In B.C. 19, Agrippa went into Gaul. He pacified | two daughters, Julia, married to L. Æmilius Paullus, the turbulent natives, and constructed four great pub- and Agrippina, married to Germanicus, and three sons, lic roads and a splendid aqueduct at Nemnausus (Nî- Caius (vid. Cæsar, C.), Lucius (vid. Cæsar, L.), and mes). From thence he proceeded to Spain, and sub- AGRIPPA POSTUMUS. (Dion Cass, lib. 45-54.-Liv., dued the Cantabrians after a short but bloody and ob- Epit., 117-136.—Appian, Bell. Civ., lib. 5.-Suet., stinate struggle; but, in accordance with his usual Octav.-Frandsen, M. Vipsanius Agrippa, eine histoprudence, he neither announced his victories in pom-rische Untersuchung über dessen Leben und Wirken, pous letters to the senate, nor did he accept a triumph Altona, 1836.) There are several medals of Agripwhich Augustus offered him. In B.C. 18, he was in- pa, on one of which he is represented with a naval vested with the tribunician power for five years togeth-crown; on the reverse is Neptune indicating his suc er with Augustus; and in the following year (B.C. cess by sea. 17), his two sons, Caius and Lucius, were adopted by Augustus. At the close of the year, he accepted an invitation of Herod the Great, and went to Jerusalem. He founded the military colony of Berytus (Beyrout); thence he proceeded, in B.C. 16, to the Pontus Euxinus, and compelled the Bosporani to accept Polemo for their king, and to restore the Roman eagles which had been taken by Mithradates. On his return he stayed some time in Ionia, where he granted privileges to the Jews, whose cause was pleaded by Herod (Joseph., Antiq. Jud., 16, 2), and then proceeded to Rome, where he arrived in B.C. 13. After his tribunician power had been prolonged for five years, he went to Pannonia to restore tranquillity to that province. He returned in B.C. 12, after having been successful as usual, and retired to Campania. There he died unexpectedly, in the month of March, B.C. 12, in his 51st year. His body was carried to Rome, and was buried in the mausoleum of Augustus, who himself pronounced a funeral oration over it. Dion Cassius tells us (52, 1, &c.), that in the year B.C. 29 Augustus assembled his friends and counsellors, Agrippa and Macenas, demanding their opinion as to whether it would be advisable for him to usurp monarchical power, or to restore to the nation its former republican government. This is corroborated by Suetonius (Octav., 28), who says that Augustus twice deliberated upon that subject. The speeches which Agrippa and Mæcenas delivered on this occasion are given by Dion Cassius; but the artificial character of them makes them suspicious. However, it does not seem likely, from the general character of Dion Cassius as an historian, that these speeches are invented by him; and it is not improbable, and such a supposition suits entirely the character of Augustus, that those speeches were really pronounced, though preconcerted between Augustus and his counsellors to make the Roman nation believe that the fate of the Republic was still a matter of discussion, and that Augustus would not assume monarchical power till he had been convinced that it was necessary for the welfare of the nation. Besides, Agrippa, who, according to Dion Cassius, advised Augustus to restore the Republic, was a man whose political opinions had evidently a monarchical tendency. Agrippa was one of the most distinguished and important men of the age of Augustus. He must be considered as a chief support of the rising monarchical constitution, and without Agrippa Augustus could scarcely have succeeded in making himself the absolute master of the Roman Empire. Dion Cassius (54, 29, &c.), Velleius Paterculus (2, 79), Seneca (Ep., 94), and Horace (Od., 1, 6) speak with equal admiration of his merits. Pliny constantly refers to the "Commentarii" of Agrippa as an authority (Elenchus, 3, 4, 5, 6, comp. 3, 2), which may indicate certain official lists drawn up by him in the measurement of the Roman world under Augustus (vid. Ethicus), in which he may have taken part. AGRIPPINA, I. the youngest daughter of M. Vipsanius Agrippa and of Julia, the daughter of Augustus, was born some time before B.C. 12. She married Cæsar Germanicus, the son of Drusus Nero Germanicus, by whom she had nine children. Agrippina was gifted with great powers of mind, a noble character, and all the moral and physical qualities that constituted the model of a Roman matron: her love for her husband was sincere and lasting, her chastity was spotless, her fertility was a virtue in the eyes of the Romans, and her attachment to her children was an eminent feature of her character. She yielded to one dan gerous passion, ambition. Augustus showed her particular attention and attachment. (Sueton., Calig., 8.) At the death of