though it must be confessed that she had not yet expressed herself as clearly in relation to this fundamen tal doctrine, as she subsequently did at the Council of Nice. In this same book Origen starts the strange idea, that the stars are animated bodies. In the second book he discusses the origin of the world, which, like the Platonists, he regards as having been created from all eternity; the incarnation of the Son of God; the nature of the soul, which he assigns also to the brute creation; the resurrection of the dead, and eternal life. The third book treats of Free Agency; Demons or Evil Spirits, and the various ways in which men are tempted by them. The fourth book is devoted to the Interpretation of the Bible.—2. Þı20σopoúμeva (" Doctrines of the Philosophers"). This is properly the first book of a work entitled Karà aowr aipéσewv theyxos ("Refutation of all sects"), and consisting of two books. In it Origen briefly explains the doctrines of the different Greek schools of philosophy, and the second book was devoted to their refutation. There is some doubt, however, whether Origen was actually the author of it.-3. Commentaries on the Old and New Testaments, the greater part of which, however, is now lost. In these Commentaries Origen gave full scope to his learning and imagination, in what appeared to him to be the historical, literal, mystical, and moral sense of the Bible. His grand fault, as we have already remarked, is that of allegorizing the Scriptures too much; and this method of interpretation he adopted from the Alexandrine philosophers, in the hope of establishing a union between logic, geometry, arithmetic, music, grammar, rhetoric, | he deviates from the path pointed out by the church and all the sects of the philosophers; so that he was resorted to by many students of secular literature, whom he received chiefly that he might embrace the opportunity of instructing them in the faith of Christ" (de Vir. Illustr., c. 54). Elsewhere he calls him the greatest teacher since the Apostles. We find this same Jerome, however, at a later period of his life, violently attacking Origen, and approving of the persecution of his followers. Sulpicius Severus says, that in reading Origen's works he saw many things that pleased him, but many also in which he (Origen) was undoubtedly mistaken. He wonders how one and the same man could be so different from himself; and adds, "where he is right, he has not an equal since the Apostles; where he is in the wrong, no man has erred more shamefully." (Dialog., 1, 3.) All agree that he was a man of an active and powerful mind, and of fervent piety; fond of investigating truth, and free from all mean prejudices, of the most profound learning, and the most untiring industry. His whole life was occupied in writing, teaching, and especially in explaining the Scriptures. No man, certainly none in ancient times, did more to settle the true text of the sacred writings, and to spread them among the people; and yet few, perhaps, have introduced more dangerous principles into their interpretation. For, whether from a defect in judgment or from a fault in his education, he applied to the Scriptures the allegorical method which the Platonists used in interpreting the heathen mythology. He says himself, "that the source of many evils lies in adhering to the carnal or external part of Scripture. Those who do so shall not at-heathen philosophy and Christian doctrine. His funtain the kingdom of God. Let us therefore seek af- damental canon of criticism was, that, wherever the ter the spirit and the substantial fruit of the word, literal sense of Scripture was not obvious or not which are hidden and mysterious." And, again, "the clearly consistent with his peculiar tenets, the words Scriptures are of little use to those who understand were to be understood in a spiritual and mystical them as they are written."-In the fourth century, the sense; a rule by which he could easily incorporate writings of Origen led to violent controversies in the any fancies, whether original or borrowed, with the Church. Epiphanius, in a letter preserved by Jerome, Christian creed.-4. Scholia, or short notes explanaenumerates eight erroneous opinions as contained in tory of difficult passages of Scripture. Of these some his works. He is charged with holding heretical no- extracts only are preserved in the collection made by tions concerning the Son and the Holy Spirit; with Gregory Nazianzen and Basil the Great, entitled Phimaintaining that the human soul is not created with localia.