lived in wandering tribes, as the Scythians, Arabs, &e. Sallust makes the Numidians to have obtained their name in this way (Bell. Jug., 18), but without the least propriety. The term Numide is evidently of Phoenician origin. Le Clerc explains Numidæ by Nemoudim, "wanderers" (Cleric., ad Gen., 10, 6).

receiving its own from the adjacent Natron lakes. | Greeks for the pastoral nations of antiquity, which Many Christians were accustomed to flee hither for refuge during the early persecutions of the church. (Sezom., 6, 31.—Socrat., Eccles., 4, 23.—Plin., 5, 9. -Id., 31, 10.)

NIVARIA, I. one of the Fortunate Insulæ, off the western coast of Mauritania Tingitana. It is now the island of Teneriffe. The name Nivaria has reference NOMENTUM, a city of Italy, in the territory of the to the snows which cover the summits of the island Sabines, and to the northeast of Rome. It was a colfor a great part of the year. It was also called Con- ony of Alba (Dion. Hal., 2, 53), and therefore origivallis. (Plin., 4, 32.)-II. A city of Hispania Tar-nally, perhaps, a Latin city (Liv, 1, 38), but from its raconensis, in the territory of the Vaccæi, and to the position it is generally attributed to the Sabines. Nonorth of Cauca. (Itin. Ant., 435.) mentum was finally conquered, with several other towns, A.U.C. 417, and admitted to the participation of the privileges granted to Latin municipal cities. (Liv., 8, 14.) It was, however, but an insignificant place in the time of Propertius (4, 10). Its territory was nevertheless long celebrated for the produce of its vineyards; and hence, in the time of Seneca and Pliny, we find that land in this district was sold for enormous sums. The former had an estate in the vicinity of this town, which was his favourite retreat. (Epist., 104.- Plin., 14, 4. — Columella, R. R., 3, 3.) The wine of Nomentum is cominended by Athenæus (1, 48) and Martial (1, 85). The poet had a farm near this spot, to which he makes frequent allusions. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 305.)

ans, who had written on the difference between words, | Baoσapikά. It is in 48 books or cantos, and gives an extracts published by Gothofredus (Godefroi), among account of the adventures of Dionysus or Bacchus, others, we find fragments of the writings of Marcellus from the time of his birth to his return from his expe(p. 1335). Some modern critics have formed rather an unfavourable opinion of Nonius Marcellus. G. J. Vossius says that he is deficient in learning and judgment; and Justus Lipsius treats him as a man of very weak mind. (Voss, de Philolol., 5, 13.-Lips., Antiq. Lect., 2, 4.) On the other hand, Isaac Vossius laments the hard fate of this grammarian, whom, according to him, modern scholars have been accustomed to insult because unable to understand his writings (ad Catull., p. 212). It is certain, that no ancient grammarian is so rich in his citations from previous writers, which he often gives without passing any opinion upon them. It is sufficient, however, for modern scholars to obtain these citations; nor need they, in fact, regret that the compiler has not appended to them his individual sentiments. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 3, p. 310, seqq.)

