12, 71.-Justin, 5, 11.)—II. A river of Bactriana, | OCNUS, son of Manto, and said by some to have founded Mantua. (But vid. Mantua.) took with her all her children except Antillus, her eldest son, who was then with his father. The civil war soon after broke out.-On the overthrow and death of Antony, Octavia gave herself up to complete retirement. Her son Marcellus, the issue of her first marriage, was united to Julia, the daughter of Augustus, and intended by the emperor as his successor; but his early death frustrated this design, and plunged his mother and friends in the deepest affliction. It was on Virgil's reading to Octavia and Augustus the beautiful passage towards the close of the sixth book of the Eneid, where the premature death of Marcellus is deplored, that the poet received from the sorrowing parent so splendid a recompense. (Vid. Virgilius.) Octavia, in fact, never recovered from the loss of her son. His death continually preyed upon her mind, and she at last ended her days in deep melancholy, about 12 B.C. Augustus pronounced her funeral oration, but declined the marks of honour which the senate were desirous of bestowing upon her. (Sueton., Vit. Jul., 27.- Id, Vit. Aug., 17.-Id. ib., 61.Plut, Vit. Ant., 88.- Encycl. Am., vol. 9, p. 367.) OCRICULUM, a town of Umbria, below the junction of the Nar and Tiber, and a few miles from the bank of the latter river, now Otricoli. According to Livy (9,41), it was the first city of Umbria which voluntarily submitted to Rome. Here Fabius Maximus took the command of the army under Servilius, and bade that consul approach his presence without lictors, in order to impress his troops with a due sense of the dictatorial dignity. (Liv., 22, 11.) Ocriculum suffered severely during the social war. (Flor., 3, 18.) In Strabo's time it appears, however, to have been still a city of note (Strab., 227), a fact which is confirmed by the numerous remains of antiquity which have been extracted from its ruins. From Cicero we collect that Milo had a villa in its vicinity. (Orat.II. A daughter of the Emperor Claudius by Messapro Mil-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 278.) lina, and sister to Britannicus. Her life, though short, offers only one series of misfortunes. While still quite young, she was affianced to Lucius Silanus, the grandson of Augustus; but Agrippina, availing herself of her influence over the imbecile Claudius, broke off the match, and gave Octavia to her own son Nero, when the latter had attained his sixteenth year. Nero, on ascending the throne, repudiated Octavia on the ground of sterility, but, in reality, that he might unite himself to Poppaa; and this latter female, dreading the presence of one who was still young and beautiful, and her possible influence at some future day over the capricious feelings of the emperor, accused Octavia of crim mony having been obtained by means of the torture, Octavia was banished to Campania. The murmurs of the people, however, compelled Nero to recall her from exile, and her return was hailed by the populace with every demonstration of joy. Alarmned at this, and fearing lest the recall of Octavia might prove the signal of her own disgrace, Poppea threw herself at the feet of Nero, and begged him to revoke the order for Octavia's return. The emperor granted more than she asked; for he caused the infamous Anicetus, the author of his mother's murder, to come forward and testify falsely to his criminality with Octavia. The unhappy princess, upon this, was banished to the island of Pandataria, and soon after put to death there. Her head was brought to Poppaa. Octavia was only twenty years of age at the time of her death. (Tacit., Ann., 24, 63.-Sueton., Vit. Ner., 35.) OCTAVIA, I. daughter of Caius Octavius and Accia, and sister to the Emperor Augustus. All the historians praise the beauty and virtues of this celebrated female. She was first married to Marcus Marcellus, a man of consular rank, and every way worthy of her; and after his death she became the wife of Marc Antony, this latter union being deemed essential to the public welfare, as a means of healing existing differences between Antony and Octavius. It was with this view that the senate abridged the period of her widowhood and of her mourning for her first husband, who had been dead little more than five months. Antony, however, was incapable of appreciating the ex-inal intercourse with a slave. Some pretended testicellence of her character. After her marriage she followed him to Athens, where she passed the winter with him (B.C. 39), though keeping far aloof from the dissolute pleasures to which he abandoned himself. Without her interposition, civil war would even then have broken out between Octavius and Antony. By urgent prayers she appeased her husband, who was incensed against her brother for his suspicions, and then, disregarding the difficulties