NARISCI, a nation of Germany, occupying what now corresponds to the northern part of Upper Pfalz in the Palatinate. (Tacit., Germ., 42.)

the Romans. As a Roman colony, this place took | compelling him to go to the baths of Campania for his the name of Narbo Martius. In the time of Casar health; and, having taken advantage of his absence it was called also Decumanorum Colonia, from that from Rome to poison the emperor, she next compelled commander's having sent thither as colonists, at the Narcissus to put himself to death. (Tacit., Ann., 11, close of the civil contest, the remnant of his favour- | 29.--Id. ib., 11, 37.—Id. ib., 12, 57.—Id. ib., 13, 1. ite tenth legion. (Sueton., Tib., 4.) It continued a -Sueton., Vit. Claud.) flourishing commercial city until a late period, as it is praised by writers who lived when the power of the Roman capital itself had become greatly diminished. Ausonius, de Clar. Urb., 13.-Sidonius, carm., 23.) The remains of the canal constructed by the Romans for connecting the waters of the Atax with the sea by means of the lake Rubresus, clearly prove the ancient power and opulence of Narbo. This city owed its downfall, along with so many others, to the inroads of the barbarous nations. It is now Narbonne. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 63, seqq.)

NARNIA, a town of Umbria, on the river Nar, a short distance above its junction with the Tiber. The more ancient name was Nequinum, which it exchanged for Narnia when a Roman colony was sent hither, A.U.C. 453. (Liv., 10, 9, seqq.) The story of the name Nequinum having been given to it in sport by the Roinans, on account of the roguery of its inhabitants (nequam, a rogue"), is a mere fiction.-Narnia was colonized with the view of serving as a point of defence against the Umbri. Many years after, we find it in

NARBONENSIS GALLIA, one of the great divisions of Gaul under the Romans, deriving its name from the city of Narbo, its capital. It was situate in the south-curring the censure of the senate for its want of zeal ern and southeastern quarter of the country, and was bounded on the east by Gallia Cisalpina, being separated from it by the Varus or Var (Plin., 3, 4); on the north by the Lacus Lemanus or Lake of Geneva, the Rhone, and Gallia Lugdunensis; on the west by Aquitania; and on the south by the Mediterranean and Pyrenees. It embraced what was afterward the northwestern part of Savoy, Dauphine, Provence; the western part of Languedoc, together with the country along the Rhone, and the eastern part of Gascony. (Vid. Gallia.)

during the emergencies of the second Punic war. (Livy, 29, 15.) The situation of the place on a lofty hill, at the foot of which flows the Nar, has been described by several poets. (Claud., 6.-Cons., Hon., 515.-Sil. Ital., 8, 458.—Martial, 7, 92.) In the passage of Martial just referred to, the poet alludes to the noble bridge raised over the Nar by Augustus, the arch of which was said to be the highest known. (Procop., Rer. Got., 1.) The modern Narni occupies the site of the ancient town. Travellers speak in high terms of the beautiful situation of the place. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 277, seqq.)

NARO, now Narenta, a river of Dalmatia, rising in the mountains of Bosnia, and falling into the Adriatic opposite the island of Lesina. (Plin., 3, 22.) On its banks lay the city of Narona, a Roman colony of some note. (Scylax, p. 9.-Mela, 2, 3.) Its ruins should be sought for in the vicinity of Castel Norin. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 7, p. 347.)

