became celebrated thoughout the ancient world. lection, but Suidas says it contained thirty-three; and, It was destroyed, however, before the middle of the in fact, Aulus Gellius (15, 17) quotes ths 29th, and seventh century. He constantly lent and gave away Diogenes Laertius (1, 24) the 30th. The work is un- copies of the Scriptures. Both Eusebius and Jerome