dition into India; and the early books also contain, by way of introduction, the history of Europa and Cadmus, the battle of the giants, and numerous other mythological stories. There are few works about the merits of which the opinions of the learned have been more divided than this last-mentioned production of Nonnus. He who would be a competent judge in this matter, must possess as much taste as erudition, and, unfortunately, these two qualities are not often found united in the same individual. The first editor of Nonnus, Falckenberg, a philologist of the 16th century, carried his admiration so far as to place the poet on a level with Homer. Julius Cæsar Scaliger even preferred him to Homer; while Politian and Muretus, without carrying their enthusiasm to such an extreme, held him, however, in the highest estimation. On the other hand, Nicholas Heinsius, Peter Cunæus, Joseph NONNUS, I. a native of Panopolis in Egypt, and Scaliger, and Rapin, allowed Nonnus no merit whatdistinguished for his poetical abilities. The precise ever. The truth probably lies between these two experiod when he flourished is involved in great un-tremes. In order to judge fairly of Nonnus, we must certainty, nor is anything known with accuracy re- be careful to put away from our minds every idea of specting the circumstances of his life. Conjecture a regular epic poem, and must consider the AtovvoLhas been called in to supply the place of positive infor- akú merely as a species of exercise or declamation mation. Nonnus was, as appears from his produc- (ucherý) in verse, which has served the author for a tions, a man of great erudition, and we cannot doubt groundwork on which to display the fruits of vast readthat he was either educated at Alexandrea, or had ing and research. If we view the poem in this light, lived in that city, where all the Greek erudition cen- we shall find that it is not even wanting in a regular tred during the first ages of the Christian era. Was plan, and that there reigns throughout it all that order he born a Christian, or did he embrace Christianity and method which suffice for such a production. A after he had reached a certain age? We have here a man of taste very probably would never have selected question about which the ancients have left us in com- such a theme, yet Nonnus has displayed great spirit plete uncertainty. The author of the Dionysiaca must in the management of its details. His work is dishave been a pagan; for it is difficult to believe that tinguished by a great variety of fables, by the beauty any Christian, even supposing that he had made the of the images employed, and by the correctness of the Greek mythology a subject of deep study, would have sentiments which it contains; yet his style is unequal, felt inclined to turn his attention to a theme, in treat- sometimes bordering on simplicity, often emphatic; ing of which he must inevitably shock the feelings and sometimes easy and graceful, but much more frequently incur the censure of his fellow-Christians. And yet languid, prolix, and trivial. (Consult Ouwaroff, NonNonnus composed also a Christian poem.-It is prob- nus von Panopolis, der Dichter, &c., Petersb., 1817, able, then, that he was at first a pagan, and embraced 4to.)-But, whatever may be the rank which is to be the new religion at a subsequent period of his life. assigned to Nonnus in the list of poets, his Alovvotakά But here a new difficulty presents itself. How comes certainly possess a strong interest for us as a rich it that no Christian writer of the time makes mention storehouse of mythological traditions. It is sufficient, of the conversion of a man who must have acquired a in order to appreciate the importance of the work, high reputation for learning? To explain this silence, when considered in this light, to recollect the great it has been supposed that Nonnus was one of those number of poems of every kind of which Bacchus and pagan philosophers and sophists, who were a party in his mysterious rites were the subject, and of which the tumult at Alexandrea, which had been excited by nothing now remains to us but the mere titles and a the intolerance of the bishop Theophilus. To escape few fragments preserved by the erudition of Nonthe vengeance of their opponents, some of these phi- nus. Among these works that have thus perished losophers expatriated themselves, others submitted to may be enumerated five tragedies, bearing each the baptism. If Nonnus was in the number of the latter, title of "The Bacchantes," and having for their auit may easily be conceived that the ecclesiastical wri-thors Eschylus, Cleophon, Iophon, Xenocles, and ters of the day could derive no advantage to their Epigenes; two other tragedies of Eschylus, namely, cause from his conversion. (Weichert, de Nonno Pa- The Bassarides" and "Semele;" a piece by Carcinopolitano, Viteb., 1810.) This hypothesis fixes the nus; three pieces of schylus, Euripides, and Iophon, period when Nonnus flourished at the end of the fourth, each entitled "Pentheus;" two of Sophocles, each en and the commencement of the fifth century. He was titled "Athamas;" a satyric drama under the same then contemporary with Synesius. Now, among the name by Xenocles; various comedies entitled the letters of this philosopher, there is one (Ep. 43, ad Bacchantes," by Epicharmus, Antiphanes, Diocles, Anastas.) in which he recommends a certain Sosena, and Lysippus; together with a host of dithyrambics, son of Nonnus, a young man who, he says, has re- and other works both in prose and verse.-Hermann ceived a very careful education. He speaks, on this remarks, that Nonnus ought to be regarded as the resame occasion, of the misfortune into which Sosena's storer of the hexameter. After the example of Hofather had fallen, of losing all his property, and this mer, the poets anterior to Nonnus placed the cæsural very circumstance suits perfectly well the case of one pause on the first syllable of the third foot (called the who had been involved in the troubles at Alexandrea, penthemimeral pause in the language of the grammawhich had for their result the pillaging of the dwell-rians); they did not, however, at the same time, conings of the pagans.-We have already remarked that sider that the verses of the Iliad and Odyssey are there exist two poems composed by Nonnus: one of rich in dactyls, and that their own hexameters were these, the fruit, probably, of his old age, is a stranger rendered harsh by reason of the many spondees they to profane literature; it is a paraphrase on the gospel contained. What also interfered with the harmony of St. John. The other is entitled Atovvotakú or of their lines was the practice of regarding as short

