NEBRISSA, OF COLONIA VENEREA NEBRISSA, a town | to the south of the equator this must have really taken of the Turdetani, in Hispania Bætica, northeast of Ga-place, and that the historian's unbelief arose entirely des, and southwest of Hispalis. It is now Lebrija or from his ignorance of the real figure of the earth. Labrixa. (Strabo, 143.-Plin., 3, 3.) (Vid. Africa, p. 79, col. 1.) NEBRODES, a general name for the chain of mountains running through the northern part of Sicily. The Greek name is Nevpúdn opn. (Strabo, 274.-Sil. Ital., 14, 234) NECROPOLIS (from νεκρός, dead," and ÓMS, "city"), the city of the dead; a name beautifully applied to the cemeteries in the neighbourhood of many of the ancient cities, such as Thebes in Egypt, Cyrene, Alexandrea, &c. NECHO, a king of Egypt who endeavoured to open a communication, by means of a canal, between the NECTANEBIS, a king of Egypt, cousin to Tachos, Red Sea and the Mediterranean. The attempt was and proclaimed king during the absence of the latter, abandoned, after the loss of 120,000 men, by order of with the Egyptian forces, in Phoenicia. He was supan oracle, which warned the monarch "that he was ported by Agesilaus, whom Tachos had offended by working for the barbarian" (7 ßaрbúрw avτòv πро- rejecting his advice. Aided by the Spartan king, Epуúlcolat.-Herod., 2, 158). The true cause, how- Nectanebis defeated a competitor for the crown from ever, of the enterprise having been abandoned would Mendes, and was at last firmly established in his kingseem to have been the discovery, that the water of the dom. Being subsequently attacked by Artaxerxes Arabian Sea stood higher than the sandy plains through Ochus, who wished to reduce Egypt once more under which the canal would have to run. (Compare Aris- the Persian sway, he met with adverse fortune, and tot., Meteorol., 1, 14.—Strabo, 804.)—A similar attempt fled into Ethiopia, whence he never returned. Necwas made, but with no better success, by Darius Hys- tanebis was the last king of Egypt of the Egyptian taspis. (Herod., l. c.) Ptolemy Philadelphus at last race. (Plut., Vit. Ages.-Diod. Sic., 15, 92. — Id., accomplished this important work. An account of it 16, 48, seqq.)-As regards the variations in the oris given by Strabo (804) from Artemidorus. (Com-thography of the name, consult Wesseling, ad Diod. pare Mannert's remarks on Strabo's statement, Geogr., Sic, 15, 92. vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 507, seqq.)—This same Necho is also famous in the annals of geographical discovery for a voyage which, according to Herodotus (4, 42), he caused to be performed around Africa, for the solution of the grand mystery which involved the form and termination of that continent. He was obliged to employ, not native, but Phoenician navigators, of whose proceedings Herodotus received an account from the Egyptian priests. They were ordered to sail down the Red Sea, pass through the Columns of Hercules (Straits of Gibraltar), and so up the Mediterranean to Egypt; in other words, to circumnavigate Africa. The Phoenicians related, that, passing down the Red Sea, they entered the Southern Ocean; on the approach of autumn, they landed on the coast and planted corn; when this was ripe, they cut it down and again departed. Having thus consumed two years, they, in the third, doubled the Columns of Hercules and returned to Egypt. They added, that, in passing the most southern coast of Africa, they were surprised to observe the sun on their right hand; a statement which Herodotus himself rejects as impossible. Such is all the account transmitted to us of this extraordinary voyage, which has given rise to a learned and voluminous controversy. Rennell, in his Geography of Herodotus; Vincent, in his Periplus of the Eryth-licon.) ræan Sea; and Gossellin, in his Geography of the Ancients, have exhausted almost every possible argument; the first in its favour, the two latter to prove that it never did or could take place. To these last it appears impossible that ancient mariners, with their slender resources, creeping in little row-galleys along the coast, steering without the aid of a compass, and unable to venture to any distance from land, could have performed so immense a circuit. All antiquity, they observe, continued to grope in doubt and darkness respecting the form of Africa, which was only fully established several thousand years afterward by the expedition of Gama. On the other side, Rennell urges that, immense as