AGRARIE LEGES.

AGRARIÆ LEGES.

the negligence of the magistrates, had been suffered to fall into the possession of rich men; but that, notwithstanding this, a division of the lands would have taken place under this law, if Cassius had not included among the receivers of the bounty the Latins and the Hernici, whom he had but a little while before made citizens. After much debate in the senate on this subject, a decree was passed to the following effect: that commissioners, called decemvirs (ten in number), appointed from among the persons of consular rank, should mark out, by boundaries, the public lands, and should desig nate how much was to be let out, and how much was to be distributed among the common people; that, if any land had been acquired by joint services in war, it should be divided, according to treaty, with those allies who had been admitted to citizenship; and that the choice of the commissioners, the appointment of the lands, and all other things relating to this subject, should be committed to the care of the succeeding consuls. Seventeen years after this, there was a vchement contest about the division, which the tribunes proposed to make, of lands then unjustly occupied by the rich men; and, three years after that, a similar attempt on the part of the tribunes, would, according to Livy, have produced a ferocious controversy, had it not been for Quintus Fabius. Some years after this, the tribunes proposed another law of the same kind, by which the estates of a great part of the nobles would have been seized to the public use; but it was stopped in its progress. Appian says, that the nobles and rich men, partly by getting possession of the public lands, partly by buying out the shares of indigent owners, had made themselves owners of all the lands in Italy, and had thus, by degrees, accomplished the removal of the common people from their possessions. This abuse stimulated Tiberius Gracchus to revive the Licinian law, which prohibited any individual from holding more than 500 jugera, or about 350 acres of land; and would, consequently, compel the owners to relinquish all the surplus to the use of the public; but Gracchus proposed that the owners should be paid the value of the lands relinquished. The law, however, did not operate to any great extent, and, after having cost the Gracchi their lives, was by degrees rendered wholly inoperative. After this period, various other Agrarian laws were attempted, and with various success, according to the nature of their provisions and the temper of the times in which they were proposed. One of the most remarkable was that of Rullus, which gave occasion to the celebrated oration against him by Cicero, who prevailed upon the people to reject the law. From a careful consideration of these laws, and the others of the same kind, on which we have not commented, it is apparent that the whole object of the Roman agrarian laws was, the lands belonging to the state, the public lands or national domains, which, as already observed, were acquired by conquest or treaty, and, we may add also, by confiscations or direct seizures of private estates by different factions, either for lawful or unlawful causes; of the last of which we have a well-known example in the time of Sylla's proscriptions. The lands thus claimed by the public be came naturally a subject of extensive speculation with