sician, and author of a medical work still extant, entiled 'Emiroun τñs iaτρiкñç úñúons réxvns, “An epitome of the whole Medical Art." Nothing is known of his life, except that he composed his work at the command of the Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus (to whom also it is dedicated), who was most probably the seventh of that name, and who died A.D. 959. The real name of Nonnus is supposed by Freind, Sprengel, and Bernard to have been Theophanes, as he is called so in one MS., and as a physician of that name is found to have lived in the 10th century. In three MSS. the work is anonymous, and there is only one which mentions the name of Nonnus. This epitome is divided into 297 chapters, and contains a short account of most diseases and their treatment. It contains very little that is original, and is almost entirely compiled from Aëtius, Alexander Trallianus, and Paulus Egineta, from whom whole sentences are transcribed with hardly any variation.-There are only two editions of this work. The first is by Martius (who writes the author's name Nonus), Argent, 1568, 8vo. The last and best is by Bernard, and was published after his death in two vols. 8vo, Gotha et Amst., 1794, 1795, with copious and learned notes by the editor.

a vowel placed before a mute followed by a liquid, This Nonnus must not be confounded with the prein which they directly departed from Homeric usage. ceding. (Bentley on Phalaris, p. 80, ed. 1816.) He Nonnus, on his part, replaced a portion of the spondees was the author of a commentary on Gregory Nazian by dactyls, introduced the trochaic cæsura in the third zen's invectives against Julian, and of another on the foot, banished the trochees from the fourth, made long funeral discourse pronounced by the same father in the vowels followed by a mute with a liquid, excluded memory of St. Basil. The first of these commenta the hiatus excepting in phrases borrowed from Homer, ries, if they strictly deserve this name, contains a coland which had received the sanction of ages, and in- lection of all the mythological notices and legends to terdicted himself the license of making the cæsura which Gregory makes allusion in the course of his two fall upon a short syllable. If by these changes the works against Julian: the second contains all the nohexameter lost somewhat of its stateliness and grav- tices of Greek history introduced into the funeral disty, it gained, at the same time, in point of fulness course on St. Basil. An edition of the former was and elegance. In fine, versification, which had be- given by Montague, Eton, 1610, 4to, and of the latter come too easy, now resumed the rank of an art. in Creuzer's Opuscula Mythologica, etc., Lips., 1817. (Hermann, Orphica, p. 60.-Id., Elem. Doctr. Metr., 8vo. Bentley gives some amusing examples of the p. 333, ed. Lips., 1816.) A good edition of Nonnus mistakes commited by this Nonnus. (Diss. on Phal., is still a desideratum. The first edition of the Atovv-l. c.)-III. (sometimes called Nonus) A Greek phyotaka was given by Falckenberg, from a manuscript which is now at Vienna, from the Plantin press, Antwerp, 1569, in 4to. It contained merely the Greek text. This edition was reprinted by Wechel, with a poor translation by Lubin, at Hanover, in 1605, in 8vo. Cuneus published in 1610, at Leyden, Animadversiones in Nonnum, with a dissertation on the poet by Daniel Heinsius, and conjectures by Scaliger, which Wechel afterward joined to his edition of 1605, prefixing, at the same time, a new title-page. Few of the learned, after this, occupied themselves with Nonnus. In 1783, Villoison published in his Epistola Vinarienses (Turin, 4to), some good corrections made by an anonymous scholar on the margin of a copy of the edition of 1605. In 1809, Moser gave an edition of six books of the Alovvotaká (namely, from the 8th to the 13th inclusive) at Heidelberg. The part here edited contains the exploits of Bacchus previously to his Indian expedition. It is accompanied with notes, and with arguments for the entire poem. The latest and best edition, however, of the Acovvolakú is that of Græfe, Lips., 1819-1826, 2 vols. 8vo. The notes to this are merely critical. The editor has promised an explanatory and copious commentary; but this has not yet appeared. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 6, p. 79, seqq.)-The other work of Nonnus, the paraphrase of NORBA, I. a town of Latium, northeast of Antium, St. John's Gospel, was published for the first time by the position of which will nearly agree with the little Aldus Manutius at Venice, about 1501. (Compare, in place now called Norma. It is mentioned among the relation to this rare edition, Annal. des Aldes, vol. 1, early Latin cities by Pliny (3, 5); and Dionysius of p. 438.) The best edition, however, is that of Passow, Halicarnassus speaks of it as no obscure city of that Lips., 1834. The Paraphrase was translated into Lat- nation (7, 13). It was early colonized by the Romans in by several scholars, and has been very frequently re- as an advantageous station to check the inroads of the printed. (Consult Fabricius, Bibl. Gr., vol. 7, p. 687, Volsci. (Liv., 2, 34.) The zeal which it displayed, seqq.) Daniel Heinsius has criticized this production at a later day, in the cause of Marius, drew upon it too severely in his Aristarchus Sacer (Lugd. Bat., the vengeance of the adverse faction. Besieged by 1627, 8vo). The style is clear and easy, though not Lepidus, one of Sylla's generals, it was opened to very remarkable for poetry: the reproach, however, him by treachery; but the undaunted inhabitants chose which some make against it, that the work contains rather to perish by their own hands than become the expressions which cause his orthodoxy to be suspect-victims of a bloody conqueror. (Appian, Bell. Civ., ed, is not well grounded. The work is, in fact, of some value, as it contains a few important readings, which have been of considerable use to the editors of the Greek Testament. It omits the woman taken in adultery which we have at the beginning of the eighth chapter of St. John's Gospel, and which is considered by Griesbach and many other critics to be an interpolation. In chapter 19, verse 14, Nonnus appears to have read "about the third hour" instead of "the sixth." (Consult Griesbach, ad loc.)-There is also extant "A Collection of Histories or Fables," which is cited by Gregory Nazianzen in his work against Julian, and which is ascribed by some critics to the author of the "Dionysiaca." But Bentley has given good reasons for believing that the collection was composed by another individual of the same name. (Bentley, Diss. on Phalaris, p. 80, ed. 1816.)-II. An ecclesiastical writer, whose era is not ascertained. He is supposed, however, to have flourished subsequently to the fourth or fifth century, and before the eleventh.