NARCISSUS, I. a beautiful youth, son of the river-god Cephisus and the nymph Liriope, was born at Thespis in Boeotia. He saw his image reflected in a fountain, and, becoming enamoured of it, pined away till he was changed into the flower that bears his name. This was regarded in poetic legends as a just punishment upon him for his hard-heartedness towards Echo and other nymphs and maidens. (Ovid, Met., 3, 341, seqq. -Hygin, fab., 271.) According to the version of NARSES, a eunuch of the court of the Emperor Justhis fable given by Eudocia (p. 304), Narcissus threw tinian I. at Constantinople. The place of his birth is himself into the fountain and was drowned (ppuper unknown. He so ingratiated himself with the emperἑαυτὸν ἐκεῖ, καὶ ἐπεπνίγη τῷ ἐνόπτρῳ ὕδατι). Pau- or, that he appointed him his chamberlain and private sanias, after ridiculing the common legend, mentions treasurer. In A.D. 538 he was placed at the head of another, which, according to him, was less known than an army destined to support Belisarius in the expulthe one we have just given. This latter version of sion of the Ostrogoths from Italy; but the dissensions the story made Narcissus to have had a twin-sister of which soon arose between him and Belisarius occasionremarkable beauty, to whom he was tenderly attached. ed his recall. Nevertheless, in 552 he was again sent She resembled him very closely in features, wore sim- to Italy, to check the progress of Totila the Goth, and, ilar attire, and used to accompany him on the hunt. after vanquishing Totila, he captured Rome. He also This sister died young; and Narcissus, deeply lament-conquered Tejas, whom the Goths had chosen king in ing her death, used to go to a neighbouring fountain and gaze upon his own image in its waters, the strong resemblance he bore to his deceased sister making this image appear to him, as it were, the form of her whom he had lost. (Pausan, 9, 31, 6.)—The flower alluded to in the story of Narcissus is what botanists term the "Narcissus poeticus" (Linn., gen., 550). It loves the borders of streams, and is admirably personified in the touching legends of poetry since, bending on its fragile stem, it seems to seck its own image in the waters that run murmuring by, and soon fades away and dies. (Fée, Flore de Virgile, p. cxviii.)-II. A freedman of the Emperor Claudius. He afterward became his private secretary, and in the exercise of this office acquired immense riches by the most odious means. Messalina, jealous of his power, endeavoured to remove him, but her own vices made her fall an easy victim to this unprincipled man. (Vid. Messalina.) Agrippina, however, was more successful. She was irritated at his having endeavoured to prevent her ascending the imperial throne; while Narcissus, on his side, espoused the interests of the young Britannicus, and urged Claudius to name him as his successor. Apprized of these plans, Agrippina drove Narcissus into a kind of temporary exile, by

the place of Totila, and, in the spring of 554, Bucellinus, the leader of the Alemanni. After Narses had cleared nearly all Italy of the Ostrogoths and other barbarians, he was appointed governor of the country, and ruled it fifteen years. During this time he endeavoured to enrich the treasury by all the means in his power, and excited the discontent of the provinces subject to him, who laid their complaints before the Emperor Justinian II. Narses was deposed in disgrace, and sought revenge by inviting the Lombards to invade Italy, which they did in 568, under Alboin their king. Muratori and others have doubted whether Narses was concerned in the invasion of the Lombards. After his deposition he lived at Naples, and died at an advanced age, at Rome, in 567. (Encyclop. Am., vol. 9, p. 136.)

NARYCIUM OF NARYX, a city of the Locri Opuntii, rendered celebrated by the birth of Ajax, son of Oïleus. (Strabo, 425.) From Diodorus we learn that Isme. nias, a Boeotian commander, having collected a force of Enianes and Athamanes, whom he had seduced from the Lacedæmonian service, invaded Phocis, and defeated its inhabitants near Naryx (14, 82). The same historian afterward relates, that Phayllus, the Pho cian, having entered the Locrian territory, surprised the town of Naryx, which he razed to the ground.-Virgil

app es the epithet "Narycian" to the Locri who settled in Italy, as having been of the Opuntian stock. (En., 3, 396.)

the midst. Pliny's information is still more explicit, and tends to corroborate our suggestion. He tells us that Suetonius Paulinus, the Roman general, after crossing the western Atlas, and a black, dirty plain beyond it (dry morass or peat-moss, of which we understand there is plenty), fell in with a river running to the eastward, which he (Pliny) calls the Niger, probably from the black people or the black soil, and which is stated to lose itself in the sands; and which, according to Pliny, emerging again, flows on to the eastward, divides the Libyans from the Ethiopians, and finally falls into the Nile. Now the Tafilet, which flows from the southern side of the snowy Atlas, crossed by the Roman general, runs in an eastern course, and loses itself in the sands; and the Ad-judi, which rises from the same side, or the Central Atlas (in Mauritania Cæsariensis), and runs easterly into the as the continuation of the Tafilet or his Niger; and it is sufficiently remarkable that this river, or some other of the numerous streams in the neighbourhood, should, according to Leo Africanus, be called the Ghir, which, it seems, is a native name. Here, then, we have at once the foundation for the Geir and Nigeir of Ptolemy, supplied to him by Pliny." (Quarterly Review, No. 82, p. 233, seqq.)