of the journey and her own pregnancy, she went with his consent from Grecce to Rome, and induced her brother to consent to an interview with Antony, and to come to a reconciliation with him. When Antony went to make war against the Parthians, she accompanied him to Corcyra, and at his order returned thence to remain with her brother. New quarrels arose between Octavius and Antony. To have a pretext for a rupture, the former ordered his sister to go to her husband, in the expectation that he would send her back. This actually happened. Antony was leading a life of pleasure with Cleopatra at Leucopolis, when letters from Octavia at Athens informed him that she would soon join him with money and troops. The prospect of this visit was so unwelcome to Cleopatra, that she persisted in her entreaties until Antony sent his wife an order to return. Even now, however, she endeavoured to pacify the rivals. Octavius commanded her to leave the house of a husband who had treated her so insultingly; but, feeling her duties as a wife and a Roman, she begged him not. for the sake of a single woman, to destroy the peace of the world, and of two persons so dear to her, by the horrors of war. Octavius granted her wish; she remained in the house of Antony, and occupied herself with educating, with equal care and tenderness, the children she had borne him, and those of his first wife Fulvia. This noble behaviour of hers increased the indignation of the Romans against Antony. At last he divorced her, and ordered her to leave his mansion at Rome. She obeyed without complaint, and OCTAVIANUS, the name of Octavius (afterward Augustus), which he assumed on his adoption into the Julian family, in accordance with the Roman custom in such cases. Usage, however, though erroneous, has given the preference to the name Octavius over that of Octavianus. (Cic., Ep. ad Fam., 12, 25.Tacit., Ann., 13, 6.-Aurel. Vict, de Cæs., c. 1.) OCTAVIUS, I. Nepos, Cn., was prætor B.C. 168, and appointed to the command of the fleet against Perseus. He followed this monarch, after his defeat by Paulus Æmilius, to the island of Samothrace, and there obtained his surrender. For this he was rewarded with a naval triumph. (Liv., 44, 17. — Id., 44, 45. — Id., 45, 6.-Id., 45, 42.) In B.C. 165 he was consul with M. Torquatus. Having been sent, three years after this, into Syria, at the head of a deputation to act as guardians to the young king, Antiochus Eupator, he was assassinated by order, as was supposed, of Lysias, a relation of the previous monarch, and who claimed the regency during the minority of Antiochus. The arrogant and haughty conduct of Octavius appears to have hastened his fate. The senate, however, erected OCTODŪRUS, a town of the Veragri, in Gallia Narbonensis. It was situate in the Vallis Pennina, on the river Dransa or Drance, near its junction with the Rhone, at a considerable distance above the influx of the latter into the Lacus Lemanus or Lake of Geneva. It is now Martigni, or, as the Germans call it, Martenach. (Cæs., B. G., 3, 1.) a statue to his memory.—II. M., a tribune of the com- and Timolaus. Zenobia herself had also a son by a mons, deprived of his office by means of Tiberius Grac- previous husband.-After the defeat and capture of Vachus. (Vid. Gracchus II.)-III. Cn., was consul lerian by the King of Persia, Odenatus, desirous at B.C. 87, along with Cinna. Being himself attached least to secure the forbearance of the conqueror, sent to the party of Sylla, and having the support of the Sapor a magnificent present, accompanied by a letter senate, he drove his colleague out of the city. Marius, full of respect and submission; but the haughty monhowever, having returned this same year and re-enter-arch, instead of being softened by this expression of ed Rome with Cinna, Octavius was put to death.-IV. | good-will, ordered the gift to be thrown into the EuC., the father of Augustus, was prætor B.C. 61, and phrates, and returned an answer breathing the utmost distinguished himself by the correctness and justice of contempt and indignation. The Palmyrian prince, his decisions. After his prætorship he was appointed who read his fate in the angry message of Sapor, imgovernor of Macedonia, and defeated the Ressi and mediately took the field, and falling upon the enemy, other Thracian tribes, for which he received from his who had already been driven across the Euphrates by soldiers the title of Imperator. He died at Nola, on the Roman general Balista, gained a decisive advanhis return from his province. Octavius married Atia, tage over their main body. He then burst into their the sister of Julius Cæsar, and had by this union Oc- camp, seized the treasures and the concubines of Satavius (afterward Augustus) and Octavia, the wife of por, dispersed the intimidated soldiers, and in a short Antony.