1, 94) The name of C. Norbanus, who was descended from a distinguished family of this city, occurs frequently in the history of those disastrous times as a conspicuous leader on the side of Marius. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 106.)-II. A town of Apulia, northwest of Egnatia. The intervening distance is given on the Tabula Theodosiana at 16 miles. This ancient site is supposed to answer nearly to that of Conversano. (Romanelli, vol. 2, p. 179.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 300.)-III. Cæsarea, a city in the northwestern part of Lusitania. It was also called Colonia Norbensis or Casariana. (Plin., 4, 22.Id., 4, 35.) The ruins of this place are in the vicinity of the modern Alcantara. (Ukert, Geogr., v. 2, p. 396.)

NORBANUS, C., a native of Norba, of a distinguished family, and a conspicuous leader on the side of Marius. (Vid. Norba I.)

NORICUM, a province of the Roman empire, was bounded on the north by the Danube, on the west by Vindelicia and Rhætia, on the east by Pannonia, and

cœ.

NOVARIA, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, about ten miles northeast of Vercellæ, and to the west of Mediolanum. The modern name is Novara. It was situate on a river of the same name, now la Gogna. (Tacit., Hist., 1, 70.-Plin., 17, 22.)

NOVESIUM, a town of the Ubii, on the west of the Rhine, now called Neuss, and situate near Cologne. (Tacit., Hist., 4, 26.) Ptolemy calls it Novalotov, and Gregory of Tours Nivisium. The name Novesium occurs among the writers of the middle ages. (Pertz., Mon. Germ. Hist., vol. 1, p. 218, 459.)

NOVIODUNUM, I. a city of the Bituriges Cubi, in Gallia Aquitanica. (Cæs., B. G., 7, 12.) D'Anville and Mannert agree in placing its site near the modern Nouan. The more correct location, however, would be Nouan-le-Fuzélier. (Lemaire, Ind. Geogr., ad Cæs., s. v.)-II. A city of Gallia Lugdunensis, on the river Liger or Loire. It corresponds to the modern Nevers. (Cas., B. G., 7, 55.) In the Itin. Ant., p. 367, it is called Nivirnum.-III. A city of the Suessones, in Gallia Belgica, now Soissons. It was more commonly called Augusta Suessonum or Suessionum. (Cæs., B. G., 2, 12.-Bischoff und Möller, Wörterb. der Geogr., p. 133.)