-5. Homilies, or familiar sermons, in which he the body, but has a previous existence; that in the addressed himself to the capacities of the people.-6. resurrection the body will not have the same members Hexapla ('E§anhu). The great use which had been as before; and that future punishments will not be made by the Jews of the Septuagint, previously to eternal, but that both fallen angels and wicked men their rejection of it, and the constant use of it by the will be restored, at some distant period, to the favour Christians, naturally caused a multiplication of copof God. (Hieron. adv. Ruf., lib. 2, vol. 4, p. 403.) ies; in which, besides the alterations designedly These opinions were not generally held by his follow-made by the Jews, numerous errors became introers, who maintained that the passages from which they duced, in the course of time, from the negligence or had been drawn had been interpolated in his writings inaccuracy of transcribers, and from glosses or marby heretics. In 401, Theophilus, bishop of Alexan- ginal notes, which had been added for the explanadrea, held a synod, in which Origen and his followers tion of difficult words, being suffered to creep into were condemned, and the reading of his works was the text. In order to remedy this growing evil, Oriprohibited; and the monks, most of whom were Ori- gen, in the early part of the third century, undertook genists, were driven out of Alexandrea. His opin- the laborious task of collating the Greek text then in ions were again condemned by the second general use with the original Hebrew, and with the other transcouncil of Constantinople, in A.D. 553.-We will lations then in existence, and from the whole to pronow proceed to give a more particular account of the duce a new recension or revisal. Twenty-eight years several works of this father, as far as they have come were devoted to the preparation of this arduous task, down to us, or are known from the statements of other in the course of which he collected manuscripts from writers. 1. Пɛpì 'Apxwv ("On First Principles"). every possible quarter, aided by the pecuniary liberality This work was divided into four books; but we pos- of Ambrose. Origen commenced, as has already been sess only a short notice of it in the Myriobiblon of stated, his labour at Cæsarea, and, it appears, finished Photius (cod., 8), an extract in Eusebius (contra Mar- his Polyglott at Tyre, but in what year is not precisecell. Ancyran., lib. 1), and some fragments in the Phily known. This noble critical work is designated by localia. Rufinus made a Latin translation of the work in the fourth century, which has reached us; but he has, by his own confession, added so much to Origen's work, that it cannot be taken as a fair exhibition of his opinions. In the first book, Origen treats of God: he explains in it also his views with regard to the Trinity, which are in accordance with the principles of the Platonic school; and it is in this particularly that various names among ancient writers; as Tetrapla, Hexapla, Octapla, and Enneapla. The Tetrapla contained the four Greek versions of Aquila, Symmachus, the Septuagint, and Theodotion, disposed in four columns; to these Origen added two columns more, containing the Hebrew text in its original characters, and also in Greek letters; these six columns, according to Epiphanius, formed the Hexapla. Having subse : quently discovered two other Greek versions of some tion, vol. 2, p. 172, seqq.-Id. ibid., vol. 2, p. 742 parts of the Scriptures, usually called the fifth and Schöll, Hist. Lat. Gr., vol. 3, p. 451, seqq.-Id. sixth, he added them to the preceding, inserting them ibid., vol. 5, p. 223, seqq· ·- Biogr. Univ., vol. 32, p. in their respective places, and thus composed the Oc- 71, seqq.-Montefalc., Prelim. in Hex. Orig.) tapla, containing eight columns. A separate translaORION ('piwv), a celebrated giant, was said by tion of the Psalms, usually called the seventh version, one legend to have been the son of Neptune and Eubeing afterward added, the entire work has by some ryale. His father, according to this same account, been termed the Enneapla. This last appellation, gave him the power of wading through the depths of however, was never generally adopted. But, as the the sea, or, as others say, of walking on its surface. two editions made by Origen generally hore the name (Hesiod, ap. Schol. ad Nicandr., Ther., 15.) He of the Tetrapla and Hexapla, Grabe thinks that they married Side, whom Juno cast into Erebus for conwere thus called, not from the number of the columns, tending with her in beauty. (Apollod., 1, 4, 3.) Anbut of the versions, which were six, the seventh con- other and more common account makes Hyria, a town taining the Psalms only. Bauer, after Montfaucon, is of Boeotia, to have been the birthplace of Orion, and the of opinion that Origen edited only the Tetrapla and story of his origin is told as follows: As Jupiter, NepHexapla; and this appears to be the real fact.