-V. The earlier name of the Emperor Au- time restored Carrhæ, Nisibis, and all Mesopotamia to gustus. (Vid. Augustus and Octavianus.) the possession of the Romans. Trebellius Pollio informs us, that he even proceeded so far as to lay siege to Ctesiphon, with the view of liberating Valerian, who was still alive, but that neither his arms nor his entreaties could effect this benevolent object. (Treb. Poll., Trigint. Tyrann., 13.-Zonar., 12, 23.-Zosim., lib. 1, p. 661.) The Palmyrian prince then turned his arms against Quietus, son of Macrinus, and a candidate for the empire, and overthrew his party in the East. As a recompense for these important services, and his constant attachment to Gallienus, the son of Valerian, the senate, with the consent of the emperor, conferred on Odenatus the title of Augustus, and intrusted him with the general command of the East. Zenobia also received the title of Augusta, and Orodes, Herennius, and Timolaus that of Cæsars. Odenatus signalized his attainment to these honours by new successes; and by one of the writers of the Augustan history, his name is connected with the repulse of the Goths, who had landed on the shores of the Euxine, near Heraclea Treb. Poll., Gallieni Duo, c. 12.) Of this fact, however, there remains no satisfactory evidence; but it admits not of any doubt that the sov ereign of Palmyra fell soon afterward by the hand of domestic treason, in which his queen Zenobia was suspected to have had a share. The murderer was his own nephew. His son Orodes was slain along with him. (Trebell. Poll., l. c.) OCTOGESA, a town of Spain, a little above the mouth of the Iberus, on the north bank of that river, where it is joined by the Sicoris. It is commonly supposed to answer to the modern Mequinenza. Ukert, however, places it in the territory of la Granja. (Cæs., Bell. Civ., 1, 61.) OCYPĚTE, one of the Harpies. The name signifies swift-flying, from wкúc, 'swift," and Téтouai, "to fly.' (Vid. Harpyiæ.) ODENATUS, a celebrated prince of Palmyra, in the third century of the Christian era, who distinguished himself by his military talents and his attachment to the Romans. The accounts of his origin differ. Agathias makes him of mean descent; but the statements of others are entitled to more credit, according to whom he exercised hereditary sway over the Arab tribes in the vicinity of Palmyra. These same writers inform us, that his family had for a long time back been connected by treaties with the Romans, and had received from the latter not only honorary titles, but also subsidies for protecting the frontiers of Syria. That there existed, indeed, some sort of alliance between this family and the Roman power, is evident from the name Septimius, which was borne by some of his predecessors as well as by Odenatus himself, and which would carry us back probably to the time of Septimius Severus, who resided a long time in Syria, and from whom the honorary appellation may have been obtained. (Saint-Martin, in Biog. Univ., vol. 31, p. 494, seqq.)-The manner in which Odenatus attained to the supremacy in Palmyra is not very clearly stated. He appears, independently of his sway over the adjacent tribes, to have held at first the office of decurio or senator in the city itself. When Philip the Arabian proclaimed himself emperor, after the murder of the younger Gordian, A.D. 244, and had set out for Rome, he left the government of Syria in the hands of his brother Priscus. The tyranny and oppression of the latter soon caused a general revolt. Palmyra from this time assumed the rank of an independent city; and we find Septimius Aïranes, father of Odenatus, ruling over it as sovereign prince, A.D. 251. He was succeeded by his son, the subject of this article. (Saint-Martin, l. c.) Odenatus was twice married. The name and family of his first wife are not known. He had by her a son called Septimius Orodes. His second wife was the celebrated Zenobia, daughter of an Arabian prince, or sheik, who held under his sway all the southern part of Mesopotamia. By Zenobia he became the father of two sons, Herennius It ODESSUS, a city on the coast of Mosia Inferior, to the east of Marcianopolis. It was founded by a colony of Milesians, and is now Varna in Bulgaria. was also called Odesopolis. Some editions of Ptolemy give the form 'Odvoσoç (Odyssus), and in the Itin, Ant. (p. 218) Odissus occurs. (Mela, 2, 2. — Pliny, 11.-Ov., Trist., 1, 9, 37.) ODEUM, a musical theatre at Athens. (Suidas, s. v. delov.-Aristoph., Vesp., 1104.) It was built by Pericles (Plut., Vit. Pericl.