NASICA, I. a surname of one of the Scipios. (Vid. Scipio V.)-II. A character delineated by Horace in one of his satires. Nasica, a mean and avaricious man, marries his daughter to Coranus, who was a creditor of his, in the hope that his new son-in-law will either forgive him the debt at once, or else will leave him a legacy to that amount in his will, which would, of course, be a virtual release. He is disappointed in both these expectations. Coranus makes his will and hands it to his father-in-law, with a request that he will read it: the latter, after repeatedly declining so to do, at last consents, and finds, to his surprise and mortification, no mention made in the instrument of any bequest to him or his. (Horat., Sat., 2, 5, 65.)

NASAMONES, a people of Africa, to the southeast of Cyrenaica, and extending along the coast as far as the midd'e of the Syrtis Major. (Compare Herod., 4, 172.) They were a roving race, uncivilized in their habits, and noted for their robberies in the case of all vessels thrown on the quicksands. They plundered the cargoes and sold the crews as slaves, and hence Lucan (9, 444) remarks of them, that, without a single vessel ever seeking their shores, they yet carried on a traffic with all the world. Augustus ordered an expedition to be sent against them, both in consequence of their numerous robberies, and because they had put to death a Roman prefect. They were soon conquered; and Dionysius Periegetes (v. 208) speaks of the "deserted dwellings of the destroyed Nasamones” (¿pn-lake Melgig, might very well be considered by Pliny μωθέντα μέλαθρα ἀποφθιμένων Νασαμώνων). They were not, however, completely destroyed, for we find the race again appearing in their former places of abode, and resuming their former habits of plunder, until in the reign of Domitian they were completely chased away from the coast into the desert. (Euseb., Chron., Ol., 216, 2.-Josephus, Bell., 2, 16.)—Some mention has been made, in another part of this work (vid. Africa, page 81, col. 1), of a journey performed through part of the interior of Africa by certain young men of the Nasamones; and the opinions of some able writers have been given on this subject. The following remarks, however, of a late critic may be compared with what is stated under the article Niger. "Herodotus says that the Nasamones went through the deserts of Libya; and that he may not be nisunderstood as to what he means by Libya, which is sometimes put for Africa, he states distinctly that it extends from Egypt to the promontory of Soloe's, where it terminates; that it is inhabited by various nations besides the Grecians and Phoenicians; that, next to this, the country is abandoned to beasts of prey, and that all beyond is desert; that the young Nasamones, having passed the desert of Libya (not Sahara), came to a region with trees, on which were perched men of little stature; that they were conducted by them over morasses to a city on a great river, running from the west towards the rising sun; that the people were black, and enchanters, &c. Now it is perfectly clear to us that the country alluded to by Herodotus was no other than Mauritania, and that the notion of their having crossed the great desert, and reached the Niger about Timbuctoo, is founded entirely on a misrepresentation of his quoters and editors, some of whom make the course of the young men to have been southwest, contrary to what Herodotus says, and for no other reason that we can devise but that such a course was required to bring them to a predetermined city and river, known to the moderns, but not to Herodotus. Herodotus, however, sanctions no such notion; he distinctly states, on the contrary, that they proceeded to the west, πρὸς Ζέφυρον ἄνεμον, words that are never applied to any portion of the compass lying between west and south, the word Zephyrus, in Latin as well as in Greek, being used exclusively for west, and Aip generally for southwest. If we will only let Herodotus tell his own story, we shall find in those parts of the Emperor of Morocco's dominions, situated between the Great Atlas and the Sahara, plenty of rivers, two of them, the Tafilet and the Ad-judi, both running to the east, and both great rivers in the eyes of men who had never witnessed a running stream; we shall also find cities and towns, intervening deserts, morasses, sands, and black men of NAUCRATIS, a city of Egypt, in the Delta, and besmall stature, the modern Berbers, the ancient Mela-longing to the Saïtic nome. It was situate on the nogætuli, omnes colore nigri, to answer the description of Herodotus; who says, moreover, that his river, which he calls the Nile, not only descends from Libya, but traverses all Libya, dividing that country in