-The tune, and Mercury were one time taking a ramble upon original Hebrew being regarded as the basis of the earth, they came, late in the evening, to the house of a whole work, the proximity of each translation to the farmer named Hyrieus. Seeing the wayfarers, Hytext, in point of closeness and fidelity, determined its rieus, who was standing at his door, invited them to rank in the order of the columns; thus, Aquila's ver- enter, and pass the night in his humble abode. The sion, being the most faithful, is placed next to the sa- gods accepted the kind invitation, and were hospitably cred text; that of Symmachus occupies the fourth entertained. Pleased with their host, they inquired if column; the Septuagint the fifth; and Theodotion's he had any wish which he desired to have gratified. the sixth. The other three anonymous translations, Hyrieus replied, that he once had a wife whom he not containing the entire books of the Old Testament, tenderly loved, and that he had sworn never to marry were placed in the last three columns of the Enneapla, another. She was dead: he was childless: his vow according to the order of time in which they were dis- was binding and yet he was desirous of being a father. covered by Origen. In the Pentateuch, Origen com- The gods took the hide of his only ox, which he, on pared the Samaritan text with the Hebrew as received discovering their true nature, had sacrificed in their by the Jews, and noted their differences. To each of honour: they buried it in the earth; and ten months the translations inserted in his Hexapla was prefixed afterward a boy came to light, whom Hyrieus named an account of the author; each had its separate pro- Urion or Orion (άлò тоv ovрεiv.-Euphorion, ap. legomena; and the ample margins were filled with Schol. ad Il., 18, 1, 86.—Ovid, Fast., 5, 495, seqq.— notes. A few fragments of these prolegomena and Hygin., fab., 195.-Id., Poët. Astron., 2, 34.) This marginal annotations have been preserved, but nothing unseemly legend owes its origin to the name Orion, and remains of his history of the Greek versions. Mont- was the invention of the Athenians. (Muller, Orfaucon supposes that the Hexapla must have made chom., p. 99.) In Hyginus, Hyrieus is Byrseus (from fifty large folio volumes. During nearly half a cen- the hide, ẞúpoa).--When Orion grew up, he went, tury this great work remained buried, as it were, in according to this same accourt, to the island of Chios, a corner of the city of Tyre, probably because the where he became enamoured of Merope, the daughter expense of procuring a copy exceeded the means of of Enopion, son of Bacchus and Ariadne. He sought any single individual. It would, no doubt, have per- her in marriage; but, while wooing, seized a favourished there, had not Eusebius and Pamphilus restored able opportunity, and offered her violence. Her fait to the light, and placed it in the library of the lat- ther, incensed at this conduct, and having made Orion ter at Cæsarea. It may be doubted whether a copy drunk, blinded him, and cast him on the seashore. of the original work was ever made. St. Jerome saw The blinded hero contrived to reach Lemnos, and it still at Cæsarea, but as no writer makes mention came to the forge of Vulcan, who, taking pity on him, of it after his time, it is probable that it perished in gave him Kedalion (Guardian), one of his men, to be 653 A.D., when Cæsarea was taken by the Arabi- his guide to the abode of the Sun. Placing Kedalion ans. To repair as much as possible the loss of the on his shoulder, Orion proceeded to the East; and Hexapla of Origen, various scholars have occupied there meeting the Sun-god, was restored to vision by themselves, in modern times, with the care of restoring his beams. Anxious for revenge on Enopion, he reit. The first that undertook this task was Flaminio turned to Chios: but the Chians, aware of his inNobili, in the notes to his edition of the Septuagint tention, concealed the object of his search under the (Roma, 1587); and after him Drusius, in his Frag- ground, and Orion, unable to find him, returned to Crete. menta veterum interpretum (Arnh., 1622). With (Hesiod, l. c.- Apollod., l. c.