Augustus in A.D. 14, she was on the Lower Rhine with Germanicus, who commanded the legions there. Her husband was the idol of the army, and the legions on the Rhine, dissatisfied with the accession of Tiberius, manifested their intention of proclaiming Germanicus master of the state. Tiberius hated and dreaded Germanicus, and he showed as much antipathy to Agrippina as he had love to her elder sister, his first wife. In this perilous situation, Germanicus and Agrippina saved themselves by their prompt energy; he quelled the outbreak, and pursued the war against the Germans. In the ensuing year his lieutenant, Cæcina, after having made an invasion into Germany, returned to the Rhine. The campaign was not inglorious for the Romans, but they were worn out by hardships, and, perhaps, harassed on their march by some bands of Germans. Thus the rumour was spread that the main body of the Germans was approaching to invade Gaul. Germanicus was absent, and it was proposed to destroy the bridge over the Rhine. (Compare Strab., 4, p. 194.) If this had been done, the retreat of Cecina's army would have been cut off, but it was saved by the firm opposition of Agrippina to such a cowardly measure. When the troops approached, she went to the bridge, acting as a general, and receiving the soldiers as they crossed it; the wounded among them were presented by her with clothes, and they received from her own hands everything necessary for the cure of their wounds. (Tac., Ann., 1, 69.) Germanicus having been recalled by Tiberius, she accompanied her husband to Asia (A.D. 17), and after his death, or, rather, murder (vid. Germanicus), she returned to Italy. She stayed some days at the island of Corcyra to recover from her grief, and then landed at Brundisium, accompanied by two of her children, and holding in her arms the urn with the ashes of her husband. At the news of her arrival, the port, the walls, and even the roofs of the houses were occupied by crowds of people who were anxious to see and salute her. She was solemnly received by the officers of two prætorian cohorts, which Tiberius had sent to Brundisium for the purpose of accompanying her to Rome; the urn containing the ashes of Germanicus was borne by tribunes and centurions, and the funeral procession was received on its march by the magistrates of Calabria, Apulia, and Campania; by Drusus, the son of Tiberius; Claudius, the brother of Germanicus; by the other children of Germanicus. and, at last, in the environs of Rome, by the cons. the senate, and crowds of the Roman people. (Taz Agrippa left several children. By his first wife, Pomponia, he had Vipsania, who was married to Tiberius Cæsar, the successor of Augustus. By his second wife, Marcella, he had several children, who are not mentioned; and by his third wife, Julia, he had | Ann., 3, ì, &c.) During some years Tiberius disguised his hatred of abrogated by the Emperors Constantine and Constans Agrippina, but she soon became exposed to secret ac- In this intrigue Agrippina displayed the qualities of an cusations and intrigues. She asked the emperor's per- accomplished courtesan, and such was the influence mission to choose another husband, but Tiberius nei- of her charms and superior talents over the old emperther refused nor consented to the proposition. Seja- or, that, in prejudice of his own son, Britannicus, he nus, who exercised an unbounded influence over Ti- adopted Domitius, the son of Agrippina by her first perius, then a prey to mental disorders, persuaded husband, Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus (A.D. 51). AgripAgrippina that the emperor intended to poison her.pina was assisted in her secret plans by Pallas, the perAlarmed at such a report, she refused to eat an apple fidious confidant of Claudius. By her intrigues, L. which the emperor offered her from his table, and Ti-Junius Silanus, the husband of Octavia, the daughter Derius, in his turn, complained of Agrippina regarding of Claudius, was put to death, and in A.D. 53 Öctahim as a poisoner. According to Suetonius, all this via was married to young Nero. Lollia Paullina, once was an intrigue preconcerted between the emperor and the rival of Agrippina for the hand of the emperor, was Sejanus, who, as it seems, had formed the plan of lead-accused of high treason and condemned to death, but ing Agrippina into false steps. Tiberius was extreme- she put an end to her own life. Domitia Lepida, the ly suspicious of Agrippina, and showed his hostile feel- sister of Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, met with a simi ings by allusive words or neglectful silence. There lar fate. After having thus removed those whose ri were no evidences of ambitious plans formed by Agrip- valship she dreaded, or whose virtues she envied, Agrippina, but the