NASIDIENUS (by synæresis Nasid-yenus, a quadrisyllable), a character satirized by Horace. Under this feigned name the poet describes an entertainer of bad taste and mean habits affecting the manners of the higher classes. (Sat., 2, 8.)

NASO. Vid. Ovidius.

NASUS or NESUS, a town or fortress near Eniadæ in Acarnania. The name evidently implies an insular situation. Livy (26, 24; 38, 11) writes it Naxos; but that is probably a false reading. From the accounts of ancient writers, Nasos seems always to have been included with Eniade in the cessions of the latter place, made by the Romans first to the tolians, and afterward to the Acarnanians. (Polyb, 9, 2.) If Trigardon be not Eniadae, it may represent Nasos, which was probably the port and arsenal of Eniada; and, though now joined to the continent, might very well have been an island in ancient times. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 26)

NATISO, a river of Venetia, in Cisalpine Gaul, rising in the Alps, and falling into the Adriatic near Aquileia. It is now the Natisone. Modern critics, however, are divided in opinion as to the identity of the Natisone with the Natiso, which Strabo and other ancient writers place close to Aquileia; as the Natisone is now some miles distant from the ruins of that city. The most probable supposition is, that some change has taken place in the bed of the river. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2. p. 129.)

Canopic arm of the Nile, to the south of Metelis and northwest of Sais. Strabo informs us (802) that, in the time of Psammitichus, a body of Milesians landed at the Bolbitine mouth of the river, and built there a

stronghold, which he calls "the fortress of the Mile- | third year of the war, will be found detailed in Thusians" (Tò Minoíwv teixos). The geographer evi- cydides (2, 83, seqq).—After the failure of the expedently refers here to the arrival on the coast of Egypt dition undertaken by Demosthenes, the Athenian gen. of some Carians and Ionians, by whose aid, accord- eral, against the Etolians, the latter, supported by a ing to Herodotus (2, 152), Psammitichus was enabled Peloponnesian force, endeavoured to seize Naupactus to subdue his colleagues in the kingdom. When, how-by a coup de main; but such were the able arrangeever, Strabo adds, that these Milesians, in process of ments made by Demosthenes, who threw himself into time, sailed into the Saïtic nome, and, after having the place with a re-enforcement of Acarnanian auxconquered Inarus in a naval conflict, founded the city iliaries, that the enemy did not think proper to prosof Naucratis, it would seem that he mixes up with his ecute the attempt. (Thucyd., 3, 102.) On the teraccount of this place the circumstance of the succours mination of the Peloponnesian war, however, Naupacthat were given by the Athenians to Inarus, king of tus surrendered to the Spartans, who expelled the Egypt, and by means of which he gained a victory Messenians from the place. (Pausan., 4, 26.) Deover the Persians. Inarus, it is true, was afterward mosthenes informs us, that it had afterward been defeated, but no author mentions that the Milesians occupied by the Achæans, but was ceded by Philip of had any share in his overthrow. Naucratis appears, Macedon to the Etolians (Phil., 3, p. 120.—Strabo, in fact, to have been founded long before any Greek 426), in whose possession it remained till they were set foot in Egypt. It was given by Amasis to the engaged in a war with the Romans. The latter, afIonians as an entrepôt for their commerce, and was not ter having defeated Antiochus at Thermopylæ, sudfounded by them. This favour, however, on the part denly crossed over from the Maliac Gulf to that of of the Egyptian monarch, was granted under such re- Corinth, and invested Naupactus, which would probstrictions as prudence seemed to require. The Greek ably have been taken, notwithstanding the obstinate vessels were only allowed to enter the Canopic arm, defence made by the Etolians, had they not obtained and were obliged to stop at Naucratis. If a ship hap- a truce by the intervention of T. Flamininus. (Liv., pened to enter another mouth of the river, it was 36, 30, seqq.-Polyb., 5, 102.) Naupactus was still detained; and the captain was not set at liberty un- a city of some importance in the time of Hierocles less he could swear that he was compelled to do so (p. 643), but it was nearly destroyed by an earthquake by necessity. He was then obliged to sail to Nau- in the reign of Justinian. (Procop., Bell. Got., 3.)— cratis; or, if continual north winds made this impos- The modern town is called Enebachti by the Turks, sible, he had to send his freight in small Egyptian Nepacto by the Greeks, and Lepanto by the Franks, vessels round the Delta to Naucratis. (Herod., 2, with a strong accent on the last syllable. (Keppell's 179.) But, how rigidly soever these restrictions were Journey, vol. 1, p. 8.) "Nepacto," says Sir W. Gell, originally enforced, they must soon have fallen into "is a miserable pashalia, and a ruinous town; but it disuse, as the mouths of the Nile were open to any is worth visiting, because it gives a very exact idea one after the conquest by the Persians.-Naucratis, of the ancient Greek city, with its citadel on Mount from its situation, became the connecting link in the Rhegani, whence two walls, coming down to the chain of communication between the coast and the in- coast and the plain, form a triangle. The port absoterior of the country, and continued for a long period lutely runs into the city, and is shut within the walls, an important city. It is mentioned by numerous wri- which are erected on the ancient foundations." (Itin., ters as low down as the sixth century. The ruins p. 293.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 105, seqq.) which Niebuhr found near a place called Salhadsjar seem to indicate the site of the ancient city.-Naucratis was the native place of Athenæus. Like every commercial city, it contained among its population a large number of dissolute persons of both sexes. (Larcher, Geogr. d'Herodote, p. 359, seqq.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 10, pt. 1, p. 563, seqq.)