on the south by Illyricum and Gallia Cisalpina. It was separated from Vindelicia by the Enus or Inn, and from Gallia Cisalpina by the Alpes Carnice or Julie; but it is difficult to determine the limits between Noricum and Pannonia, as they differed at various times. During the later periods of the Roman empire, Mount Cetius and part of the river Murius (Mur) appear to have formed the boundaries, and Noricum would thus correspond to the modern Styria, Carinthia, and Salzburg, and to part of Austria and Bavaria. A geographer who wrote in the reign of Constantius, the son of Constantine the Great, includes Germania, Rhætia, and the Ager Noricus in one province. (Bode, Mythographi Vaticani, vol. 2.) Noricum is not mentioned by name in the division of the Roman empire made by Augustus, but it may be included among the Eparchies of the Cæsar. (Strabo, 840.)-Noricum was divided into two nearly equal parts by a branch of the Alps, called the Alpes NoriThese mountains appear to have been inhabited from the earliest times by various tribes of Celtic origin, of whom the most celebrated were the Norici (whence the country obtained its name), a remnant of the Taurisci. Noricum was conquered by Augustus; but it is uncertain whether he reduced it into the form NOVIOMAGUS, or NEOMAGUS, I. or NOVIOMAGUM, a of a province. It appears, however, to have been a city of the Batavi, now Nimuegen. In the Peutinger province in the time of Claudius, who founded the Table it is called Niumaga.-II. The capital of the colony Sabaria, which was afterward included in Pan- | Lexubii or Lixovii, in Gallia Lugdunensis. Accordnonia. (Plin., 3, 27.) It was under the government ing to Mannert, it corresponds to the modern Caen; of a procurator. (Tacit., Hist., 1, 11.) From the others, however, are in favour of the modern Lisieux. "Notitia Imperii" we learn, that Noricum was sub- -III. or Augusta Nemetum, the capital of the Nemesequently divided into two provinces, Noricum Ri- tes, now Spires.-IV. A city of the Bituriges Vivispense and Noricum Mediterraneum, which were sep-ci, in Gallia Aquitanica. According to Mannert, it is arated from each other by the Alpes Noricæ. In the now Castillon, not far from the mouth of the Gironde. former of these, which lay along the Danube, a strong Reichard, however, decides in favour of Castelnau de military force was always stationed, under the com- Medoc.-V. A city of Britain, the capital of Regni, mand of a Dux.-In addition to the Norici, Noricum the remains of which may be traced at Woodcote, was inhabited in the west by the Sevaces, Alauni, and near Croydon. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. Ambisontii, and the east by the Ambidravi or Ambi- 159.)-VI. A city of the Treveri, on the Mosella, now drani but of these tribes we know scarcely anything Numagen or Neumagen.-VII. A city of the Veroexcept the names. Of the towns of Noricum the best mandui, in Belgica Secunda, now Noyon. It is also known was Noreia, the capital of the Taurisci or No-called Novionum or Noviomum. (Pertz., Mon. Germ rici, which was besieged in the time of Cæsar by the powerful nation of the Boii. (Cas., B. G., 1, 5.) It was subsequently destroyed by the Romans. (Plin., 3, 23.) The only other towns worthy of mention were, Juvanum (Salzburg), in the western part of the province; Boiodurum (Innstadt), at the junction of the Inn and Danube; and Ovilia, or Ovilaba, or Ovilava (Wels), southeast of Boiodurum, a Roman colony founded by Marcus Aurelius.-The iron of Noricum was in much request among the Romans (Plin., 24, 41), and, according to Polybius, gold was once found in this province in great abundance. (Polyb., ap. Strab., 208.-Encycl. Üs. Knowl., vol. 16, p. 274.) NORTIA, a name given to the goddess of Fortune among the Vulsinii. (Livy, 7, 3.) Tertullian calls her Nersia. (Apolog., c. 24.)

NOTHUS, the surname of Darius Ochus among the Greeks. (Vid. Ochus.)

NOTIUM, the harbour of Colophon, in Asia Minor. After the destruction of Colophon by Lysimachus, and the death of that prince, Notium became a flourishing city, and would seem from some authorities to have assumed the name of Colophon instead of its own. New Colophon certainly occupied a different site from the ancient city. (Plin., 5, 29.-Liv., 37, 36.)

NOTUS, the south wind (from the Greek Nóros), and corresponding to the Latin Auster. The term vóroç itself is supposed to be derived from the same root with voris, "dampness" or "humidity," with reference to the damp and humid character of the south wind in both Greece and Italy. (Aul. Gell., 2, 22.) It is also spoken of by the ancients as a stormy wind. (Horat., Epod., 10, 19.—Virg., Æn., 6, 355.—Ovid, Her., 2, 12.)