a protection against the incursions of an enemy; third-membrance, without very great public commotions ly, to augment their population; fourthly, to free the Dionysius informs us, farther, that this public land, by city of Rome from an excess of inhabitants; fifthly, to quiet seditions; and, sixthly, to reward their veteran soldiers. These reasons abundantly appear in all the best ancient authorities. In the later periods of the republic, a principal motive for establishing colonies was to have the means of disposing of soldiers, and rewarding them with donations of lands; and such colonies were, on this account, denominated military colonies. Now, for whichever of these causes a colony was to be established, it was necessary that some law respecting it should be passed either by the senate or people. This law in either case was called lex agraria, an agrarian law, which will now be explained. An agrarian law contained various provisions; it described the land which was to be divided, and the classes of people among whom, and their numbers, and by whom, and in what manner, and by what bounds, the territory was to be parcelled out. The mode of dividing the lands, as far as we now understand it, was twofold; either a Roman population was distributed over the particular territory, without any formal erection of a colony, or general grants of land were made to such citizens as were willing to form a colony there. The lands which were thus distributed were of different descriptions, which we must keep in mind in order to have a just conception of the operation of the agrarian laws. They were either lands taken from an enemy, and not actually treated by the government as public property; or public lands which had been artfully and clandestinely taken possession of by rich and powerful individuals; or, lastly, lands which were bought with money from the public treasury, for the purpose of being distributed. Now all such agrarian laws as comprehended either lands of the enemy, or those which were treated and occupied as public property, or those which had been bought with the public money, were carried into effect without any public commotions; but those which operated to disturb the rich and powerful citizens in the possession of the lands which they unjustly occupied, and to place colonists (or settlers) on them, were never promulgated without creating great disturbances. The first law of this kind was proposed by Spurius Cassius; and the same measure was afterward attempted by the tribunes of the commons almost every year, but was as constantly defeated by various artifices of the nobles; it was, however, at length passed. It appears, both from Dionysius and Varro, that, at first, Romulus allotted two jugera (about 1 acres) of the public lands to each man; then Numa divided the lands which Romulus had taken in war, and also a portion of the other public lands; afterward Tullus divided those lands which Romulus and Numa had appropriated to the private expenses of the regal government; then Servius distributed among those who had recently become citizens, certain lands which had been taken from the Veientes, the Carites and Tarquinii; and, upon the expulsion of the kings, it appears that the lands of Tarquinius Superbus, with the exception of the Campus Martius, were, by a decree of the senate, granted to the people. After this period, as the republic, by means of its continual wars, received continual accessions of conquered lands, those lands were either occupied by colonists or remained public property, until the period when Spurius Cassius, twenty-the wealthy capitalists, both among the nobles and four years after the expulsion of the kings, proposed other classes. In our own times, we have seen, dua law (already mentioned) by which one part of the ring the revolution in France, the confiscation of the land taken from the Hernici was allotted to the Latins, lands belonging to the clergy, the nobility, and emiand the other part to the Roman people; but as this grants, lead to similar results. The sales and purlaw comprehended certain lands which he accused pri- chases of lands by virtue of the agrarian laws of Rome, vate persons of having taken from the public, and as under the various complicated circumstances which the senate also opposed him, he could not accomplish must ever exist in such cases, and the attempts by the the passage of it. This, according to Livy, was the government to resume or regrant such as had been first proposal of an agrarian law, of which, he adds, not sold, whether by right or by wrong, especially after a one was ever proposed, down to the period of his re-purchaser had been long in possession, under a title

AGRAULOS, I. the daughter of Actæus, king of Attica, and the wife of Cecrops. She became by him the mother of Erysichthon, Agraulos, Herse, and Pandrosos.-II. A daughter of Cecrops and Agraulos, and mother of Alcippe by Mars. (Vid. Supplement.)

AGRESPHON, a Greek grammarian mentioned by Suidas (s. v. 'Aπoλhúvios). He wrote a work, Пepi 'Oμwvýμwv (concerning persons of the same name). He cannot have lived earlier than the reign of Hadrian, as in his work he spoke of an Apollonius who lived in the time of that emperor.

AGREUS, the hunter, an epithet of Pan.

AGRIANES, I. a small river of Thrace, running into the Hebrus. It is now the Ergene.-II. A Thracian tribe dwelling in the vicinity of the river Agrianes. (Herod., 5, 16.)-III. A people of Illyria, on the frontiers of lower Mosia. They were originally from Thrace, and very probably a branch of the Thracian Agrianes.

AGRIASPE, a nation of Asia, mentioned by Quintus Curtius (7, 3). Some difference of opinion, however, exists with regard to the true reading in this passage. Most editors prefer Arimaspa, while others, and evidently with more correctness, consider Ariaspa the proper lection. (Compare Schmieder, ad Quint. Curt., . c., and vid. Ariaspa.)