-Hygin., l. c.) — The these materials, and with the aid of manuscripts, death of Orion is variously related. As all the legends Montfaucon arranged his Hexapla Origenis, which relating to him are evidently later than the time of were printed in 2 vols. folio, at Paris, in 1713, and Homer, none ventures to assign any other cause to it were reprinted by Bahrdt (Lips., 2 vols. 8vo, 1769). than the goddess Diana, whose wrath (though Homer It is thought, however, that the learned Benedictine rather says the contrary) he drew on himself. Some was not sufficiently well acquainted with Hebrew, and said that he attempted to offer violence to the goddess that he was deficient in critical acumen.-7. The last herself; others to Opis, one of her Hyperborean maidwork of Origen's deserving of mention is his Reply to ens, and that Diana slew him with her arrows; others, Celsus. This philosopher, a member of the Epicu- again, that it was for presuming to challenge the godrean sect, had composed, under the Emperor Hadrian, dess at the discus. It was also said that, when he a work against Christianity, replete with calumny and came to Crete, he boasted to Latona and Diana that falsehood. (Vid. Celsus II.) At the instance of his he was able to kill anything that would come from the friend Ambrose, Origen undertook to reply to it, and earth. Indignant at his boast, they sent a scorpion, triumphantly succeeded.-The best edition of Orige's which stung him, and he died. It was said finally works is that of De la Rue, Paris, 1733–59, 4 vols. that Diana loved Orion, and was even about to marry foi., reprinted by Oberthur, at Wurceburg, in 15 vols. him. Her brother was highly displeased, and often 8vo, 1780 and following years. The best edition of chid her, but to no purpose. At length, observing one the commentaries separately is that of Huet, Rotom, day Orion wading through the sea with his head just 1668, 2 vols. fol. The Scholia wero published by above the waters, he pointed it out to his sister, and themselves in 1618, Paris, 4to. (Horne's Introduc-maintained that she could not hit that black thing on Demetrias, from which it was distant only twentyseven stadia. In Diodorus Siculus it is said that Cassandra had wished to remove the inhabitants of Orchomenus and Dium to Thebes of Phthia, but was prevented by the arrival of Demetrius Poliorcetes. As there was no Thessalian city named Orchomenus, it is very likely that we ought to read Ormenium in the passage here referred to (Diod. Sic., 4, 37.—Consult Wesseling, ad loc.). The modern Goritza appears to occupy the site of the ancient city. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 427.) the sea. The archer-goddess discharged a shaft: the waves rolled the dead body of Orion to the land; and, bewailing her fatal error with many tears, Diana placed him among the stars.-The hero Orion is not mentioned in the Iliad; but in the Odyssey (5, 121) we are told by Calypso, that rosy-fingered Aurora took him, and that Diana slew him with her gentle darts in Ortygia. In another place his size and beauty are praised. (Od., 11, 309.-Keightley's Mythology, p. 461, seqq.) -The constellation of Orion, which represents a man of gigantic stature wielding a sword, is mentioned as early as the time of Homer and Hesiod (I., 17, 486. ORNEE, a city of Argolis, northwest of Nemea, -Op. et D., 589, 615, 619.) Both poets, in alluding and near the confines of the country. It was situate on to it, use the expression ofévos 'Opéwvos, "the strength or near a river of the same name. Pausanias reports, of Orion" (i. e., the strong or powerful Orion), analo- that this place was founded by Orneus, son of Erechgous to the Bin 'Hpakλein. We must connect, there- theus (2, 25). The Orneata were originally indefore, with the idea of Orion, as represented on the ce- pendent of Argos; but, in process of time, having lestial planisphere, that of a powerful warrior, armed been conquered by their more powerful neighbours, with his "golden sword," or, as Aratus expresses it, from Ionians they became Dorians, as Herodotus inSipεos... lol Temoldús (v. 588). So, too, the Ara- forms us (8, 73). But we may observe that, accordbic name for this constellation, namely, El-dschebbar, ing to Homer (Iliad, 2, 569, seqq.), this place was means the "Giant," the "Hero." According to Butt-held in subjection by the sovereigns of Mycena as mann, the form Oarion ('Napíwv, Pind., Isth., 3, 67) early as the time of the Trojan war. Thucydides is earlier than Orion, and the letter o itself has arisen writes, that Ornea was destroyed by the Argives in from a peculiar mode of pronouncing the digamma, the sixteenth year of the Peloponnesian war, after it which is known to have had a sound resembling