-Vitruv., 5, 9), and was so constructed as to imitate the form of Xerxes' tent. (Plut., Vit. Per.) This shape gave rise to some pleasantries on the part of the Athenians. Thus, for example, Cratinus, in one of his comedies, wishing to express that the head of Pericles terminated as it were in a point, said that he carried the Odeum on his head. (Compare Plut., 1. c.) This building was destroyed by fire at the siege of Athens by Sylla. It was reerected soon after by Ariobarzanes, king of Cappadocia. (Pausan., 1, 20.) ODINUS or ODIN, the principal deity of the ancient Scandinavians and Northern Germans. Other forms for the name were Wodan, Guodan, Godan, Vothin, Othin, &c. Among the Anglo-Saxons, Wodan was the god of merchants, corresponding to the Hermes of the Greeks or the Mercurius of the Latins. The fourth day of the week derived its name from him (Wodanstag). In the account of the origin of the world, as given in the older Edda, Odin, the eldest son of Bör, the second man, is represented as having, with his two brothers, Vilé and Vé, defeated and slain the frost- still call Wednesday Godenstag.) We may even adgiant Ymer, out of whose body they formed the habi-vance a step farther, and compare the names of both table world. Some expounders of mythology make Odin and Budda with one of the earliest appellations Odin and his brethren, together with their antagonist, of Deity among many nations of Asia and Europe. as set forth in this fable, to be mere personifications Thus we have in Sanscrit, Coda; in Persian, Choda, of the elements of the world-But there is another Chuda, and Ghuda; in the language of the Kurds. and a younger Odin, who, according to some writers, Chudi; in that of the Afghans, Chudai; in the Gothis partly a mythological and partly an historical person-ic and German, God and Gott; in the Icelandic and age. In all the Scandinavian traditions preserved by Danish, Gud, &c. It is curious to observe, moreover, the chroniclers, mention is made of a chief called Odin, that traces of the worship of Odin or Budda appear who came from Asia with a large host of followers call- even in America. Among the ancient traditions coled Aser (vid. Asi), and conquered Scandinavia, where lected by the Spanish bishop Nunez de la Vega, there they built a city by the name of Sigtuna, with temples, is one which was current among the Indians of Chiapa and established a worship and a hierarchy; he also in- respecting a certain Wodon or Votan. This individvented or brought with him the characters of the Runic ual is said to have been the grandson of one who, toalphabet; he was, in short, the legislator and civilizer of gether with his family, was alone saved from a univerthe North. He is represented also as a great magician, sal deluge. He aided in the erection of a great ediand was worshipped as a god after death, when some fice, by which men attempted to reach the skies; but of the attributes of the elder Odin are supposed to have the execution of this daring project was frustrated; been ascribed to him. The epoch of this emigration each family of men received a different language; and of Odin and his host is a subject of great uncertainty. the Great Spirit (Teot/) ordered Wodan to go and peoSome place it in the time of the Scythian expedition ple the country of Anahuac, or Mexico. This same of Darius Hystaspis: others (and this has been the Wodan, moreover, like Odin and Budda, gave name to most common opinion among Scandinavian archæolo- a particular day. So strong, indeed, does the resemgists) fix it about the time of the Roman conquests in blance between Odin and the Mexican Wodan appear, Pontus, 50 or 60 B.C. Sühm, in his "Geschichte der that even Humboldt himself hesitates not to use the Nordischen Fabelzeit," enumerates four Odins. One following language in relation to it: "Ce Votan, ou was Bör's son; he came from the mouths of the Ta- Wodan, Americain paroît de la même famille avec les naïs, and introduced into the North the worship of the Wods ou Odins des Goths et des peuples d'origine Sun. A second came with the Aser, from the borders Celtique." (Monumens de l'Amerique, vol. 1, p. 382.) of Europe and Asia, at the time of the invasion of Da- It would appear, then, from all that has been said, that rius. He brought with him the Runic alphabet, built the worship of Odin or Budda is to be referred in its temples, and established the mythology of the Edda: origin to the earliest periods of the history of our race, he is called Mid Othin, or Mittel Othin. A third Odin, these names being nothing more than early appellaaccording to Sühm, fled from the borders of the Cau- tions for Deity, and being afterward shared also by casus at the time of Pompey's conquests, 50 or 60 those individuals who had spread this particular woryears B.C. The fourth Odin he makes to have lived ship over different parts of the earth. (Consult Magin the third or fourth century of our era. All this, how-nusen, Mythol. Boreal. Lex., p. 261, seqq.-Niemcyever, far from being authenticated; though the north-er, Sagen, betreffend Othin, &c., Erf., 1821, 8vo.western emigration of Odin from the borders of the Leo, uber Othin's Verehrung in Deutschland, Erl., Caucasus to Scandinavia has the support of a uniform 1822, 8vo. - Klemm, Germ. Alterthumsk., p. 280, tradition in its favour. Odin was worshipped by the seqq.) German nations until their conversion to Christianity. ODOACER, a Gothic chief, who, according to some (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 16, p. 400.)