AGRICOLA, Cneius Julius, an eminent Roman com

which he supposed the existing laws gave him, nat- Jess of Minerva. The Cyprians also honoured her urally occasioned great heat and agitation; the sub-with an annual festival, in the month Aphrodisius, at Ject itself being intrinsically one of great difficulty, which they offered human victims. (Robinson's Aneven when the passions and interests of the parties tiquities of Greece, 2d ed., p. 276.) concerned would permit a calm and deliberate examination of their respective rights.-From the commotions which usually attended the proposal of agrarian laws, and from a want of exact attention to their true object, there has been a general impression, among readers of the Roman history, that those laws were always a direct and violent infringement of the rights of private property. Even such men, it has been observed, as Machiavelli, Montesquieu, and Adam Smith, have shared in this misconception of them. This erroneous opinion, however, has lately been exposed by the genius and learning of Niebuhr in his Roman history above mentioned, a work which may be said to make an era in that department of learning, and in which he has clearly shown that the original and professed object of the agrarian laws was the distribution of the public lands only, and not those of private citizens. Of the Licinian law, enacted about 376 B.C., on which all subsequent agrarian laws were modelled, Niebuhr enumerates the following as among the chief provisions: 1. The limits of the public land shall be accurately defined. Portions of it, which have been encroached on by individuals, shall be restored to the state. 2. Every estate in the public land, not greater than this law allows, which has not been acquired by violence or fraud, and which is not on lease, shall be good against any third person. 3. Every Roman citizen shall be competent to occupy a portion of newly-mander, born A.D. 40, in the reign of Caligula, by acquired public land, within the limits prescribed by this law, provided this land be not divided by law among the citizens, nor granted to a colony. 4. No one shall occupy of the public land more than five hundred jugera, nor pasture on the public commons more than a hundred head of large, nor more than five hundred head of small, stock. 5. Those who occupy the public land shall pay to the state the tithe of the produce of the field, the fifth of the produce of the fruit-tree and the vineyard, and for every head of large stock, and for every head of small stock yearly. 6. The public lands shall be farmed by the censors to those willing to take them on these terms. The funds hence arising are to be applied to pay the army.-The foregoing were the most important permanent provisions of the Licinian law, and, for its immediate effect, it provided that all the public land occupied by individuals, over five hundred jugera, should be divided by lot in portions of seven jugera to the plebeians. But we must not hastily infer, as some readers of Niebuhr's works have done, that these agrarian laws did not in any manner violate private rights. This would be quite as far from the truth as the prevailing opinion already mentioned, which is now exploded. Besides the argument we might derive from the very nature of the case, we have the direct testimony of ancient writers to the injustice of such laws, and their violation of private rights. It will suffice to refer to that of Cicero alone, who says in his De Officiis (2, 21), "Those men who wish to make themselves popular, and who, for that purpose, either attempt agrarian laws, in order to drive people from their possessions, or who maintain that creditors ought to forgive debtors what they owe, undermine the foundations of the state; they destroy all concord, which cannot exist when money is taken from one man to be given to. another; and they set aside justice, which is always violated when every man is not suffered to retain what is his own;" which reflections would not have been called forth, unless the laws in question had directly and plainly violated private rights. (Encyclopadia Americana, vol. 1, p. 100, seqq.)

AGRAULIA, a festival celebrated at Athens in honour of Agraulos, the daughter of Cecrops, and priest

whom his father Julius Græcinus was put to death for nobly refusing to plead against Marcus Silanus. His mother, to whom he owed his excellent education, was Julia Procilla, unhappily murdered on her estate in Liguria by a descent of freebooters from the piratical fleet of Otho. The first military service of Agricola was under Suetonius Paulinus in Britain; and, on his return to Rome, he married a lady of rank, and was made quæstor in Asia, where, in a rich province, peculiarly open to official exactions, he maintained the strictest integrity. He was chosen tribune of the people, and prætor, under Nero, and, unhappily, in the commotion which followed the accession of Galba, lost his mother as above mentioned. By Vespasian, whose cause he espoused, he was made a patrician, and governor of Aquitania, which post he held for three years. The dignity of consul followed, and in the same year he married his daughter to the historian Tacitus. He was soon afterward made governor of Britain, where he subjugated the Ordovices, in North Wales, and reduced the island of Mona, or Anglesea. He adopted the most wise and generous plans for civilizing the Britons, by inducing the nobles to assume the Roman habit, and have their children instructed in the Latin language. He also gradually adorned the country with magnificent temples, porticoes, baths, and public edifices, of a nature to excite the admiration and emulation of the rude people whom he governed. With these cares, however, he indulged the usual ambition of a Roman commander, to add to the limits of the Roman territory, by extending his arms northward; and in the succeeding three years he passed the river Tuesis, or Tweed, subdued the country as far as the Frith of Tay, and erected a chain of protective fortresses from the Clota, or Clyde, to the Boderia Estuarium, or Frith of Forth. He also stationed troops on the coast of Scotland opposite to Ireland, on which island he entertained views of conquest; and, in an expedition to the eastern part of Scotland, beyond the Frith of Forth, was accompanied by his fleet, which explored the inlets and harbours, and hemmed in the natives on every side. His seventh summer was passed in the same parts of Scotland, and the Grampian Hills became the scene of a decisive en