rumour having been spread that she would | pina resolved to get rid of her husband, and to govern fly to the army, he banished her to the island of Pan- the empire through her ascendency over her son Nero, dataria (A.D. 30), where her mother, Julia, had died his successor. A vague rumour of this reached the in exile. Her sons, Nero and Drusus, were likewise emperor; in a state of drunkenness, he forgot prudence, banished, and both died an unnatural death. She liv- and talked about punishing his ambitious wife. Haved three years on that barren island; at last she refu- ing no time to lose, Agrippina, assisted by Locusta and sed to take any food, and died, most probably, by vol- Xenophon, a Greek physician, poisoned the old emperuntary starvation. Her death took place precisely two or, in A.D. 54, at Sinuessa, a watering-place to which years after, and on the same date, as the murder of Se- he had retired for the sake of his health. Nero was projanus, that is, in A.D. 33. Tacitus and Suetonius tell claimed emperor, and presented to the troops by Bur us that Tiberius boasted that he had not strangled her. rus, whom Agrippina had appointed præfectus prætorio. (Sueton., Tib., 53.-Tac., Ann., 6, 25.) The ashes Narcissus, the rich freedman of Claudius, M. Junius of Agrippina, and those of her son Nero, were after- Silanus, proconsul of Asia, the brother of Lucius Junius ward brought to Rome by order of her son, the Em- Silanus, and a great-grandson of Augustus, lost their peror Caligula, who struck various medals in honour lives at the instigation of Agrippina, who would have of his mother. In one of these the head of Caligula augmented the number of her victims but for the opis on one side, and that of his mother on the other. position of Burrus and Seneca, recalled by Agrippina The words on each side are respectively, c. CESAR. from his exile to conduct the education of Nero. AVG. GER. P.M. TR. POT., and AGRIPPINA. MAT. c. Cæs. Meanwhile the young emperor took some steps to shake AVG. GERM. (Tac., Ann., 1–6.—Sueton., Octav., 64; off the insupportable ascendency of his mother. The Tib., l. c.; Calig., l. c.-Dion Cass., 57, 5, 6; 58, jealousy of Agrippina rose from her son's passion for 22.)-II. The daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina Acte, and, after her, for Poppaa Sabina, the wife of the elder, daughter of M. Vipsanius Agrippa. She was M. Salvius Otho. To reconquer his affection, Agripborn between A D. 13 and 17, at the Oppidum Ubio- pina employed, but in vain, most daring and most rerum, afterward called, in honour of her, Colonia Agrip- volting means. She threatened to oppose Britannicus pina, now Cologne, and then the headquarters of the as a rival to the emperor; but Britannicus was poilegions commanded by her father. In A.D. 28, she soned by Nero; and she even solicited her son to an married Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, a man not unlike incestuous intercourse. At last her death was resolvher, and whom she lost in A.D. 40. After his death ed upon by Nero, who wished to repudiate Octavia she married Crispus Passienus, who died some years and marry Poppaa, but whose plan was thwarted by afterward; and she was accused of having poisoned his mother. Thus petty feminine intrigues became him, either for the purpose of obtaining his great for- the cause of Agrippina's ruin. Nero invited her, untune, or for some secret motive of much higher impor- der the pretext of a reconciliation, to visit him at Baiæ, tance. She was already known for her scandalous on the coast of Campania. She went thither by sea. conduct, for her most perfidious intrigues, and for an In their conversation hypocrisy was displayed on both unbounded ambition. She was accused of having com- sides. She left Baie by the same way; but the vesmitted incest with her own brother, the Emperor Ca- sel was so contrived that it was to break to pieces jus Caligula, who, under the pretext of having discover- when out at sea. It only partly broke, and Agrippina ed that she had lived in an adulterous intercourse with saved herself by swimming to the shore; her attendM. Æmilius Lepidus, the husband of her sister Drusil- ant, Acerronia, was killed. Agrippina fled to her villa la, banished her to the island of Pontia, which was sit near the Lucrine Lake, and informed her son of her uated in the Sinus Syrticus Major, on the coast of Lib- happy escape. Now Nero charged Burrus to murder ya. Her sister Drusilla was likewise banished to Pon- his mother; but Burrus declining it. Anicetus, the tia, and it seems that their exile was connected with commander of the fleet, who had invented the stratathe punishment of Lepidus, who was put to death for gem of the ship, was compelled by Nero and Burrus to having conspired against the emperor. Previously