this voyage was, it was entirely along a coast of which the navigators never required to lose sight even for a day; that their small barks were well equipped, and better fitted than ours for coasting navigation; and that these, drawing very little water, could be kept quite close to the shore, and even be drawn on land whenever an emergency made this step indispensable. The statement that, at the extremity of Africa, they saw the sun on the right, that is, to the north of them (a fact which causes Herodotus peremptorily to reject their report), affords the strongest confirmation of it to us, who know that | NELEUS (two syllables), I. a son of Neptune and Tyro. He was brother to Pelias, with whom he was exposed by his mother, who wished to conceal her frailty from her father. They were preserved and brought to Tyro, who had then married Cretheus, king of Iolchos. After the death of Cretheus, Pelias and Neleus contended for the kingdom, which belonged of right to Eson, the son of the deceased monarch and Tyro. Pelias proved successful, and Neleus departed with a body of followers into the Peloponnesus. (Diod. Sic., 4, 68) Here he founded Pylos in Messenia, and, marrying Chloris, daughter of Amphion, became the father of twelve sons, the oldest of whom was Periclymenus, the youngest Nestor, and of one daughter, named Pero. (Diod, l. c.) When Hercules attacked Pylos, he killed Neleus and all his sons but Nestor, who was then a child, and reared among the Gerenians. (Hom., Il., 11, 690.—Hes., ap. Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod., 1, 156.-Apollod., 1, 9, 8, seqq.) Neleus had promised his daughter in marriage to him who should bring to Pylos the cows of Tyro, detained by Iphiclus. Bias was the successful suitor; for an account of which legend, consult the article Melampus.-II. A disciple of Theophrastus, to whom that philosopher bequeathed the writings of Aristotle. (Vid. Apel NEMAUSUS, an important city of Gallia Narbonensis, next in rank to Narbo. It was situate on the main route from Spain to Italy, and was the capital of the Arecomici. It is now Nismes, and is famed for its remains of antiquity. (Mela, 2, 5.—Plin. 3, 4.) NEMEA (NEUEα), a city of Argolis, to the northwest of Mycena, celebrated as the haunt of the lion slain by Hercules, and the spot where triennial games were held in honour of Archemorus, or Opheltes, son of Lycurgus, king of Nemea. (Apollod., 3, 6, 3.—Hygin., fab., 74.-Id., fab, 273) The games were solemnized in the grove of Molorchus, who was said to have entertained Hercules when he came to Nemea in pursuit of the lion. (Apollod, 2. 7.)-We know from Polybius and Livy, that the Nemean games continued to flourish in the reign of Philip, son of Demetrius (Polyb., 2, 7, 4. — Id., 5, 101, 6. — Livy, 27, 30.— Strabo, 377); but we may infer, that in the time of Pausanias they had fallen into great neglect, from the slight mention he has made of their solemnization (2, 15). The ruins of Nemea are to be seen near the modern village of Kutchumadi. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 3, p. 284, scqq.)-The Nemean games, though, like the Olympic and Isthmian, originally ante-Doric, became subsequently Doric in their charac ter. They were celebrated under the presidency of the Corinthians, Argives, and inhabitants of Cleonæ (Arg. ad Pind., Nem., 3.-Compare Pausan., 2, 14, 2); but in later times they appear to have been entirely under the management of the Argives. (Livy, 34, 41.) They are said to have been celebrated every third year; and sometimes, as we learn from Pausanias, in the winter. (Pausan., 2, 15, 2.-Id., 6, 16, 4.) The crowns bestowed on the victors were of parsley, since these games were originally funeral ones, and since it was customary to lay chaplets of parsley on the tombs of the dead. (Wachsmuth, Gr. Antiq., vol. 1, p. 163, Eng. transl) Pausanias says, that this statue was the work of Phidias (1, 33, 2, seq.); but Pliny ascribes it to Agoracritus: and adds, that it was preferred by M. Varro to all other statues which existed. (Plin., 36, 4, 3) A fragment, supposed by some to be the head of this statue, was found in the temple of Rhamnus, and was presented to the British Museum in 1820. (Elgin and Phigaleian Marbles, vol. 1, p. 120; vol. 2, p. 123.) The inhabitants of Rhamnus considered Nemesis to be the daughter of Oceanus. (Pausan., 7, 5, 1.) The practice of representing the statues of Nemesis with wings was first introduced after the time of Alexander the Great by the inhabitants of Smyrna, who worshipped several goddesses under this name. (Pausan, 7, 5, 1.