return to its former masters. On the commencement of the Punic wars, Agrigentum was one of the most important strongholds which the Carthaginians possessed in the island. It suffered severely during these conflicts, being alternately in the hands of either party (Diod. Sic., 23, 7.-Polyb., 1, 17, seqq.-Diod. Sic., 23, 9. power, and, notwithstanding its losses, continued for a long period a flourishing place, though it is supposed to have been confined, after it came permanently under the Romans, to the limits of the ancient Camicus, with which the modern Girgenti nearly corresponds. Diodorus states the population, in its best days, to have been not less than 120,000 persons. (Mannert, 9, pt. 2, p. 353, seqq.-Hoare's Classical Tour, vol. 2, p. 90, seqq.)

AGRIONIA, annual festivals in honour of Bacchus, generally celebrated in the night. They were instituted, as some suppose, because the god was attended with wild beasts. The appellation, however, should rather be viewed as referring back to an early period, when human sacrifices were offered to Bacchus. Hence the terms 'Qunorns and 'Aypiúvios applied to this deity. (Creuzer's Symbolik, vol. 3, p. 334.) Plutarch even speaks of a human sacrifice to this god as late as the days of Themistocles (Vit., 13), when three Persian prisoners were offered up by him to Bacchus, at the instigation of the diviner Eurantides. The same writer elsewhere (Vit. Ant., 24) uses both 'Lunoths and 'Aypiúvios, in speaking of Bacchus; where Reiske, without any necessity, proposes 'Aypichios (from 622) as an emendation.-In celebrating this festival, the Grecian women, being assembled, sought eagerly for Bacchus, who, they pretended, had fled from them; but, finding their labour ineffectual, they said that he had retired to the Muses and concealed himself among them. The ceremony being thus ended, they regaled themselves with an entertainment. (Plut., Sympos., 8, 1.) Has this a figurative reference to the suspension of human sacrifices, and the consequent introduction of a milder form of worship? Castellanus, however (Syntagm. de Festis Græcor., s. v. Agrionia), makes the festival in question to have been a general symbol of the progress of civilization and refinement. (Compare Rolle, Recherches sur le Culte de Bacchus, vol. 3, p. 251.)