to undertake the task. Anicetus went to her villa with her exile, Agrippina was compelled by her brother to a chosen band, and his men surprised her in her bedcarry to Rome the ashes of Lepidus. This happened room. "Ventrem feri," she cried out, after she was in A.D. 39. Agrippina and her sister were released but slightly wounded, and immediately afterward exin A.D. 41, by their uncle, Claudius, immediately afpired under the blows of a centurion (A.D. 60). (Tac., ter his accession, although his wife, Messalina, was the mortal enemy of Agrippina. Messalina was put to death by order of Claudius in A.D. 48; and in the following year, A.D. 49, Agrippina succeeded in marrying the emperor. Claudius was her uncle, but her marriage was legalized by a senatus consultum, by which the marriage of a man with his brother's daughter was declared valid; this senatus consultum was afterward Ann., 14, 8.) It was told that Nero went to the villa, and that he admired the beauty of the dead body of his mother: this was believed by some, doubted by others (14, 9). Agrippina left commentaries concerning her history and that of her family, which Tacitus consult ed, according to his own statement. (Ib., 4, 54.Compare Plin., Hist. Nat., 7, 6, s. 8; Elenchus, 7, &c.) expelled Agrius, who then put an end to his own life; according to others, Agrius and his sons were slain by Diomedes. (Compare Pausan., 2, 25, § 2 —Ov., He There are several medals of Agrippina, which are distinguishable from those of her mother by the title of Augusta, which those of her mother never have. On some of her medals she is represented with her hus-roid., 9, 153.) In the mythic history of the Greeks we band Claudius, in others with her son Nero. (Tac., find several Agrii, and in almost all the allusion appears Ann., lib. 12, 13, 14.-Dion Cass., lib. 59-61.-Su- to be a symbolical one. Thus, for example, in the case eton., Claud., 43, 44; Nero, 5, 6.)-III. Vipsania, of the one first mentioned, Agrius is the Wild man," daughter of M. Vipsanius Agrippa and Pomponia, the the "Man of the fields," while Eneus, on the other daughter of T. Pomponius Atticus, his first wife. She hand, is the "Wine-man," the "cultivator of the vine." was married to Tiberius, afterward emperor, by whom (Compare Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 4, p. 372-Apolshe had Drusus. Tiberius was much attached to her, lod., 1, 8, 6.-Anton. Lib., Fab., 37.- Verheyk, ad. and with great reluctance divorced her when com- Anton. Lib., Fab, 21, p. 136.) In the case of the manded by Augustus, that he might marry Julia, the father of Thersites, the name Agrius may be intended daughter of the emperor. She now married Asinius as a figurative allusion to the rude and lawless manners Gallus, the son of the celebrated Asinius Pollio, and of the son.-II. According to Hesiod (Theog., 1013), bore him several children. This gave rise to a feeling a son of Ulysses and Circe, and brother of Latinus and of hatred in the breast of Tiberius against Asinius, Telegonus, "who, afar in the recess of the Holy Isles, which ultimately proved his ruin. (Vid. Asinius, II.) ruled over all the renowned Tyrsenians." He is the The children of Agrippina by Asinius were, C. Asinius same, in all probability, with the god or hero called Saloninus, Asinius Gallus, Asinius Pollio, consul Agrius by the Arcadians (a term to be derived from 'AyA.U.C. 776, Asinius Agrippa, consul A.U.C. 778, and póc, ager), and whose most solemn festival the Parrhasii Asinius Celer. Agrippina died A.U.C. 773, and, ac- introduced into the island of Ceos, one of the Cyclacording to Tacitus (Ann., 3, 19), she was the only one des. There was a deity of the same name in Thessaof all the children of Agrippa that died a natural death.ly, whence his worship was carried to Cyrene in Afri(Tac., Ann., 1, 12; 3, 19; 3, 75; 4, 1, 34.—Sue- ca. There was an Agrius also in Baotia, whose name ton., Tib., ch. 7.-Id., Claud., ch. 13.)-IV. COL.o- appears in the Cadmean genealogy. The mythology NIA. also called Colonia Agrippinensis (Tac., Hist., connected with this son of Ulysses and Circe appears 1, 57; 4, 55), and on inscriptions Colonia Claudia in Italy under a new form, and he is there to be idenAugusta Agrippinensium, or simply Agrippina (Amm. tified with the Arcadian Evander of the Latins, while Marc., 15, 8, 11), originally the chief town of the Ubii, his mother, Circe, seems to be the same with Carmenand called Oppidum Ubiorum. These are mentioned ta, a name equivalent to the Latin Maga. (Compare by Cæsar as a German nation, dwelling on the right | Lavy, 1, 7.) This Agrius is mentioned also by the bank of the Rhine, who were afterward transferred to scholiast on Apollonius (3, 200), and by Eustathius the left, or Gallic side, by Agrippa. At this town (ad Hom., Il., p. 