NAULŎCHUS, I. a naval station on the northeastern coast of Sicily. Between this place and Myla, which lay to the west of it, the fleet of Sextus Pompeius was defeated by that of Octavius (A.U.C. 718, B.C. 36.)--II. An island off the coast of Crete, near the promontory of Sammonium. (Plin., 4. 12.)-III. The port of the town of Bulis in Phocis, near the confines of Boeotia. (Plin., 4, 3.) It is supposed to have been the same with the Mychos of Strabo.

NAUPLIA, a maritime town of Argolis, the port of Argos, situate on a point of land at the head of the Sinus Argolicus. It was said to have derived its name from Nauplius, the son of Neptune and Amymone. (Strabo, 368.- Herod., 6, 76.- Xen., Hist. Gr., 4, 7, 6.) Nauplia was deserted and in ruins when visited by Pausanias. The inhabitants had been expelled several centuries before by the Argives, upon suspicion of their favouring the Spartans. The latter people, in consequence, received them into their territory, and established them at Methone of Messenia. (Pausan., 4, 35.) Nauplia has been succeeded by the modern town of Napoli di Romania, as it is called by the Greeks, which possesses a fortress of some strength. Sir W. Gell remarks, that "Nauplia is the best built city of the Morea. It is situated on a rocky NAUPACTUS, a city of Locris, at the western ex-point, on which are many remains of the ancient wall. tremity of the territory of the Ozola, and close to The port is excellent and very defensible." (Itin., p. Rhium of Etolia. It was said to have derived its 181.-Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 239, seqq.) name from the circumstance of the Heraclidæ having NAUPLIADES, a patronymic of Palamedes, son of there constructed the fleet in which they crossed over Nauplius. (Ovid, Met., 13, 39.) into the Peloponnesus (vaus, a ship, and rhyvvμ, to NAUPLIUS, I. a son of Neptune and Amymone, and construct.-Strabo, 426.-Apollod., 2, 7, 2)-After the founder of Nauplia. (Pausanias, 2, 38.- Id., 4, the Persian war, this city was occupied by the Atheni- 35.) He was the one that sold Auge, daughter of ans, who there established the Messenian Helots after Aleus, to King Teuthras. (Vid. Auge) This Nauthey had evacuated Ithome. (Thucyd., 1, 103.-Id., plius must not be confounded with the second of the 2, 90.-Pausan., 4, 24, seqq.) The acquisition of name, who was, in fact, one of his descendants. Naupactus was of great importance to the Athenians (Heyne, ad Apollod., 2, 1, 5.-Compare Burmann, during the Peloponnesian war, as it was an excellent Catal. Argonaut., ad Val. Flacc., s. v.)-II. A destation for their fleet in the Corinthian Gulf, and not scendant of the preceding, and one of the Argonauts. only afforded them the means of keeping up a com- (Heyne, ad Apollod., 2, 1, 5.— Burmann, Catal. Armunication with Corcyra and Acarnania, but enabled gonaut., s. v.)—III. A son of Neptune, the father of them also to watch the motions of the enemy on the Palamedes by Clymene, and king of Euboea. He was opposite coast, and to guard against any designs they so indignant at the treatment which his son had exmight form against their allies. Some important na-perienced from the Greeks, that, to avenge his death, val operations which took place off this city in the he set up a burning torch on the promontory of Ca