-The legend authorities, was of the tribe of the Heruli. He origiof Odin evidently points to the introduction of religious nally served as a mercenary in the barbarian auxiliary rites and ceremonies among the northern nations by force which the later emperors of the West had taken some powerful leader from the East, who was himself, into their pay for the defence of Italy. After the two in some degree, identified after death with the deity rival emperors, Glycerius and Julius Nepos, were both whose worship ho had brought in with him. This de- driven from the throne, Orestes, a soldier from Panity appears to have been none other than the Budda nonia, clothed his own son Romulus, yet a minor, with of the East, just as the traditions of the North respect- the imperial purple, but retained all the substantial auing the Aser connect the mythology of Scandinavia thority in his own hands. The barbarian troops now in a very remarkable manner with that of Upper Asia. asked for one third of the lands of Italy, to be distrib(Vid. Asi.) The striking resemblance that exists be- uted among them as a reward for their services. Orestween Budda and Oilin, not only in many of their ap- tes having rejected their demand, they chose Odoacer pellations, but also in numerous parts of their worship, for their leader, who immediately marched against has been fully established by several Northern wri- Orestes, who had shut himself up in Ticinum or Paters. (Consult Magnusen, Eddalæren og dens Oprin- via. Odoacer took the city by storm, and gave it up delse, vol. 4, præf. v., seqq.-Id. b., vol. 4, p. 474, 478, to be plundered by his soldiers. Orestes himself was seqq.; 512, seqq.; 531, seqq.; 541, seqq.-Palmblad, taken prisoner, and led to Placentia, where he was pubde Budda et Wodan, Upsal, 1822, 4to.- Wallman, om licly executed. A.D. 475, exactly a twelvemonth after Odin och Budda, Holm., 1824, 8vo.—Compare Ritter, he had driven Nepos out of Italy. Romulus, who was Vorhalle, p. 472.-Sir W. Jones, Asiatic Researches, called Augustulus by way of derision, was in Ravenvol. 1, p. 511.—Id. ib., vol. 2, p. 343.) One feature, na, where he was seized by Odoacer, who stripped him however, in which these two deities approximate very of his imperial ornaments, and banished him to a casclosely, is too remarkable to be here omitted. The tle in Campania, but allowed him an honourable mainsame planet, namely, Mercury, is sacred to both; and tenance. Odoacer now proclaimed himself King of the same day of the week (Wednesday) is called after Italy, rejecting the imperial titles of Cæsar and Augus⚫ each of them respectively. Thus we have the follow- tus. For this reason the Western empire is considing appellations for this day among the natives of In-ered as having ended with the deposition of Romulus dia in the Birman, Buddahu: in the Malabaric, Bu- Augustulus, the son of Orestes. Odoacer's authority den-kirumei, &c. So again, some of the names given did not extend beyond the boundaries of Italy. Little to Budda coincide very closely with those of Odin. is known of the events of his reign until the invasion Thus we may compare the Godama, Gotama, and of Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, who, at the inSamana-Codam of the former, with the Godan, Gu-stigation, as some historians assert, of Zeno, emperor tan, Guodan, &c., of the latter. (The Westphalians of the East, marched from the banks of the Danube to 1 dispossess Odoacer of his kingdom. Theodoric, at | richer and more complete; although, indeed, from the the head of a large army, defeated Odoacer near Aquileia, and entered Verona without opposition. Odoacer shut himself up in Ravenna, A.D. 489. The war, however, lasted for several years; Odoacer made a brave resistance, but was compelled by famine to surrender Ravenna, A.D. 493. Theodoric at first spared his life, but in a short time caused him to be put to death, and proclaimed himself King of Italy. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 16, p. 400.) union of two actions, some roughnesses have been produced, which, perhaps, with a plan of this kind, could scarcely be avoided. While the poet represents the son of Ulysses, stimulated by Minerva, coming forward in Ithaca with newly-excited courage, and calling the suiters to account before the people, and then afterward describes him as travelling to Pylos and Sparta in order to obtain intelligence of his lost father, he gives us a picture of Ithaca and its anarchical condition, and of the rest of Greece in its state of peace after the return of the princes, which produces the finest contrast; and, at the same time, he prepares Telemachus for playing an energetic part in the work of vengeance, which by this means becomes more probable.