1796); nor should it be omitted here Agrippina, daughter of Germanicus, was born; and, that there was among the Romans a gens Agria. (Varwhen she had attained to the dignity of empress by ro, De Re Rust., 1, 2-Cic., Flacc., 13.) Göttling, marriage with Claudius, she sent hither a military col- a recent editor of Hesiod, has a very learned note on ony, A.C. 50, and caused the place to be named after the subject of Agrius, in which he appears to favour herself. It soon became large and wealthy, and was the reading of Tpaïkóv r'ηdè Aativov in place of 'Ayadorned with a temple of Mars. The inhabitants re- piòv dè Aarivov as occurring in Hesiod (Theog., ceived the jus Italicum. It answers to the modern 1013). Köln or Cologne. (Tac., Ann., 1, 35; 12, 27.—Id., AGRICIUS OF AGROTIUS, a Roman grammarian, the Hist., 4, 28; 1, 57; 4, 55.-Dion Cassius, 48, 49.) author of an extant work "De Orthographia et DifferAGRIPPINUS, bishop of Carthage, of venerable mem- entia Sermonis," intended as a supplement to a work ory, but known for being the first to maintain the neces- on the same subject, by Flavius Caper, and dedicated sity of rebaptizing all heretics. (Vincent. Lirin., Com-to a bishop, Eucherius. He is supposed to have lived monit., 1, 9.) St. Cyprian regarded this opinion as the correction of an error (St. Augustin., De Baptismo, 2, 7, vol. 9, p. 102, ed. Bened.), and St. Augustine seems to imply he defended his error in writing. (Epist., 93, c. 10.) He held the council of seventy bishops at Carthage, about A.D. 200 (Vulg. A.D. 215, Mans. A.D. 217), on the subject of Baptism. Though he erred in a matter yet undefined by the Church, St. Augustine notices that neither he nor St. Cyprian thought of separating from the Church. (De Baptismo, 3, 2, p. 109.)-II. Paconius, whose father was put to death by Tiberius on a charge of treason. (Suet., Tib., 61.) Agrippinus was accused at the same time as Thrasea, A.D. 67, and was banished from Italy. (Tac., Ann., 16, 28, 29, 33.) He was a Stoic philosopher, and is spoken of with praise by Epictetus (ap. Stob., Serm., 7), and Arrian (1, 1). AGRIUS ("Ayptog), I. a son of Porthaon and Euryte, and brother of Eneus, king of Calydon, in Etolia, Alcathous, Melas, Leucopeus, and Sterope. He was father of six sons, of whom Thersites was one. These sons of Agrius deprived neus of his kingdom, and gave it to their father; but all of them, with the exception of Thersites, were slain by Diomedes, the grandson of Eneus. (Apollod., 1, 7, 10, 8; 5, &c ) Apollodorus places these events before the expedition of the Greeks against Troy, while Hyginus (Fab., 175: compare 242, and Antonin. Lib., 37) states that Diomedes, when he heard, after the fall of Troy, of the misfortunes of his grandfather Eneus, hastened back and in the middle of the 5th century of our era. His work is printed in Putschius's "Grammatica Latina Auctores Antiqui," p. 2266-2275. AGRETAS ('Aypoíraç), a Greek historian, who wrote a work on Scythia (Σkvoɩkú), from the thirteenth book of which the scholiast on Apollonius (2, 1248) quotes, and one on Libya (Aɩbʊká), the fourth book of which is quoted by the same scholiast (4, 1396). He is also mentioned by Stephanus Byz. (s. v. "Aμñeλoç). AGROIRA, the early name of Attalea, a city of Lydia, on the Hermus, northeast of Sardis. Major Keppel (Travels, vol. 2, p. 335) remarks, "It is on the right bank of the Hermus, which flows at the base of a rocky mountain, through a chasm of which it disappears. The passage here is rather dangerous. The direct road from Cassaba to Adala (Agroira) is twelve hours. No vestiges of antiquity were observed here; there are coins, however, of Attalea." (Sestini, p. 106.-Cramer's Asia Minor, v. 1, p. 435.) AGRON ("Aypwv), I. the son of Ninus, the first of the Lydian dynasty of the Heracleida. The tradition was, that this dynasty supplanted a native race of kings, having been originally intrusted with the government as deputies. The names Ninus and Belus, in their genealogy, render it probable that they were either Assyrian governors, or princes of Assyrian origin, and that their accession marks the period of an Assyrian conquest. (Herod., 1, 7.)