phareus, in order to deceive the Grecian vessels that were sailing by in the night on their return from Troy; and he thus caused their shipwreck on the coast. The torch, it seems, had been placed on the most dan-it. Dr. Clarke, on the contrary, observes that the gerous part of the shore; but, the Greeks mistook it for a friendly signal, inviting them to land here as the safest part of the island. Those of the shipwrecked crews that came safe to the land were slain by Nauplius, who is said, however, to have thrown himself into the sea when he saw his plan of vengeance in a great measure frustrated by the escape of Ulysses, whom the winds bore away in safety from the dangerous coast. (Hygin., fab., 116.)-The obscure and curious legend related by Apollodorus (2, 1, 5) is thought by many to have reference to this Nauplius. It assigns him a different end. According to this version of the story, Nauplius attained a great age, and passed his time on the sea, lamenting the fate of those who were lost on it. At length, through the anger of the gods, he himself met with the same fate which he deplored in others. (Heyne, ad Apollod., l. c.) NAUPORTUS, a town of Pannonia, on a river of the same name, now Ober (Upper) Laybach. (Vell. Pat., 2, 110.-Plin., 3, 18.-Tacit., Ann., 1, 20.)

still great votaries of Bacchus. Olivier speaks in inferior terms of the present Naxian wine, adding that the inhabitants know neither how to make nor preserve wine of Naxos maintains its pristine celebrity, and that he thought it excellent. Naxos is said to have no ports for the reception of large-sized vessels, and has therefore been less subject to the visits of the Turks. Dr. Clarke states that, when he visited the island, he was told that there was not a single Mohammedan in it, and that many of the inhabitants of the interior had never seen a Turk. The produce of the island consists at present of wines, wheat, barley, oil, oranges, lemons, peaches, figs, cheese, which is exported to Constantinople, cotton, honey, and wax. The vintage was one year so abundant, that the people were obliged to pour their wines into the cisterns of the Capuchins. (Malte-Brun, Geogr., vol. 6, p. 168, Am. ed.)-III. A city on the eastern side of Sicily, situate on the southern side of Mount Taurus, and looking towards Catana and Syracuse. It was founded by a colony from the island of Naxos, one year before the settlement of Syracuse (Ol. 17; 3), and at the same time, consequently, with Crotona in Italy. (Thucyd., 6, 3 ·Scymnus, v. 276.) The colony was a powerful one, and the rapid growth of the new state is clearly shown by the early founding of Zancle or Messana. Naxos, however, not long afNAUSTATHMUS, I. a port and harbour in Sicily, atter this, fell under the sway of Hippocrates, tyrant of the mouth of the river Cacyparis, below Syracuse; Gela. (Herod., 7, 154.) But it soon recovered its now Asparanetto. (Cluv., Sic. Ant., p. 97.- Rei- freedom, waged a successful contest with Messana, chard, Thes. Topogr.)-II. A village and anchoring- and appeared subsequently as the ally of the Atheplace of Cyrenaica, between Erythron and Apollonia. nians against Syracuse, the rapid increase of this city (Mela, 1, 8.)-III. An anchoring-place on the coast having filled it with apprehensions for its own safety. of the Euxine, in Asia Minor, about 90 stadia from At a still later period, Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse, the mouth of the Halys it is supposed by some to destroyed the city (Diod., 14, 15. - Ol. 94, 2), but have been identical with the Ibyra or Ibora of Hiero- the old inhabitants, together with some new-comers, cles (p. 701). D'Anville gives Balirch as the mod-afterward settled in the immediate vicinity, and foundern name; but Reichard, Kupri Aghzi. (Arrian, ed Tauromenium. (Vid. Tauromenium.) Peripl., Huds., G. M., 1, p. 16.)