gagement with the Caledonians under their most able leader Galgacus. The latter made a noble stand, but was at last obliged to yield to Roman valour and discipline; and, having taken hostages, Agricola gradually withdrew his forces into the Roman limits. In the mean time, Domitian had succeeded to the empire, to whose mean and jealous nature the brilliant character-Id., 23, 14), but it eventually fell under the Roman and successes of Agricola gave secret uneasiness. Artfully spreading a rumour that he intended to make the latter governor of Syria, he recalled him, received him coldly, and allowed him to descend into private life. The jealousy of the tyrant still pursued him; and as, after he had been induced to resign his pretension to the proconsulship of Asia or Africa, he was soon seized with an illness of which he died, Domitian, possibly without reason, has been suspected of a recourse to poison. Agricola died A.D. 93, in his fifty-fourth year, leaving a widow, and one daughter, the wife of Tacitus. It is this historian who has so admirably written his life, and preserved his high character for the respect of posterity. (Tac., Vit. Agric.) AGRIGENTUM, a celebrated city of Sicily, about three miles from the southern coast, in what is now called the valley of Mazara. The Greek form of the name was Acragas ("Akpayaç), derived from that of a small stream in the neighbourhood. The primitive name was Camicus, or, to speak more correctly, this was the appellation of an old city of the Sicani, situate on the summit of a mountain, which afterward was regarded merely as the citadel of Agrigentum. The founding of Camicus is ascribed to Daedalus, who is said to have built it, after his flight from Crete, for the Sicanian prince, Cocalus. In the first year of the 56th Olympiad, 556 B.C., a colony was sent from Gela to this quarter, which founded Agrigentum, on a neighbouring height, to the southeast. Its situation was, indeed, peculiarly strong and imposing, standing as it did on a bare and precipitous rock, 1100 feet above the level of the sea. To this advantage the city added others of a commercial nature, being near to the sea, which afforded the means of an easy intercourse with the ports of Africa and the south of Europe. The adjacent country, moreover, was very fertile. From the combined operation of all these causes, Agrigentum soon became a wealthy and powerful city, and was considered inferior to Syracuse alone. According to Diodorus Siculus (13, 81, seqq.), it drew on itself the enmity of the AGRIPPA ('Aуpinnaç), I. a skeptical philosopher, only Carthaginians (406 B.C.), by refusing to embrace their known to have lived later than nesidemus, the conalliance, or even to remain neutral. It was according- temporary of Cicero, from whom he is said to have ly besieged by their generals Hannibal and Hamilcar. been the fifth in descent. He is quoted by Diogenes The former, with many of his troops, died of a pestilential Laertius, who probably wrote about the time of M. Andisorder, derived from the putrid effluvia of the tombs, toninus. The "five grounds of doubt" (oi névte tpówhich were opened and destroyed for the sake of the To), which are given by Sextus Empiricus as a sumstone. But, from want of timely assistance and scar-mary of the later skepticism, are ascribed by Diogenes city of provisions, the Agrigentines were obliged to Laertius (9, 88) to Agrippa. abandon their city, and fly for protection to Gela, 1. The first of these argues from the uncertainty of whence they were transferred to the city of the Leon- the rules of common life, and of the opinions of philostines, which was allotted to them by the republic of ophers. 2. The second from the "rejectio ad infiniSyracuse. The conqueror Hamilcar despoiled Agri- tum :" all proof requires some farther proof, and so on gentum of all its riches, valuable pictures, and statues. to infinity. 3. All things are changed as their relaAmong the trophies sent to Carthage was the celebra- tions become changed, or as we look upon them in difted bull of Phalaris, which, two hundred and sixty years ferent points of view. 4. The truth asserted is merely afterward, on the destruction of Carthage, was restored an hypothesis; or, 5. Involves a vicious circle. (Sexto the Agrigentines by Scipio. At a subsequent pe- tus Empiricus, Pyrrhon. Hypot., 1, 15.) riod, when a general peace had taken place Ol. 96, 1. With reference to these TEVTE TрÓTоL, it need only (Diod. Sic., 14, 78), we find the Agrigentines return-be remarked, that the first and third are a short summaing to their native city; though, from a passage in Diodorus (13, 113), it would seem that the place had not been entirely destroyed by the foe, and that many of its previous inhabitants might have come back at an earlier date. (Ol. 93, 4.) Agrigentum soon recovered its importance, but the tyranny of Phintias having induced the inhabitants to call in the aid of Carthage, the city once more fell under that power. Not long after, it revolted to Pyrrhus (Diod. Sic., 22, exc., 14), but, on his departure from the island, was compelled to

ry of the ten original grounds of doubt which were the basis of the earlier skepticism. The three additional ones show a progress in the skeptical system, and a transition from the common objections derived from the fallibility of sense and opinion, to more abstract and metaphysical grounds of doubt. They seem to mark a new attempt to systematize the skeptical philosophy, and adapt it to the spirit of a later age. (Ritter, Geschichte der Philosophie, 12, 4.)-II. M. Asinius, consul A.D. 25, died A.D. 26, was descended from a family more

AGRIPPA.