Hist., vol. 1, p. 30, 63, 146, &c.)

Nox, one of the most ancient deities, daughter of Chaos. From her union with her brother Erebus, she gave birth to the Day and the Light. She was also the mother of the Parca, Hesperides, Dreams, of Discord, Death, Momus, Fraud, &c. She is called by some of the poets the mother of all things, of gods as well as of men, and was worshipped with great solemnity. A black sheep and a cock, the latter as announcing the approach of day, were sacrificed to her.— Night was represented under various forms: as riding in a chariot preceded by the constellations, with wings, to denote the rapidity of her course; as traversing the firmament seated in her car, and covered with a black veil studded with stars. Sometimes her veil seems to be floating on the wind, while she approaches the earth to extinguish a flaming torch which she carries in her hand. She has often been confounded with Diana, or the moon and her statue was placed in the temple of that goddess at Ephesus. (Hygin., Praf-Serv., ad Virg., En., 6, 250.-Tibull, 3, 4, 17.—Virg., En., 5, 721, &c.)

NUCERIA, I. a town of Cisalpine Gaul, north of Brixellum, now Luzzara. (Ptol., p. 64.)-II. A city of Umbria, some distance to the north of Spoletium, and situate on the Flaminian Way. It is now Nocera. It is noticed by Strabo for its manufacture of wooden vessels. (Strab., 227.)-III. A town of Campania, about twelve miles south of Nola, now Nocera de Pagani. The appellation of Alfaterna was commonly attached to it, to distinguish it from the other places of the same name. (Liv., 10, 41.-Plin., 3, 5.) It was said to have been founded by the Pelasgi Sanastes. (Conon., ap. Serv. ad En., 7, 738.) Nuceria was

besieged by Hannibal after his unsuccessful attack on Nola, and, on its being deserted by the inhabitants, he caused it to be sacked and burned. (Liv., 23, 15.) We learn from Tacitus (Ann., 13, 31), that, under the reign of Nero, Nuceria was restored and colonized. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 212.)

NUITHONES, a people of Germany, whose territory appears to have corresponded to the southeastern part of Mecklenburg. (Tacit., Germ., 40.)

[ject of considerable dispute; but it appears most prob able that its ruins are those near the modern Puente de Don Garray. (Ukert, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 455.)—~ Numantia is memorable in history for the war which it carried on against the Romans for the space of fourteen years. (Flor., 2, 18.) Strabo states that the war lasted twenty years; but he appears, as Casaubon has remarked, to include in this period the contest which was carried on by Viriathus. (Strab., 162.-Casaub., NUMA POMPILIUS, the second king of Rome, was, ad loc.) The Numantines were originally induced to according to tradition, a native of the Sabine town of engage in this war through the influence of Viriathus. Cures. On the death of Romulus, the senate at first They were first opposed by Quintus Pompeius, the chose no king, and took upon itself the government consul, B.C. 141, who was defeated with great slaughof the state; but, as the people were more oppress- ter (Oros., 5, 4), and who afterward offered to make ively treated than before, they insisted that a king peace with them, on condition of their paying thirty should be appointed. A contest, however, arose, re- talents of silver. This negotiation was broken off by specting the choice of a monarch, between the Ro- M. Popillius, who succeeded Pompeius, B.C. 139. mans and Sabines, and it was at length agreed that Popillius, however, did not meet with any better sucthe former should select a king out of the latter. cess than his predecessor; he was ignominiously deTheir choice fell upon Numa Pompilius, who was re-feated, and obliged to retire from the country. His vered by all for his wisdom, which, according to a successors, Mancinus, Emilius, Lepidus, and Piso, popular tradition, he had derived from Pythagoras. met with similar disasters; till at length the Roman Numa would not, however, accept the sovereignty till people, alarmed at the long continuance of the war, aphe was assured by the auspices that the gods approved pointed the younger Scipio Africanus consul, B.C. 134 of his election. Instructed by the Camena or Nymph (twelve years after the destruction of Carthage), for the Egeria, he founded the whole system of the Roman express purpose of conquering the Numantines. After religion; he increased the number of Augurs, regula- levying a large army, he invested the place; and having ted the duties of the Pontifices, and appointed the in vain endeavoured to take it by storm, he turned the Flamines, the Vestal Virgins, and the Salii. He for- siege into a blockade, and obtained possession of the bade all costly sacrifices, and allowed no blood to be place, B.C. 133, at the end of a year and three months shed upon the altars, nor any images of the gods to from the time of his first attack. The Numantines be made. In order to afford a proof that all his insti- displayed the greatest courage and heroism during the tutions were sanctioned by divine authority, he is said whole of the siege; and, when their provisions had to have given a plain entertainment, in earthenware entirely failed, they set fire to the city, and perished dishes, to the noblest among his subjects, during amid the flames. (Appian, lib. 6.—Flor., 2, 17, seq. which, upon the appearance of Egeria, all the dishes-Liv., Epit., 57.-Vell. Paterc., 2, 4.-Encycl. Us. were changed into golden vessels, and the food into Knowl., vol. 16, p. 363.) viands fit for the gods. Numa also divided among NUMENIUS, I. a Greek philosopher of the Platonic his subjects the lands which Romulus had conquered school, who is supposed to have flourished about the in war; and he secured their inviolability by ordering beginning of the third century of our era. He was landmarks to be set on every portion, which were con- born at Apamea in Syria, and was regarded as an orsecrated to Terminus, the god of boundaries. He di-acle of wisdom. Both Origen and Plotinus mention vided the artisans, according to their trades, into nine companies or corporations. During his reign, which is said to have lasted thirty-nine years, no war was carried on; the gates of Janus were shut, and a temple was built to Faith. He died of gradual decay, in a good old age, and was buried under the hill Janiculum; and near him, in a separate tomb, were buried the books of his laws and ordinances.-Such was the traditional account of the reign of Numa Pompilius, who belongs to a period in which it is impossible to separate truth from fiction. According to Niebuhr, and the writers who adopt his views of Roman history, the reign of Numa is considered, in its political aspect, only as a representation of the union between the Sabines and the original inhabitants of Rome, or, in other words, between the tribes of the Titienses and the Ramnes. (Liv., 1, 18, seqq.--Dion. Hal., 2, 58, seqq.-Cic., de Repub., 2, 12, seqq.- Plut., Vit. Num-Histories of Rome, by Niebuhr, Arnold, and Malden. Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 16, p. 363.)