NAUSICAA, daughter of Alcinoüs, king of the Phæacians. She met Ulysses shipwrecked on her father's coast, and gave him a kind reception. (Od., 6, 17, seqq.)

chelais. This place derives all its celebrity from Gregory, the distinguished theologian, who was born at Arianzus, a small village in the immediate neighbourhood, but who was promoted to the bishopric of Nazianzus. (Niceph., Call., 14, 39.-Philostorg., ap. Suid., s. v. Tonyópios.) Nazianzus is assigned by Hierocles to Cappadocia Secunda. The Itineraries remove it 24 miles from Archelaïs. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 114.)

NEÆTHUS, a river of Bruttium, rising to the northeast of Consentia, and falling into the Sinus Tarentinus above Crotona. It is now the Nicto. This stream was said to have derived its name from the circumstance of the captive Trojan women having there set fire to the Grecian fleet (vavç, aïbw); a circumstance alluded to by many of the ancients, but with great diversity of opinion as regards the scene of the event. The use which Virgil has made of this tradition is well known. (Strabo, 262.— Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 391.)

NAZIANZUS, a city of Cappadocia, in the southwestNAXOS, I. a town of Crete, celebrated for produ-ern angle of the country, and to the southeast of Arcing excellent whetstones. (Pind., Isthm., 6, 107. -Schol. ad Pind., l. c.)-II. The largest of the Cyclades, lying to the east of Paros, in the Egean Sea. It is said by Pliny (4, 12) to have borne the several names of Strongyle, Dia, Dionysias, Sicilia Minor, and Callipolis. The same writer states that it was 75 miles in circuit, and twice the size of Paros. It was first peopled by the Carians (Steph. Byz., s. v. Násoç), but afterward received a colony of Ionians from Athens. (Herod., 8, 46.) The failure of the expedition undertaken by the Persians against this island, at the suggestion of Aristagoras, led to the revolt of the Ionian states. (Herod., 5, 28.) At this period Naxos was the most flourishing of the Cyclades; but, not long after, it was conquered by the Persian armament under Datis and Artaphernes, who destroyed the city and temples, and enslaved the inhabitants. (Herod., 6, 96.) Notwithstanding this calamity, the Naxians, with four ships, joined the Greek fleet assembled at Salamis (Herod., 8, 46), and yet they were the first of the confederates whom the Athenians NEAPOLIS, a celebrated city of Campania, on the deprived of their independence. (Thucyd., 1, 98, 137.) Sinus Crater, now Naples, or, in Italian, Napoli. InIt appears from Herodotus (1, 64) that they had al- numerable accounts exist relative to the foundation ready been subject to that people in the time of Pi- of this celebrated place; but the fiction most prevasistratus. Naxos was farther celebrated for the wor-lent seems to be that which attributed it to the Siren ship of Bacchus, who is said to have been born there. Parthenope, who was cast upon its shores, and from (Virg., En., 3, 125.- Hom., Hymn in Apoll., 44.- whom it derived the name (Parthenope) by which Pind., Pyth., 4, 156.-Apollod., 1, 7, 4.) The prin- it is usually designated in the poets of antiquity. cipal town was also called Naxos.-The modern (Lycophr., 717. — Dionysius Periegetes, 357.-Sil. name of the island is Naxia. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, Ital., 12, 33.) According to Strabo, the tomb of this vol. 3, p, 408.) Mr. Hawkins gives the longest di- pretended foundress was shown there in his time. ameter of the island, according to the Russian chart, (Strab., 246.)-Hercules is also mentioned as founder as about eighteen miles, and its breadth about twelve. of Neapolis by Oppian and Diodorus Siculus (ap. Clarke's Travels, vol. 6, p. 112, London ed.) Dr. Tzetz. ad Lycophr., l. c.)-We find also considerable Clarke observes of Naxos, that its inhabitants are variations in what may be regarded as the historical