-The Odyssey is indisputably, as well as the IIiad, a poem possessing a unity of subject; nor can any one of its chief parts be removed without leaving a chasm in the development of the leading idea; but it differs from the Iliad in being composed on a more artificial and more complicated plan. This is the case partly, because, in the first and greater division of the poem, up to the sixteenth book, two main actions are carried on side by side; and partly, because the action, which passes within the compass of the poem, and, as it were, beneath our eyes, is greatly extended by means of an episodical narration, by which the ODRYSÆ, one of the most numerous and warlike of the Thracian tribes. Under the dominion of Sitalces, a king of theirs, was established what is called in history the empire of the Odrysæ. Thucydides, who has entered into considerable detail on this subject, observes, that of all the empires situated between the Ionian Gulf and the Euxine, this was the most considerable, both in revenue and opulence. Its military force was, however, very inferior to that of Scy thia both in strength and numbers. The empire of Sitalces extended along the coast from Abdera to the mouths of the Danube, a distance of four days' and nights' sail; and in the interior, from the sources of the Strymon to Byzantium, a journey of thirteen days. The first founder of this empire appears to have been Teres. (Herod., 7, 137.-Thucyd., 2, 29.) For farther remarks on the Odrysæ, see the article Thracia. ODYSSEA, I. a city of Hispania Bætica, north of Ab-chief action itself is made distinct and complete, and dera, among the mountains. It was founded, according to a fabulous tradition, by Ulysses. (Posidon., Artemidor., Asclep., Myrl., ap. Strab., 149.- Eustath. ad Od, p. 1379.-Id. ad Dionys. Perieg., 281. -Steph. Byz., 8. v. - Tzschucke ad Me!., 3, 1, 6.) Some have supposed it to be the same with Olisippo or Ulysippo (now Lisbon), and very probably we owe Odyssea to the same fabulous legend which assigns Ulysses as the founder of Ulysippo. There must have been a town in Bætica, the name of which, resembling in some degree the form Odyssea ('Odvooɛia), the Greeks, in their usual way, converted into the latter, and then appended to it the fable respecting a founding by Ulysses. (Consult Ukert, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 351.Merula, Cosmogr., pt. 2, 1. 2, c. 26.)-II. A promontory of Sicily, near Pachynum, supposed by Fazellus to be the same with the present Cabo Marzo. (Bischoff und Möller, Wörterb. der Geogr., p. 798.) —III. The second of the two great poems ascribed to Homer. It consists, like the Iliad, of twenty-four books; and the subject is the return of Ulysses ('Odvoosus), after the fall of Troy, from a land lying beyond the range of human intercourse or knowledge, to a home invaded by a band of insolent intruders, who seek to rob him of his wife and kill his son. Hence, the Odyssey begins exactly at that point where the hero is considered to be farthest from his home, in the island of Ogygia, at the navel, that is, the central part, of the sea; where the nymph Calypso (Kahví, “The Concealer") has kept him hidden from all mankind for seven years; thence, having, by the help of the gods, who pity his misfortunes, passed through the dangers prepared for him by his implacable enemy, Poseidon or Neptune, he gains the land of the Phæacians, a careless, peaceable, and effeminate nation, to whom war is only known by means of poetry. Borne along by a marvellous Phæacian vessel, he reaches Ithaca sleeping; here he is entertained by the honest swineherd Eumæus, and, having been introduced into his own house as a beggar, he is there made to suffer the harshest treatment from the suiters, in order that he may afterward appear with the stronger right as a terrible avenger. With this simple story a poet might have been satisfied; and we should, even in this form, notwithstanding its smaller extent, have placed the poem almost on an equality with the Iliad. But the poet to whom we are indebted for the Odyssey in a complete form, has interwoven a second story, by which the poem is rendered much the most marvellous part of the story is transferred from the mouth of the poet to that of the hero him self.