our had been abandoned by its inhabitants (6, 7). Strabo wh or w. The name Fapíov, therefore, will be de- seems to acknowledge two towns of this name, asrived from Fápns or "Apns, and signify "a warrior." signing one to Argolis, and the other to Corinthia or Indeed, the English term Warrior is almost identical Sicyonia; but in regard to this fact he was probably in form with the Greek 'Oapiwv, and the word War mistaken. In his time Ornea was deserted. No connects itself as plainly with the root of Fap-ns or modern traveller appears to have discovered the ruins Mars. It is worthy of remark, too, that the constella- of this ancient city; Fourmont, however, whose aution Orion was called by the Baotians Kavdáwv, a de- thority is very dubious, affirmed that the site was in rivative in all likelihood of Kavdaoç, a name given to his time still known by the name of Ornica. (Voythe god Mars. (Lycophr., 328.-Tzetz., ad loc.-Ly-age manuscript, cited by Pouqueville, vol. 5, p. 297. cophr., 938.)-That part of the legend, also, which re--Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 283, seqq.) lates to the ox's hide, is explained by the same eminent scholar, on the supposition of some resemblance having been discovered, between the position of the stars in this constellation and the hide of an ox. Thus the four stars, a, ẞ, y, k, will indicate the four extremities or corners, and the feebler stars, which now form the head, will represent the neck. In the same way, the three brilliant stars in the middle may have suggested the idea of the three deities, Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury. (Buttmann, Anmerk.Ideler, Sternnamen, p. 331.) The cosmical setting of Orion, which took place towards the end of autumn, was always accompanied with rain and wind. Hence the south ORONTES, a river of Syria, rising on the eastern side wind is called by Horace "the rapid companion of the of the range of Libanus, and, after pursuing a northersetting Orion" (Od., 1, 28, 21), and Orion himself as ly course, falling into the Mediterranean about six "fraught with harm to mariners." (Epod., 15, 7.—leagues below Antiochia. It was called Orontes, acCompare Od., 3, 27, 18.- Virg., En., 1, 535.-Id. ib., 4, 52.)-From the view which has here been taken of the origin of the name Orion, it will be seen at once how erroneous is the etymology assigned by Isidorus, when he says, "Orion dictus ab urina, id est ab inundatione aquarum. Tempore enim hiemis obortus, mare et terras aquis et tempestatibus turbat." (Orig., 3, 70.) There is also another error here. It was not the rising, but the cosmical setting, of the constellation which brought stormy weather. (Ideler, Sternnamen, p. 219.) ORODES, king of Parthia. He was on the throne when Crassus undertook his ill-starred expedition against that country. (Vid. Parthia.) ORETES, a Persian governor of Sardis, notorious for his cruel murder of Polycrates. He was put to death, B.C. 521, by order of Darius Hystaspis, on account of various offences committed by him, more particularly for having destroyed Mitrobates, governor of Daschylium, and his son Cranapes, and for having put to death a royal messenger. Historians are not quite agreed about the name of this man. He is called by some Orontes. (Herod., 3, 120, seqq.) cording to Strabo, from the person who first built a bridge over it, its previous name having been Typhon. (Strab., 758, seqq.) This name it received from a dragon, which, having been struck with a thunderbolt, sought in its flight a place of concealment by breaking through the surface of the earth, from which aperture the river broke forth, so that, according to this statement, it pursued a part of its course at first under ground. This, however, is a mere fable. Typhon was probably a fanciful appellation given to it by the Greeks, since it is altogether different from the Syriac ORITHYIA (four syllables), a daughter of Erechtheus, term which the natives now apply to it, namely, El king of Athens, by Praxithea. She was carried off by Aasi, or, "the Obstinate," in reference to its only irriBoreas, the god of the northern wind. (Vid. Boreas.) gating the neighbouring fields through compulsion, as it ORMENIUM, a city of Thessaly, in the district of were, and by the agency of machines (Abulfeda, Tab. Magnesia, near the shores of the Sinus Pelasgicus, and Syr., ed. Köhler, p. 150). This name, no doubt, was southeast of Demetrias. It is noticed by Homer, in also given to it by the Syrians of former days, since the catalogue of the ships, as belonging to Eurypy- from it the Greeks appeared to have formed their oer lus. (Il., 2, 734.) According to Demetrius of Scep- name for this river, viz., the Axius. Scylax calls the sis, it was the birthplace of Phoenix, the preceptor of stream Thapsacus. The Orontes is a large river in Achilles. (Strabo, 438.