-Id., 9, 35, 2.) According to a myth preserved by Pausanias, Nemesis was the mother of Helen by Jupiter; and Leda, the reputed mother of Helen, was only, in fact, her nurse (1, 33, 7); but this myth seems to have been invented in later times, to represent the divine vengeance which was inflicted on the Greeks and Trojans through the instrumentality of Helen. There was a statue of Nemesis in the Capitol at Rome; though we learn from Pliny that this goddess had no name in Latin. (Pliny, 28, 5.- Id., 11, 103. — Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 16, p. 141.) NEMESIANUS (Marcus Aurelius Olympius), a Latin poet, a native of Carthage, who flourished about 280 A.D. Few particulars of his life are known. His true family name was Olympius; that of Nemesianus, by which he is commonly cited, indicates probably that his ancestors were residents of Nemesium, a city of Marmarica. Vopiscus, in his life of Numerian (who was clothed with the imperial purple A.D. 282), informs us that Nemesianus had a poetical contest with this prince, but was defeated. It is possible that Nemesianus may have been a kinsman of his; at least, the Emperor Carus, and his two sons, Carinus and Numerianus, bear, like our poet, the prænomen of Marcus NEMESIUS, a native of Emesa in Syria, and one of Aurelius. Vopiscus also states that Nemesianus com- the ablest of the ancient Christian philosophers. Of posed Halieutica, Cynegetica, and Nautica, and gained his life very few particulars are known; and even the all sorts of crowns ("omnibus coronis illustratus emicu- time when he lived is uncertain, though this is generit," according to the felicitous emendation of Casau- ally supposed to have been during the reign of Theodobon). So that, whatever opinion may be formed of his sius the Great, towards the end of the fourth century. merits by modern critics, it is certain that the emperor's He became, in time, bishop of his native city. Nemetriumph over him was by no means lightly esteemed by sius has been accused of holding some of Origen's erhis contemporaries. We have only one of the three roneous opinions, but has been defended by Bishop poems, of which the historian speaks, remaining, name- Fell (Annot., p. 20, ed. Oxon., 1671), who however ly, that entitled Cynegetica, the subject of which is the confesses, with regard to the pre-existence of souls, chase, together with some fragments of the two others. that "he differed from the commonly-received opinion The Cynegetica, or poem on hunting, consists of 325 of the church." But it is as a philosopher and physiverses; but the work is incomplete, either from hav-ologist that Nemesius is best known, and his work ing been left in that state by the poet himself, or from Hɛpì púσews ȧvoрúжоv, “ On the Nature of Man," is a portion of it having been lost. The plan of the one of the most accurate treatises of antiquity. Some piece is entirely different from that of Gratius Faliscus. writers (among whom we may mention Bishop Fell, This latter treats in a single strain of all the species of Fabricius, and Brucker) have even supposed that he hunting, and in a very succinct way; Nemesianus, on was acquainted with the circulation of the blood; but the contrary, appears to have treated of each kind of in the opinion of Freind (Hist. of Physic), Haller hunting separately, and in a detailed manner. In the (Biblioth. Anat.), and Sprengel (Hist. de la Med.), he first book, which is all that we possess, the poet speaks has no right whatever to be considered as the auof the preparations for the hunt, of the rearing of dogs thor of this discovery. The passage which has now and horses, and of the various implements and aids given rise to the discussion is certainly remarkable: which must be provided by the hunter. In this portionThe motion of the pulse," says he, "takes its rise of his work, Nemesianus often gives spirited imitations of Virgil and Oppian. Though the poem is not free from the faults of the age in which it was written, yet in point of correctness and elegance it is far before most contemporaneous productions.-Besides the Cynegetica, and the fragments of the other two poems that have been mentioned (which some, however, assign to a different source), we have a small poem in honour of Hercules, and two fragments of another poem on fowl-passages, as the heart throws out whatever is fuliginous ing. "De Aucupio." The best edition of the remains of Nemesianus is that given by Wernsdorff in the first volume of his Poeta Latini Minores. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 3, p. 33, seqq.-Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 1, p. 211.) NEMESIS, a female Greek divinity, who appears to have been regarded as the personification of the righteous anger of the gods. She is represented as inflexibly severe to the proud and insolent. (Pausan., 1, 33, 2.) According to Hesiod, she was the daughter of Night. (Theog., 223.-Compare Pausanias, 7, 5, 1.) There was a celebrated temple sacred to her at Rhamnus, one of the boroughs of Attica, about sixty stadia distant from Marathon. In this temple there was a statue of the goddess, made from a block of Parian marble, which the Persians had brought thither to erect as a trophy of their expected victory at Marathon, from the heart, and chiefly from the left ventricle of it: the artery is with great vehemence dilated and contracted, by a sort of constant harmony and order. While it is dilated, it draws with force the thinner part of the blood from the next veins, the exhalation or vapour of which blood is made the aliment for the vital spirit; but while it is contracted, it exhales whatever fumes it has through the whole body and by secret through the mouth and nose by expiration" (cap. 24, p. 242, ed. Matth.). There is another passage equally curious respecting the bile (cap. 28, p. 260, ed. Matth.), from which Nemesius is supposed to have known all that Sylvius afterward discovered with respect to the functions of the bile; but his claim in this case is no better than the former, and, indeed, Haller and Sprengel both say that his physiology is not at all more perfect than that of Galen. But even if we cannot allow Nemesius all the credit that has been claimed for him, still, from his general knowledge of anatomy and physiology (which is quite equal to that of the professional men of his time), his acuteness in exposing the errors of the Stoics and the Manichees, the purity and elegance of his style compared with that of his contemporaries, and the genuine piety which shows itself throughout his work, he has always ranked very high ΝΕΟ in the list of ancient Christian philosophers. The best NEMETACUM, a town of the Atrebates in Gaul, now of his native city. (Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod., 2, 299, NEPA, according to Festus, an African word, and equivalent to the Latin "sidus." Cicero often employs it in his translation of Aratus, and it occurs in NEMETES, a nation of northern Gaul, in the division Manilius (2, 32) and elsewhere. Plautus uses it (Cacalled Germania Prima, lying along the banks of the sin., 2, 8, 7) for Cancer, and Cicero (de Fin., 5, 15) Rhine, and between the Vangiones and Tribocci. | for Scorpio. This latter writer, moreover, who, in his Their chief city was Noviomagus, now Spire. Ac- translation of Aratus, commonly employs Nepa in the cording to some, they occupied both banks of the sense of Scorpio, in one passage (v. 460) uses it in Rhine, and their transrhenane territory corresponded the sense of Cancer. In Columella, also (11, 2, 30), in part to the Grand Duchy of Baden. (Tacit., Germ., Nepa occurs for Cancer, according to some, but per28-Cas., B. G., 1, 31.-Lemaire, Ind. Geogr. ad haps with more correctness for Scorpio. (Compare Ideler, Sternnamen, p. 169.) Cas., s. v.) NEMOSSUS, the same with Augustonemetum and Claromontium, the capital of the Averni in Gaul, now Clermont. Strabo, from whom we obtain the name Nemossus, is thought by some to mean a different place from Augustonemetum. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 117.) NEOBULE, I. a daughter of Lycambes, satirized by Archilochus, to whom she had been betrothed. (Vid. Lycambes.)