-II. The son of Pleuratus, a king of Illyria. In the strength of his land and naval forces he surpassed all the preceding kings of that coun offered up by Miltiades, and the number of annual vic. tims 300-II. The name Agrotera ('Ayporépa) is also sometimes applied to Diana herself. In this usage it is equivalent to кνvпуεтikŃ, OпрEUTIK, “the hun. tress." Its primitive meaning, however, is the same as ʼn opeta, "she that frequents the mountains." (Compare Heyne, ad Hom., Il., 21, 471.) AGYIEUS, an appellation given to Apollo. The term is of Greek origin ('Ayviɛus), and, if the common derivation be correct, denotes "the guardian deity of streets" (from ȧyviú, “a street"), it being the custom at Athens to erect small conical cippi, in honour of Apollo, in the vestibules and before the doors of their houses. Here he was invoked as the Averter of evil (εòç úñоτрóñаios, “Deus averruncus"), and the worship here offered him consisted in try. When the Etolians attempted to compel the Medionians to join their confederacy, Agron undertook to protect them, having been induced to do so by a large bribe which he received from Demetrius, the father of Philip. He accordingly sent to their assistance a force of 5000 Illyrians, who gained a decisive victory over the Etolians. Agron, overjoyed at the news of this success, gave himself up to feasting, and, in consequence of his excess, contracted a pleurisy, of which he died (B.C. 231). He was succeeded in the government by his wife Teuta. Just after his death, an embassy arrived from the Romans, who had sent to mediate in behalf of the inhabitants of the island of Issa, who had revolted from Agron, and placed themselves under the protection of the Romans. By his first wife, Triteuta, whom he divorced, he had a son named Pinnes, or Pinneus, who survived him, and was placed un-burning perfumes before these pillars, in adorning der the guardianship of Demetrius Pharius, who married his mother after the death of Teuta. (Dion Cass., 34, 46, 151.—Polyb., 2, 2-4.-Appian, Ill., 7.—Flor., 2, 5.-Plin., H. N., 34, 6.)—III. Son of Eumelus, grandson of Merops, lived with his sisters, Byssa and Meropis, in the island of Cos. They worshipped the earth, as the giver of the fruits of harvest, without paying regard to any other deity. When they were invited to the festival of Minerva, the brother replied that the black eyes of his sisters would not please the blue-eyed goddess, and that, for himself, the owl was an object of aversion. If desired to offer sacrifice to Mercury, he declared that he would show no honour to a thief. At the sacrifices of Diana he did not appear, because that goddess roamed abroad the whole night long. Provoked at this conduct, Minerva, Diana, and Mercury came to their dwelling, the latter as a shepherd, the two goddesses as maidens, to invite Eumelus and Agron to a sacrifice to Mercury, and the sis ters to the grove of Minerva and Diana. When, however, Meropis reviled Minerva, she and her sisters were changed into birds, together with Agron, who attempt ed to seize upon the divinities, and Eumelus, who heaped reproaches upon Mercury for the metamorphosis of his son. The legend makes Meropis to have been changed into a small bird of the owl kind: Byssa retained her name, and became, as a species of sea-fowl, the bird of Leucothea: Agron became the bird Charadrius. (Anton. Lib., 15.) AGROLAS, Surrounded the citadel of Athens with walls, except that part which was afterward repaired by Cimon. (Pausan., 1, 28.) We have here one of the old traditions respecting the Pelasgic race. Agrolas was aided in the work by his brother Hyperbius, both of them Pelasgi. According to Pausanias (l. c.), they came originally from Sicily. It is more than probable, however, that the names in question are those of two leaders or two tribes, and that the work was executed under their orders. The wall erected on this occasion was styled Pelargicon, and the builders of it would seem to have erected also a town or small settlement for themselves, which afterward became part of the Acropolis. (Compare Siebelis, ad Pausan., 1, 28.-Müller, Gesch. Hellen. Stämme, &c., vol. 1, p. 440.) AGROTERA, I. an annual festival, celebrated at Athens to Diana Agrotera ('Apréμidi 'Aypоrépa). It was instituted by Callimachus the polemarch, in consequence of a vow made by him before the battle of Marathon, that he would sacrifice to the goddess as many yearling she-goats (xualpaç) as there might be enemies slain in the approaching conflict. (Schol., ad Aristoph., Equit., 657--Xen., Anab., 3, 2, 11.) The number of the Persians who fell was so great, that a sufficient amount of victims could not be obtained. Every year, therefore, 500 goats were slain, in order to make up the requisite number, until, at last, the whole thing grew into a regular custom. Ælian (V. H., 2, 25) makes the vow in question to have been them with myrtle garlands, hanging fillets upon them, &c. We must not suppose, however, that this rustom originated in Athens. It appears to have been borrowed from the Dorians, and introduced into this city in obedience to an oracle. (Schol., in Aristoph Vesp., 870.-Pausan., 8, 53.-Müller, Gesch. Hellen. Stämme, &c., vol. 2, p. 299, seqq.) As respects the pillars erected at Athens, the ancients seem to have been at a loss whether to regard them as altars, or as a species of statues. (Compare, on this point, the scholiast on Aristophanes, Vesp., 870, and Thesm., 496.