- Eustath., ad Il., p. 762.) winter, on account of the accession to its waters from Strabo affirms, that in his time it was called Ormini- the rain and melted snows, but it is a very small stream um; and that it contributed, with many of the neigh-in summer. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 446, bouring towns, to the rise and prosperity of the city of seqq.) the history of the early monarchies, the Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian, the conquests of Alexander, and the wars of his successors, as well as the early history of Rome, the contents being chiefly taken from Trogus Pompeius, and his abridger Justin. The fourth book contains the history of Rome, from the wars o Pyrrhus to the fall of Carthage. The fifth book com prises the period from the taking of Corinth to the war of Spartacus. Orosius quotes among his authorities several works which are now lost. The narrative in the sixth book begins with the war of Sylla against Mithradates, and ends with the birth of our Saviour. The seventh book contains the history of the empire till A.D. 416, including a narrative of the capture and sack of Rome by Alaric, which was the great event of the age. Orosius intermingles with his narrative moral reflections, and sometimes whole chapters of advice and consolation, addressed to his Christian brethren, and intended to confirm their faith amid the calamities of the times, which, however heavy, were not, as he asserts, unprecedented. The Romans, he says, in their conquests, had inflicted equal, if not greater, wrongs on other countries. His tone is that of a Christian moralist, impressed with the notions of justice, retribution, and humanity, in which the heathen historians show themselves so deficient. As an historical writer, Orosius shows considerable critical judgment in general, though in particular passages he appears quite credulous, as in chapter 10th of the first book, where he relates from report, that the marks of the chariot-wheels of Pharaoh's host are still visible at the bottom of the Red Sea.-As an instance of the incidental value of the passages taken by Orosius from older writers, consult Savigny (Das Recht des Besitzes, p. 176). King Alfred made a free translation of the History of Orosius into the Anglo-Saxon language, which was published by Daines Barrington, with an English version, London, 1773, 8vo. -The work of Orosius, in some MSS., is entitled "Adversus Paganos Historiarum libri vii." In others it is called "De totius Mundi Calamitatibus ;" in others, again, OROPUS, I. a city on the confines of Boeotia and At- | and poets concerning the heroic ages. Then follows tica, on the lower bank of the Asopus, and not far from its mouth. The possession of this place was long the object of eager contest between the Baotians and the Athenians. There is little doubt but that the former could prove priority of possession; but, as the Athenians were anxious to enlarge their territory at the expense of their Boeotian neighbours, and to make (as all nations have been anxious to do) a river (the Asopus) their boundary, and also to secure their communication with Euboea, they used their rising power to appropriate this place to themselves. (Bloomf. ad Thucyd., 2, 23.) In the Peloponnesian war we find it occupied by the Athenians; but, towards the close of that contest, we hear of the city being surprised by the Boeotians, who retained possession of it for many years. (Thucyd., 8, 60.) In consequence of a sedition which occurred there, the Thebans changed the site of the place, and removed it about seven stadia from the sea. (Diod. Sic., 14, 17.) After the overthrow of Thebes, Oropus was ceded to the Athemians by Alexander. Hence Livy, Pausanias, and Pliny place the town in Attica. Dicæarchus and Stephanus, on the other hand, ascribe it to Boeotia. Dicæarchus (Stat. Gr., p. 11) styles Oropus "the dwelling-house of Thebes, the traffic of retail venders, the unsurpassable avarice of excisemen versed in excess of wickedness for ages, ever imposing duties on imported goods. The generality are rough in their manners, but courteous to those who are shrewd; they are repulsive to the Boeotians, but the Athenians are Baotians." The meaning of the last passage is perhaps this, that the Athenians on this border were so much mixed with the Boeotians as to have lost their usual characteristics of acuteness and intelligence. "Oropus," says Dodwell, "is now called Ropo, and contains only few and imperfect ruins" (vol. 2, p. 156. -Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 272).