-II. A young female to whom Horace addressed one of his odes. The bard laments the unhappy lot of the girl, whose affection for the youthful Hebrus had exposed her to the angry chidings of an offended relative. (Horat., Od., 3, 12.) NEPE or NEPĚTE, a town of Etruria, southwest of Falerii. Pliny (3, 5) calls it Nepet, and Sigonius contends for this being the true reading: but in all the is named Nepita. ancient inscriptions which have been found here, it is written Nepete. In Strabo (Strab., 226.) The modern name is Nepi. mer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 233.) (Cra NEPHELE, the first wife of Athamas king of Thebes, and mother of Phryxus and Helle. (Vid. Athamas.) NEPOS, CORNELIUS, a biographical writer, who lived towards the end of the republic, and during the earlier part of the reign of Augustus. He is generally believed to have been born at Hostilia (now Ostiglia), NEOCESAREA, a city of Pontus, on the river Lycus, a small town situate on the banks of the Po, near the northwest of Comana. Its previous name appears to confines of the Veronese and Mantuan territories. The He does not have been Ameria, and it would seem to have received year of his birth is uncertain, but he first came to Rome the appellation of Neocæsarea in the reign of Tibe- during the dictatorship of Julius Cæsar. rius. In the time of Gregory Thaumaturgus, who appear to have filled any public office in the state; but was a native of this place, it is stated to have been the his merit soon procured him the friendship of the most Catullus dedicated to him the volume of most considerable town of Pontus. (Greg. Neoc., eminent men who at that time adorned the capital of Vit., p. 577.) It appears also, from the life of the the world. same saint, to have been the principal seat of pagan poems which he had privately read and approved of idolatry and superstitions, which affords another pre- before their publication. Nepos addressed one of his (Vit. Attici, 13.) He sumption for the opinion that it had risen on the found- own works to Pomponius Atticus, with whom also he ation of Ameria and the worship of Men-Pharnaces. was on terms of intimacy. Niksar, the modern representative of Neocæsarea, is likewise obtained the esteem and affection of Cicero a town of some size, and the capital of a district of the (Aul. Gell., 15, 28), who speaks of his writings with same name, in the pachalic of Sirvas or Roum. (Cra-high approbation in one of his letters, and in another mer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 315, seq.)-II. A city on the Euphrates, in the Syrian district of Chalybonitis; now, according to Reichard, Kalat el Nedsjur. NEON, the same with Tithorea in Phocis. (Vid. Tithorea.) NEONTICHOS, a town of Eolis, in Asia Minor, founded by the Eolians, as a temporary fortress, on their first arrival in the country, and thirty stadia distant from Larissa. Pliny leads us to suppose that it was not on the coast, but somewhat removed from it; and we collect from a passage in the Life of Homer ( 11, seq.), that it was situate between Larissa and the Hermus. The ruins of this place should be sought for on the right bank of the Hermus, and above Giuzelhissar, on the road from Smyrna to Bergamah. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 151.) alludes with much sympathy.to the loss which Nepos had sustained by the death of a favourite son. (Ep. ad Att., 16, 5 et 14.) It farther appears that Cicero had frequently corresponded with him, for Macrobius quotes the second book of that orator's epistles to Cornelius Nepos. (Sat., 2, 1.)-It is thus probable that some of our author's works had been prepared, or were in the course of composition, previous to the death of Cicero; but they were not given to the public till early in the reign of Augustus, since Eusebius considers him as flourishing in the fourth year of that emperor (ap. Voss, de Hist. Lat., 1, 14). The precise period of his death is unknown, and it can only be ascertained that he survived Atticus, whose biography he writes, and who died in the 722d year of the city. Some chronological accounts extend his life till the comNEOPTOLEMUS, I. son of Achilles and Deidamia. mencement of the Christian era, but it is scarcely pos(Vid. Pyrrhus I.)-II. A king of the Molossi, father sible that one who was a distinguished literary charof Olympias, the mother of Alexander. (Justin, 17, acter in the time of Catullus could have existed till 3.)-III. An uncle of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, raised that epoch. Fabricius makes a curious mistake conto the throne during the absence of the latter in Italy. cerning the death of Cornelius Nepos, in saying that Pyrrhus, on his return home, associated Neoptolemus he was poisoned in 724 by his freedman Callisthenes, with him in the government; but afterward put him and in citing Plutarch's Life of Lucullus as his authorto death on a charge of attempting to poison. (Plut., ity for the fact. (Bibl. Lat., 1, 6.) The passage in Vit. Pyrrh.)