-Harpocration, s. v.-Suidas, s. v.-Helladius, ap. Phot., cod., 279, vol. 2, p. 535, ed. Bekker.— Plautus, Merc., 4, 1, 9.-Zoega, de Obeliscis, p. 210.) Müller states, that this emblem of Apollo appears on coins of Apollonia in Epirus, Aptera in Crete, Megara, Byzantium, Oricum, Ambracia, &c. (Müller, Gesch. Hellen. Stämme, l. c.) AGYLLA. Vid. Cære. AGYRIUM, a city of Sicily, northeast of Enna, and AGYRRHIUS. Vid. Supplement. AHENOBARBUS. Vid. Supplement. AJAX (Alaç), I. son of Telamon by Peribœa, daughter of Alcathous, was, next to Achilles, the bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan war, but, like him, of an imperious and ungovernable spirit. In other peculiarities of their history, there was also a striking resemblance. At the birth of Ajax, Hercules is said to have wrapped him in the skin of the Nemean lion, and to have thus rendered him invulnerable in every part of his body, except that which was left exposed by the aperture in the skin, caused by the wound which the animal had received from Hercules. This vulnerable part was in his breast, or, as others say, behind the neck. (Lycophr., 454.-Tzetz., ad loc.-Schol., ad Il., 23, 821.) To Ajax fell the lot of opposing Hector, when that hero, at the instigation of Apollo and Minerva, had challenged the bravest of the Greeks to single combat. The glory of the antagonists was equal in the engagement; and, at parting, they exchanged arms, the baldric of Ajax serving, most singularly, as the instrument by which Hector was, after his fall, attached to the car of Achilles. In the games celebrated by Achilles in honour of Patroclus, Ajax (as commentators have remarked) was unsuccessful, although he was a competitor on not less than three occasions: in hurling the quoit; in wrestling; and in single combat with arms. After the death of Achilles. bolik, vol. 4, p. 168.) Plutarch calls Aidoneus king of the Molossians in Epirus. (Vit. Thes., 30.) AIUS LOCUTIUS, a deity to whom the Romans erected an altar from the following circumstance: one of the common people, called Ceditius, informed the tribunes, that, as he passed one night through one of the streets of the city, a voice more than human, issuing from above Vesta's temple, told him that Rome would soon be attacked by the Gauls. His information was neglected, but, as its truth was subsequently confirmed by the event itself, Camillus, after the departure of the Gauls, built a temple to that supernatural voice which had given Rome warning of the approaching calamity, under the name of Aius Locutius. (Liv., 5, 50.Plut., Vit. Camill., 30.) Thus much for the story itself. We have here an instance of the imposition practised by the patricians, the depositaries of religion, upon the lower orders of the state. The commonlyreceived narrative respecting the Gallic invasion and the taking of Rome, is abundantly supplied with the decorations of fable, the work of the higher classes. The object of the patricians, in the various legends which they invented on this point, seems to have been a wish to impress on the minds of the people the conviction, that divine vengeance had armed itself against them, for having dared to injure an individual of senatorian rank. It was to avenge the banishment of Camillus that the gods had brought the Gauls to Rome, and to Camillus alone did they assign the honour of removing these formidable visitants. (Compare Levesque, Hist. Crit. de la Rep. Romaine, vol. 1, p. 287.) Ajax and Ulysses disputed their claim to the arms of the hero. When they were given to the latter, Ajax became so infuriated, that, in a fit of delirium, he slaughtered all the sheep in the camp, under the delusion that his rival and the Atrida, who had favoured the cause of the former, were the objects of his attack. When reason returned, Ajax, from mortification and despair, put an end to his existence, by stabbing himself to the heart. The sword which he used as the instrument of his death had been received by him from Hector in exchange for the baldric, and thus, by a singular fatality, the present mutually conferred contributed to their mutual destruction. The blood which ran to the ground from the wound produced the flower hyacinthus, of a red colour, and on the petal of which may be traced lines, imitating the form of the letters AI, the first and second of the Greek name AIAZ (Ajax). The flower here meant appears to be identical with the Lilium Martagon (“Imperial Martagon"), and not the ordinary hyacinth. (Fée, Flore de Virgile, p. lxvii.)