illustrious than ancient, and did not disgrace it by his | vented him from finishing the impregnable fortifications mode of life. (Tac., Ann., 4, 34, 61.)-III. Agrippa with which he had begun to surround Jerusalem. His Castor, about A.D. 135, praised as an historian by Eu- friendship was courted by many of the neighbouring sebius, and for his learning by St. Jerome (de Viris Il-kings and rulers. It was probably to increase his poplustr., c. 21), lived in the reign of Hadrian. He wrote ularity with the Jews that he caused the apostle James, against the twenty-four books of the Alexandrian Gnos- the brother of John, to be beheaded, and Peter to be tic, Basilides, on the Gospel. Quotations are made cast into prison (A.D. 44.-Acts, 12.) It was not, from his work by Eusebius. (Hist. Eccles., 4, 7.See Gallandi's Bibliotheca Patrum, vol. 1, p. 330.)IV. Fonteius, one of the accusers of Libo, A.D. 16, risk of his own life, or, at least, of his liberty, he inhowever, merely by such acts that he strove to win is again mentioned in A.D. 19, as offering his daugh- terceded with Caligula on behalf of the Jews, when their favour, as we see from the way in which, at the ter for a vestal virgin. (Tac., Ann., 2, 30, 86.)- that emperor was attempting to set up his statue in the V. Probably the son of the preceding, commanded the Temple at Jerusalem. The manner of his death, which province of Asia with proconsular power, A.D. 69, and took place at Cæsarea in the same year, as he was exwas recalled from thence by Vespasian, and placed hibiting games in honour of the emperor, is related in over Moesia in A.D. 70. He was shortly afterward Acts, 12, and is confirmed in all essential points by killed in battle by the Sarmatians. (Tac., Hist., 3, Josephus, who repeats Agrippa's words, in which he 46.-Joseph, B. Jud., 7, 4, § 3.)—VI. Herōdes I. acknowledged the justice of the punishment thus in('Hpwdns 'Aуpinnаç), called by Josephus (Ant. Jud., flicted on him. After lingering five days, he expired, 17, 2, 2) "Agrippa the Great," was the son of Aris- in the fifty-fourth year of his age. tobulus and Berenice, and grandson of Herod the Great. Shortly before the death of his grandfather he came and three daughters, Berenice, who first married her to Rome, where he was educated with the future em- uncle Herodes, king of Chalcis, afterward lived with By his wife Cypros he had a son named Agrippa, peror Claudius, and Drusus, the son of Tiberius. He her brother Agrippa, and subsequently married Polasquandered his property in giving sumptuous entertainments to gratify his princely friends, and in bestow- 6, 156); Mariamne and Drusilla, who married Felix, ing largesses on the freedmen of the emperor, and be- the procurator of Judæa. (Joseph., Ant. Jud., 17, 1, mo, king of Cilicia; she is alluded to by Juvenal (Sat., came so deeply involved in debt that he was compelled 2; 18, 5-8; 19, 4-8.-Bell. Jud., 1, 28, § 1; 2, to fly from Rome, and betook himself to a fortress at 9, 11-Dion Cass., 60, 8.-Euseb., Hist. Eccles., Malatha in Idumæa. Through the mediation of his 2, 10.)-VII. Herodes II., the son of Agrippa I., was wife Cypros, with his sister Herodias, the wife of He- educated at the court of the Emperor Claudius, and at rodes Antipas, he was allowed to take up his abode at the time of his father's death was only seventeen years Tiberias, and received the rank of ædile in that city, old. Claudius, therefore, kept him at Rome, and sent with a small yearly income. But, having quarrelled Cuspius Fadus as procurator of the kingdom, which with his brother-in-law, he fled to Flaccus, the pro- thus again became a Roman province. On the death consul of Syria. Soon afterward he was convicted, of Herodes, king of Chalcis (A.D. 48), his little printhrough the information of his brother Aristobulus, of cipality, with the right of superintending the Temple having received a bribe from the Damascenes, who and appointing the high-priest, was given to Agrippa, wished to purchase his influence with the proconsul, who four years afterward received in its stead the teand was again compelled to fly. He was arrested, as trarchies formerly held by Philip and Lysanias, with he was about to sail for Italy, for a sum of money the title of king. In A.D. 55, Nero added the cities which he owed to the treasury of Cæsar, but made his of Tiberias and Taricheæ in Galilee, and Julias, with escape, and reached Alexandrea, where his wife suc- fourteen villages near it, in Peraa. Agrippa expendceeded in procuring a supply of money from Alexan-ed large sums in beautifying Jerusalem and other citder the Alabarch. He then set sail, and landed at Pu-ies, especially Berytus. His partiality for the latter teoli. He was favourably received by Tiberius, who rendered him unpopular among his own subjects, and intrusted him with the education of his grandson, Ti- the capricious manner in which he appointed and deberius. He also formed an intimacy with Caius Ca- posed the high-priests, with some other acts which ligula. Having one day incautiously expressed a wish were distasteful, made him an object of dislike to the that the latter might soon succeed to the throne, his Jews. Before the outbreak of the war with the Rowords were reported by his freedman Eutychus to Ti- mans, Agrippa attempted in vain to dissuade the peoberius, who forthwith threw him into prison. Calig-ple from rebelling. When the war was begun he siula, on his accession (A.D. 37), set him at liberty, and gave him the tetrarchies of Lysanias (Abilene) and Philippus (Batanæa, Trachonitis, and Auranitis). He also presented him with a golden chain of equal weight with the iron one which he had worn in prison. In the following year Agrippa took possession of his kingdom, and, after the banishment of Herodes Antipas, the tetrarchy of the latter was added to his dominions.