-IV. captain of Alexander's life-guards. Plutarch only bears, that C. Nepos had somewhere After the death of that monarch he took part in the said that the mind of Lucretius had become impaired Whether the collisions of the generals, and was defeated, along with in his old age, in consequence of a potion administered Craterus, and slain by Eumenes. (Plut., Vit. Eum.) to him by his freedman Callisthenes. -V. A poet, a native of Naupactus, who wrote a Cornelius Nepos concerning whose life these circumpoem on the heroines and other females celebrated in stances have been gleaned was the author of the wellmythology, which he entitled NavraкTIKά, in honour | known book entitled Vita Excellentium Imperatorum, 1 has been a subject, ever since the work was first print- there was also a series of lives of Roman commanded, of much debate and controversy among critics and ers, but that these had perished before Æmilius Procommentators. The dissension originated in the fol- bus commenced his transcription. That Nepos at lowing circumstances: A person of the name of Emil- least intended to write these biographies, appears from ius Probus, who lived in the fourth century, during the a passage at the end of the life of Hannibal, in which reign of Theodosius the Great, presented to his sover- he says, "It is now time to conclude this book, and eign a copy of the Vita Imperatorum, and prefixed to proceed to the lives of the Roman generals, that, their it some barbarous verses, which left it doubtful whether exploits being compared with those of the Greeks, it he meant to announce himself as the author, or merely may be determined which are to be preferred" (c. 13). as the transcriber, of the work. These lines, being That he actually accomplished this task is rendered prefixed to the most ancient MSS. of the Vita Excel- at least probable from the circumstance of Plutarch's lentium Imperatorum, induced a general belief during quoting the authority of Nepos for facts concerning the middle ages that Æmilius Probus was himself the the lives of Marcellus and Lucullus; and it seems not author of the biographies. The Editio Princeps, which unlikely that the sentence at the close of Hannibal was printed by Janson in 1471, was entitled "Probi may have suggested to that biographer the idea of his Emilii Liber de Virorum Excellentium Vita." All parallel lives.-The principles which Nepos displays subsequent editions were inscribed with the name of in that part of the work which still remains are those. Æmilius Probus, till the appearance of that of Lambi- of an admirer of virtue, a foe to vice, and a supporter nus in 1568, in which the opinion that Probus was the of the cause of freedom. He wrote in the crisis of author was first called in question, and the honour of his country's fate, and during her last struggle for the work restored to Cornelius Nepos. Since that freedom, when despotism was impending, but when time the Vita Excellentium Imperatorum have been the hope of freedom was not yet extinguished in the usually published with his name; but various supposi- breasts of the last of the Romans. The work, it has tions and conjectures still continued to be formed with been conjectured (Harles, Introduct. in Lit. Rom., regard to the share that Emilius Probus might have vol. 1, p. 367), was undertaken to fan the expiring had in the MS. which he presented to Theodosius. flame, by exhibiting the example of such men as Dion Barthius was of opinion, that in this MS. Probus had and Timoleon, and by inserting sentiments which were abridged the original work of Nepos in the same man- appropriate to the times. In choosing the subjects of ner as Justin had epitomized the history of Trogus his biographies, the author chiefly selects those heroes Pompeius; and in this way he accounts for some sole- who had maintained or recovered the liberties of their cisins and barbarous forms of expression, which would country, and he passes over all that bears no reference not have occurred in the genuine and uncorrupted to this favourite theme. It must be confessed, howwork of an Augustan writer. (Adversaria, 24, 18; ever, that he does not display in a very enviable view 25, 15.) Since the time of Barthius, however, this the fate of those popular chiefs who defended or liberhypothesis, which divides the credit of the work be- ated their native land. The "Invidia, gloriæ comes," tween Cornelius Nepos and Probus, has been generally lighted on almost every Grecian hero; and Miltiades rejected, and most commentators have adopted the and Themistocles ultimately received no better reward opinion that Probus was merely the transcriber of the from the free Athenian citizens than Datames obtainwork of Nepos, and that he did not mean to signify ed from the Persian despot.