-It is plain that the plan of the Odyssey, as well as that of the Iliad, offered many opportunities for enlargement by the insertion of new passages; and many irregularities in the course of the narration, and its occasional diffuseness, may be explained in this manner. The latter, for example, is observable in the amusements offered to Ulysses when entertained by the Phæacians; and some of the ancients even questioned the genuineness of the passage about the dance of the Phæacians, and the song of Demodocus respecting the loves of Mars and Venus, although this part of the Odyssey appears to have been at least extant in the 50th Olympiad (B. C. 580-577), when the chorus of the Phæacians was represented on the throne of the Amyclæan Apollo. (Pausan., 3, 18, 7.) So likewise Ulysses' account of his adventures contains many interpolations, particularly in the nekyia, or invocation of the dead, where the ancients had already attributed an important passage (which, in fact, destroys the unity and connexion of the narrative) to the diaskeuasta, or interpolators; among others, to the Orphic Onomacritus, who, in the time of the Pisistratidæ, was employed in collecting the poems of Homer. (Schol. ad Od., 11, 104.) Moreover, the Alexandrine critics, Aristophanes and Aristarchus, considered the whole of the last part (from Od. 23, 296, to the end), from the recognition of Penelope, as added åt a later period. Nor can it be denied that it has great defects; in particular, the description of the arrival of the suiters in the infernal regions is only a second and feebler nekyia, which does not precisely accord with the first, and is introduced in this place without sufficient reason. At the same time, the Odyssey could never have been considered as concluded until Ulysses had embraced his father Laertes, who is often mentioned in the course of the poem, and until a peaceful state of things had been restored, or begun to be restored, in Ithaca. It is not, therefore, likely that the original Odyssey altogether wanted some passage of this kind; but it was probably much altered by the Homeridæ, until it assumed the form in which we now possess it.-That the Odyssey was written after the Iliad, and that many differences are apparent in the character and manners both of men and gods, as well as in the management of the language, is quite clear; but it is diffi cult and hazardous to raise upon this foundation any ny consisting of the natives and certain Sicilians intermingled. (Compare Silius Ital., 3, 257.) It was a small place in comparison with the neighbouring Leptis, and yet was able to sustain a contest with this city about their respective boundaries, by the aid of the Garamantes in its vicinity. (Tacit., Hist., 4, 50.) In the reign of Valentinian, the Tripolitan cities were for the first time obliged to shut their gates against a hostile invasion of the savages of Gætulia; and, find ing themselves unprotected by the venal commander to whom the defence of Africa was intrusted, they joined the rebellious standard of a Moor. The insurrection was suppressed by the ability of Theodosius, the Roman general. Seventy years after, the whole country was ravaged by the Vandals. In the sixth century, Ea no longer existed, since Procopius, who speaks of the walls of the other cities in Tripoli being rebuilt, passes over Ea in silence. The ruins of the ancient city are said to lie four geographical miles to the east of the modern Tripoli (or, as the natives call it, Tarables). Ptolemy writes the name of the city 'Ewa (Eoa); the Peutinger Table gives Osa, and the Antonine Itinerary Eea. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 2, p. 135.) AGRUS, the father of Orpheus by Calliope. He was king of Thrace, and from him Mount Hemus, and also Hebrus, one of the rivers of the country, have received the appellation of Eagrius, which thus becomes equivalent to "Thracius" or "Thracicus." (Ovid, Ib, 484.-Virg., G., 4, 524.—Apollod., 1, 3.) definite conclusions as to the person and age of the poet. With the exception of the anger of Neptune, who always works unseen in the obscure distance, the gods appear in a milder form; they act in unison, without dissension or contest, for the relief of mankind, not, as is so often the case in the Iliad, for their destruction. It is, however, true, that the subject afforded far less occasion for describing the violent and angry passions and vehement combats of the gods. At the same time, the gods all appear a step higher above the human race; they are not represented as descending in a bodily form from their dwellings on Mount Olympus, and mixing in the tumult of the battle, but they go about in human forms, only discernible by their superior wisdom and prudence, in the company of the adventurous Ulysses and the intelligent Telemachus. But the chief cause of this difference is to be sought in the nature of the story, and, we may add, in the fine tact of the poet, who knew how to preserve unity of subject and harmony of tone in his picture, and to exclude everything irrelevant. The attempt of many learned writers to discover a different religion and mythology for the Iliad and the Odyssey, leads to the most arbitrary dissection of the two poems. M. Constant, in particular, in his celebrated work "De la Religion" (vol. 3), has been forced to go to this length, as he distinguishes "trois espèces de mythologie" in the Homeric poems, and determines