-Some authorities give a different account of the cause of his death, and make the Palladium to have been the subject of dispute between Ajax and Ulysses, and state also that Ulysses, in concert with Agamemnon, caused Ajax to be assassinated. The Greeks erected a tomb over his remains on the promontory of Rhoteum, which was visited in a later age by Alexander the Great. Sophocles has made the death of Ajax the subject of one of his tragedies. According to the plot of this piece, the rites of sepulture are at first refused to the corpse of Ajax, but afterward allowed through the intercession of Ulysses. Ajax is the Homeric type of great valour, unaccompanied by any corresponding powers of intellect. Ulysses, on the other hand, typifies great intellect, unaccompanied by an equal degree of heroic valour, although he is far, at the same time, from being a coward. (Hom., Il, passim.-Apollod., 3, 12, 7.-Ovid, Met., 13, 1, seqq.)-II. The son of Oileus, king of Locris, was surnamed Locrian, in contradistinction to the son of Telamon. The term Narycian was also applied to him from his birthplace, the Locrian town Narycium, or Naryx. He went with 40 ships to the Trojan war, as being one of Helen's suiters. Homer describes him as small of size, particularly dexterous in the use of the lance, but as remarkable for brutality and cruelty. The night that Troy was taken, he offered vio-ed Antiochia ad Mæandrum, and makes this one to lence to Cassandra, who had fled into Minerva's temple; and for this offence, as he returned home, the goddess, who had obtained the thunders of Jupiter, and the power of tempests from Neptune, destroyed his ship in a storm. Ajax swam to a rock, and said that he was safe in spite of all the gods. Such impiety offended Neptune, who struck the rock with his trident, and Ajax tumbled into the sea with part of the rock, and was drowned. His body was afterward found by the Greeks, and black sheep offered on his tomb. According to Virgil's account, Minerva seized him in a whirlwind, and dashed him against a rock, where he expired consumed by the flame of the lightning. (Hom., I., 2, 527, &c.-Virg, En., 1, 43, seqq.-Hygin., fab., 116, &c.) 44 It ALABANDA, a city of Caria, one of the most important of those in the interior of the country. It was situate a short distance to the south of the Mæander. Strabo (14, p. 660, ed. Casaub.) describes its position between two hills, and compares the appearance thus presented to that of a loaded ass. He speaks of the inhabitants as addicted to the pleasures of the table and a luxurious life. From Pliny (5, 29) we learn that it was a free city, and the seat also of a Conventus Juridicus. Hierocles incorrectly names the place Alapanda. This city was said to have obtained its appellation from the hero Alabandus, its founder, who was deified after death, and worshipped within its walls. (Cic., N. D., 3, 19.) Stephanus Byzantinus, however, speaks of another Alabanda, commonly call have been founded by Alabandus, son of Enippus; while he assigns as a founder to the other city, Car, a son of whose received the name of Hipponicus, from his having conquered in an equestrian conflict; which appellation, according to Stephanus, was the same with Alabandus in the Carian tongue, Ala denoting "a horse," and Banda "a victory." From this son, Alabanda, as he states, took its name. (Compare the remarks of Berkel, ad loc., p. 86, and Adelung, Gloss. Man., vol. 1, p. 555) The remains of Alabanda were discovered by Pococke (vol. 3, book 2, c. 5.) and, after him, by Chandler (c. 59), in the neighbourhood of the village of Karpusler or Karpuseli. The inhabitants of this place were called 'Ahabavdeis, and by the Roman writers Alabandenses. The name of the city is given by the latter as neuter, but by Strabo and Stephanus as feminine. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 278, seqq.) ALABANDUS, I. a son of Enippus, and the founder of Antiochia ad Maandrum. (Vid. Alabanda.)-II. A son of Car, who was otherwise called Hipponicus, and who gave name to Alabanda. (Vid. Alabanda.) AIDONEUS ('Aidovevç), I. a surname of Pluto. is only another form for 'Atông, the invisible one." -II. A king of the Thesprotians in Epirus, who defeated the forces of Theseus and Pirithous, when the two latter had marched against him for the purpose of carrying off his wife Proserpina. Pirithous was torn to pieces by Cerberus, the monarch's dog, while Theseus was made prisoner and loaded with fetters. ALEA (Aata or 'A2eta), a surname of Minerva, Hence, according to Pausanias (1, 17), who relates by which she was worshipped at Tegea in Arcadia. this story, arose the fable of the descent of Theseus There was also a festival celebrated here in honour of and Pirithous to the lower world. This explanation the goddess, and called by the same name. (Pausan, has met with the approbation of many of the learned, 8, 46.) Creuzer traces a connexion between the festival and, among the rest, of Wesseling and Perizonius. termed Alea and the solar worship. But it is quite untenable. (Consult Creuzer, Sym-| 2, p. 779.) (Symbolik, vol. |