-With regard to the aumore in the lines which he prefixed to his MS. They thenticity of his facts, Nepos has given us no informaargue that it is clear, from a passage in the commence- tion in his preface concerning the sources to which he ment of the Life of Pelopidas, that the work had not resorted; but in the course of his biographies he cites been reduced, as Barthius supposes, to a compendium, Thucydides, Xenophon, Theopompus, and Philistus, but had originally been written in a brief style and and also Dinon, to whose authority he chiefly trusted abridged form: "Vereor, si res explicare incipiam, with regard to Persian affairs. (Vit. Conon, c. 5.) non vitam ejus enarrare, sed historiam videar scribere: That he compared the different opinions of these hissi tantum modo summas attigero, ne rudibus literarum torians on the same subject is evinced by a passage in Græcarum minus lucidè appareat, quantus fuerit ille his Alcibiades (c. 11); and it appears from another pasvir. Itaque utrique rei occurram, quantum potero; et sage, in his life of Themistocles, that when they difmedebor cum satietati, tum ignorantiæ lectorum." It fered in their statement of facts, he had the good sense is worthy of remark, that in some of the old MSS. of and judgment to prefer the authority of Thucydides the "Vita Imperatorum,” which furnished the text of (c. 9). Aulus Gellius rather commends his diligence the earlier editions, there is written at the end," Com- in the investigation of facts (15, 28). But Pliny (5, pletum est opus Emilii Probi, Cornelii Nepotis," as 1), on the other hand, censures both his credulity and if the copyist had been in doubt as to the real author. haste. The investigations, moreover, of modern com-So far from admitting those solecisms of expres-mentators have discovered many mistakes and inconsion for which Barthius thinks it necessary to account, Vossius chiefly founds his argument in favour of the classical authenticity of the work on that Augustan style, which neither Emilius Probus nor any other writer of the time of Theodosius could have attained. A very recent attempt, however, has been made again to vindicate for Emilius Probus the honour of the composition, in Rinck's "Saggio per restituire a Emilio Probo il libro di Cornelio Nepote."-After allowing for the superior dignity of the office of transcriber in the age of Theodosius, compared with its diminished importance at the present day, it would seem that there is something more implied in the verses of Probus than that he was merely a copyist; and he must either have had a part in the composition, or, having discovered the MS, was not unwilling that he should have some share of the credit due to the author.-The Vite Imperatorum, properly so called, contain the lives of nineteen Greek, one Persian, and two Carthaginian generals. It has been conjectured that sistencies in almost every one of his biographies. For example: 1. It was not the great Miltiades, son of Cimon, as Nepos erroneously relates, who founded a petty sovereignty in the Thracian Chersonese, but Miltiades the son of Cypselus, as the Latin biographer might have learned from Herodotus (6, 34), an author whom he never quotes, and scarcely appears to have consulted.-2. In the life of Phocion he has mistaken the Greek words čuovλóc Tic ("a certain person of the same tribe") for a proper name, Emphyletus. It is believed, however, by Tzschucke, that Phocion may have had a friend of this name, since the same appellation occurs in Andocides. Without some excuse of this kind, Nepos's knowledge of Greek becomes very suspicious.--3. In the life of Pausanias (c. 1) he confounds together Darius and Xerxes; Mardonius was the son-in-law of the former, and the brother-in-law of the latter.-4. He confounds the victory of Mycale, gained by Xantippus and Leotychides, with the naval battle gained by Cimon, nine years after, near the river NEPOS. - Eurymedon. (Vid. Mycale.)-5. In comparing the Imperatorum; for, in the first place, Atticus was not of those folios of romance and chivalry, in which the stans, marched to Rome with a body of gladiators and NEPTUNIUM, a promontory of Bithynia, on the Pro NEPTUNIUS DUX, an expression applied by Horace (Epod., 9, 7) to Sextus Pompeius, who boastingly styled himself the son of Neptune, because his father |