On the death of Caligula, Agrippa, who was at the time in Rome, materially assisted Claudius in gaining possession of the empire. As a reward for his services, Judæa and Samaria were annexed to his dominions, which were now even more extensive than those of Herod the Great. consular dignity, and a league was publicly made He was also invested with the with him by Claudius in the forum. At his request, the kingdom of Chalcis was given to his brother He rodes (A.D. 41). He then went to Jerusalem, where he offered sacrifices, and suspended in the treasury of the temple the golden chain which Caligula had given him. His government was mild and gentle, and he was exceedingly popular among the Jews. In the city of Berytus he built a theatre and amphitheatre, baths and porticoes. The suspicions of Claudius pre

ded with the Romans, and was wounded at the siege
of Gamala. After the capture of Jerusalem, he went
with his sister Berenice to Rome, where he was in-
vested with the dignity of prætor.
seventieth year of his age, in the third year of the reign
of Trajan. He was the last prince of the house of the
Herods. It was before this Agrippa that the apostle
He died in the
lived on terms of intimacy with the historian Josephus,
who has preserved two of the letters he received from
Paul made his defence (A.D. 60.-Acts, 25, 26.) He
him. (Joseph., Ant. Jud., 17, 5, § 4; 19, 9, § 2; 20,
1, 3, 5; § 2, 7; ◊ 1,8; 4 and 11. 9, § 4.-Bell. Jud.,
2, 11, § 6, 12; 1, 16, 17; 1, 4, 1; § 3.-Vit., s.
nenius.)-IX. Posthumus, a posthumous son of M.
54-Phot., Cod., 33.)-VIII. Menenius. (Vid. Me-
Vipsanius Agrippa, by Julia, the daughter of Augustus,
was born in B.C. 12. He was adopted by Augustus,
together with Tiberius, in A. D. 4, and he assumed the
toga virilis in the following year, A.D. 5. (Suct., Oc-
tav., 64, 65.-Dion Cass., liv. 29, 55, 22.) Notwith-
standing his adoption, he was afterward banished by
Augustus to the island of Planasia, on the coast of
Corsica: a disgrace which he incurred on account of his
savage and intractable character, but he was not guilty

93*

of any crime. There he was under the surveillance | diately after his promotion to this dignity, he was char of soldiers, and Augustus obtained a senatus consultum, ged by Octavianus with the construction of a fleet, by which he banishment was legally confirmed for the which was the more necessary, as Sextus Pompey was time of his life. The property of Agrippa was assign-master of the sea. ed by Augustus to the treasury of the army. It is said that during his captivity he received the visit of Augustus, who secretly went to Planasia, accompanied by Fabius Maximus. Augustus and Agrippa, both deeply affected, shed tears when they met, and it was be-ed the Julian port in honour of Octavianus, and where lieved that Agrippa would be restored to liberty. But the news of this visit reached Livia, the mother of Tiberius, and Agrippa remained a captive. After the accession of Tiberius, in A.D. 14, Agrippa was murdered by a centurion, who entered his prison and killed kim after a long struggle, for Agrippa was a man of great bodily strength. When the centurion afterward went to Tiberius to give him an account of the execution, the emperor denied having given any order for it, and it is very probable that Livia was the secret author of the crime. There was a rumour that Augustus had left an order for the execution of Agrippa, but this is positively contradicted by Tacitus. (Tac, Ann., 1, 3-6.-Dion Cass., 55, 32; 57, 3.— Suet., . c., Tib., 22.-Vellei., 2, 104, 112.)