-II. A city of Macedonia, mentioned by Stephanus (p. 770), but otherwise unknown.-III. A city in the island of Euboa. (Amm. Marcell., 30, 4.—Steph. Byz., p. 770.) OROSIUS, Paulus, a presbyter of the Spanish Church, and a native of Hispania Tarraconensis, who flourished De Cladibus et Miseriis Antiquorum." The most about the beginning of the fifth century, under Arca- singular title, however, given by some MSS., is "Hordius and Honorius. The invasion of his country by mesta" or "Ormesta." The general opinion is, that the barbarians, and the troubles excited by the Priscilli- this has arisen from a mistake made by some old copyanistæ, a sect of the Gnostics or Manichæans, caused ist. The true title, in all probability, was Pauli Orohim, about A.D. 414, to betake himself to St. Augus- sii moesta mundi, from which, by abbreviation, was tin in Africa, who afterward sent him to St. Jerome. first made Pauli Or. moesta mundi, and finally Pauli The latter prelate was then in Palestine. Orosius act- Ormesta, or simply Ormesta. (Withof., Relat., Duised in this country the part of a turbulent man, and em-burg, 1762, N. 47, 52.)— One of the best editions of broiled St. Jerome with Pelagius and John of Jerusa- Orosius is that of Havercamp, Lugd. Bat., 1738, 4to. lem. He wrote also a treatise against Pelagius, who (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 17, p. 36. - Schöll, Hist. was at that time spreading his opinions concerning ori- Lit. Rom., vol. 3, p. 170.-Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lit.. ginal sin and grace. The title of this production is vol. 1, p. 477.) "Liber Apologeticus contra Pelagium, de Arbitrii libertate." The treatise is annexed to the "History" ORPHEUS (two syllables), a poet, musician, and phiof Orosius. From Palestine he returned to Hippo losopher, whose name is very prominent in the early Regius in Africa, to his friend St. Augustin, and thence legends of Greece. The traditions respecting him are to Spain. The calamities which had befallen the Ro- remarkably obscure. According to Cicero (N. D., 1, man empire, and, above all, the capture and pillage of 38), Aristotle believed that no such person as Orpheus Rome by Alaric (A.D. 410), afforded to the heathens, the poet had ever existed; but perhaps he only means and to Symmachus among the rest, a pretence for ac- that the poems ascribed to him were spurious. Orcusing the Christian religion of being the cause of all pheus is mentioned as a real person by several of the these disasters, and of saying that, since the abandon- ancient Greek writers, namely, by the lyric poets Ibyment of the old religion of the state, victory had utter-cus and Pindar, the historians Hellanicus and Pherely forsaken the Roman arms. To refute this charge, Orosius, at the advice of St. Augustin, composed a history, in which he undertook to show that ever since the creation, which he dated back 5618 years, the habitable world had been the theatre of the greatest calamities. The work consists of seven books, divided into chapters. It begins with a geographical description of the world, then treats of the origin of the human race according to the book of Genesis, and afterward relates the various accounts of the mythologists OROSPEDA. Vid. Ortospeda. cydes, and the Athenian tragedians: he is not men- upon by them as barbarians. Müller explains this by as we have just remarked, attributed to Orpheus. Aris. supú, or perhaps the adjective supus, considered as being of two terminations (Matthiæ, Gr. Gr., vol. 1, § 120.-Kühner, Gr. Gr., vol. 1, p. 353, § 309), and the noun dikŋ, and it would seem to be nothing more than an appellation for that system of just dealing and moral rectitude which Orpheus had introduced among the earlier progenitors of the Grecian race, and the foundations of which had been laid broadly and deeply by him in the minds of his hearers. According to the statements of the ancient mythologists, Aristæus, the son of Apollo and the nymph Cyrene, became enamoured of Eurydice, the wife of Orpheus, and pursued her into a wood, where she ended her days from the sting of a serpent.-It has already been stated, in another part of this volume (vid. Aristæus), that Aristæus would seem to be in reality an early deity of the Greeks, presiding over flocks and herds, over the propagation of bees and the rearing of the olive. At the same time, we find among the ancient writers the |