him with respect. He was the author of a treatise entitled Περὶ τῆς τῶν ̓Ακαδημαϊκῶν περὶ Πλάτωνα διασráσews, "Of the disagreement among the Academic philosophers respecting Plato." Eusebius has preserved a few fragments of this work. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 5, p. 107.)—II. A Greek rhetorician, who flourished in the time of the Antonines. He wrote two works, which have been printed in the Aldine Rhetorical Collection. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 4, p. 328.)-III. An epigrammatic poet, a native of Tarsus. (Jacobs, Catal. Poet. Epigr., p. 926.)

NUMERIANUS, MARCUS AURELIUS, succeeded to the throne conjointly with his elder brother Carinus, after the death of their father Carus, at the beginning of A.D. 284. Numerianus was with the army in Mesopotamia at the death of Probus; but, instead of following up the advantage which his father had gained over the Persians, he was compelled by the army to abandon the conquests which had been already made, and to retreat to Syria. During the retreat, a weakness of NUMANTIA, a celebrated town of the Celtiberi in the eyes obliged him to confine himself to the darkSpain, on the river Durius (now the Douro), at no ness of a litter, which was strictly guarded by the great distance from its source. (Strabo, 162.-Ap- prætorians. The administration of all affairs, civil as pian, Rom. Hist., 6, 91.) It appears to have been well as military, devolved on Arrius Aper, the prætɔthe capital of the Arevaci (Appian, 6, c. 46, 66, 76.—rian prefect, his father-in-law. The army was eight Ptol., 2, 6), but Pliny states that it was a town of the Pelendones, a people who lived a little to the north of the Arevaci. Numantia was situate on a steep hill of moderate size. According to Florus (2, 18), it possessed no walls, but was surrounded on three sides by very thick woods, and could only be approached on one side, which was defended by ditches and palisades. (Appian, 6, c. 76, 91.) It was twenty-four stadia in circumference. The site of this place has been a sub

months on its march from the banks of the Tigris to the Thracian Bosporus, and during all that time the imperial authority was exercised in the name of the emperor, who never appeared to his soldiers. Reports at length spread among them that their emperor was no longer living; and when they had reached the city of Chalcedon, they could not be prevented from breaking into the imperial tent, where they found only his corpse. Suspicion naturally fell upon Arrius; and