from them the age of the different parts. It ought, however, above all things, to have been made clear how the fable of the Iliad could have been treated by a professor of this supposed religion of the Odyssey, without introducing quarrels, battles, and vehement excitement among the gods; in which there would have been no difficulty, if the difference of character in the gods of the two poems were introduced by the poet, and did not grow out of the subject. On the other hand, the human race appears, in the houses of Nestor, Menelaüs, and especially of Alcinoüs, in a far more agreeable state, and one of far greater comfort and luxury, than in the Iliad. But where could the enjoyments, to which the Atridæ, in their native palace, and the peaceable Phracians could securely abandon themselves, find a place in a rough camp? Granting, however, that a different taste and feeling is shown in the choice of the subject and in the whole arrangement of the poem, yet there is not a greater difference ECHALIA, I. a city of Thessaly, in the district of than is found in the inclinations of the same man in Estiæotis. (Hom., Il., 2, 729.) Homer here couples the prime of life and in old age; and, to speak can-it with Tricca and Ithome, and of course means by it didly, we know no other argument, adduced by the a Thessalian city. Many poets, however, as Strabo Chorizontes both of ancient and modern times, for at- observes, not adhering to the Homeric geography, tributing the wonderful genius of Homer to two differ- were of opinion that chalia was in Euboea, as Sophent individuals. It is certain that the Odyssey, in re-ocles, for instance, in his Trachinis; while others spect of its plan and the conception of its chief characters, of Ulysses himself, of Nestor and Menelaüs, stands in the closest affinity with the Iliad; that it always presupposes the existence of the earlier poem, and silently refers to it; which also serves to explain the remarkable fact, that the Odyssey mentions many occurrences in the life of Ulysses which lie out of the compass of the action, but not one which is celebrated in the Iliad. If the completion of the Iliad and the Odyssey seems too vast a work for the lifetime of one man, we may, perhaps, have recourse to the supposition, that Homer, after having sung the Iliad in the vigour of his youthful years, communicated in his old age to some devoted disciple the plan of the Odyssey, which had long been working in his mind, and left it to him for completion. (Müller, Hist. Gr. Lit., p. 57, seqq.) EA, I. a town in the island of Egina, above 20 stadia from the capital. (Herod., 5, 83)--II. A town in the island of Thera, called also Calliste. III. A city on the coast of Africa, between the two Syrtes, and forming, together with Sabrata and Leptis Magna, the district called Tripolis. This city first grew up under the Roman sway, and was founded by a colo CEBALIA, I. the ancient name of Laconia, which it received from balus, one of its ancient kings. (Serv. ad Virg., Georg., 4, 125.) Hence Ebalius is used by the poets as equivalent to Laconicus or Spartanus, and is applied to Castor and Pollux (" Ebalii fratres," Statius, Sylv., 3, 2, 10), to Helen ("Ebalia pellex," Ovid, Rem. Am., 458), to Hyacinthus (“Œbalius puer," Martial, 14, 173), &c.-II. A name applied to Tarentum, because founded by a Spartan colony. (Plin., 3, 11.—Flor., 1, 18.) EBALUS, I. a son of Argulius, king of Laconia, which country received from him, among the poets, the name of balia. He was the father of Tyndarus, and grandfather of Helen. (Hygin., fab., 78)—II. A son of Telon, king of Capres, and of the nymph Sebethis. (Virg., Æn., 7, 734.—Serv., ad loc.) consigned it to Arcadia or Messenia. (Strabo, 438.Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 362.)—II. A city of Ætolia, belonging to the tribe of Eurytanes. (Strabo, 448.)-III. A city of Euboea, where Eurytus reigned, and which was destroyed by Hercules. But this opinion, which is maintained by many writers, would seem not to have been a well-grounded one, and we ought to look, in all probability, for the Echalia of Eurytus in Thessaly. (Vid. Echalia I.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 139.)-IV. A city of Messenia, according to some the residence of Eurytus. (Pausan, 4, 33) This is, however, a question which has been much agitated by the commentators on Homer; for, as Strabo remarks, the poet seems to speak of two places of that name, both belonging to Eurytus, one in Thessaly, the other in Messenia; it was from the latter that Thamyris, the Thracian bard, was proceeding on his way to Dorium, another Messenian city, when he encountered the Muses, who deprived him of his art. (Il., 2, 594.) Apollodorus acknowledged only one Echalia of Eurytus, which he placed in Thessaly; but Demetrius of Scepsis admitted also the Messenian city, which he identified with Andania, a |