NEARCHUS, a celebrated naval commander in the time of Alexander the Great. He was a native of Crete, and one of the friends of Alexander in early life, sharing with the young prince the disgraces incurred during the reign of Philip. When Alexander had subdued the empire of Darius, he sent Nearchus on a voyage of discovery, from the mouth of the Hydaspes down the Indus, and from the embouchure of the Indus to the Euphrates, along the coast of Gedrosia, Carmania, and Persia. The narrative of this voyage has been preserved to us by Arrian, who professes to give an extract from the journal of Nearchus. It is contained in his Indica. The authenticity of the account has been questioned by Hardouin and DodCritique des Historiens d'Alexandre), Gossellin (Recherches sur la Geographie Ancienne), and Vincent (Voyage of Nearchus, Lond., 1807. Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients in the Indian Ocean, vol. 1). It must be confessed, however, that the three writers just mentioned differ in other respects as regards this celebrated voyage. Gossellin thinks, for example, that all the statements made by Nearchus can be rigorously confirmed by modern geography. Vincent, on the other hand, supposes that the defective system of the ancients must necessarily have introduced into the narrative of the Greek commander many errors and contradictions. Sainte-Croix, again, is deserted by his usual good sense and judgment when he assigns to the expedition of Nearchus no other motive but the foolish ambition of Alexander. If this had been the case, why would Nearchus have kept a journal so full of nautical and geographical observations?-Nearchus was recompensed by Alexander with a golden crown, which the monarch placed upon his head. A new route was marked out. Alexander was to undertake an expedition against Arabia, and Nearchus and his fleet were to accompany him, and to coast the Arabian shore; but the death of the monarch put an end to the design. After the decease of Alexander, Nearchus, who had obtained the prefecture or satrapy of Pamphylia and Lycia, exerted himself, but to no purpose, to secure the throne of Alexander to Hercules, son of Barsine. He also wrote a history, or historical memoirs of the reign of Alexander; but of this work the title alone remains. The voyage of Nearchus, besides being contained in the common text of Arrian, may be found in Hudson's Geographi Minores Græci, vol. 1. It appeared also in 1806, from the Vienna press, under the title of Neáруov жερiñλоvç ÉK тoû 'Appiavoù. (Hoffmann, Lex. Bibliogr., vol. 3, p. 114.)

account of the origin of Neapolis. Scymnus of Chios | that literature continued to flourish here in his time. mentions both the Phocæans and Cumæans as its Among other superstitions, we learn from Macrofounders, while Stephanus of Byzantium names the bius (Sat. 1, 18), that the people of Neapolis worRhodians. But by far the most numerous and respect- shipped the sun, under the image of a bull with a hu able authorities attribute its foundation to the Cumæ- man face, which they called Hebon. This fact is ans, a circumstance which their proximity renders high-confirmed by numerous coins, and also by an inscrip ly probable. (Strabo, 246.—Livy, 8, 22.-Vell. Pa- tion which has come down to us. (Cramer's Anc. terc., 1, 4.) Hence the connexion of this city with Italy, vol. 2, p. 168, seqq.) Euboea, so frequently alluded to by the poets, and especially by Statius, who was born here. (Silv., 1, 2; 3, 5; 2, 2, &c.) A Greek inscription mentions a hero of the name of Eumelus as having had divine honours paid to him, probably as founder of the city. (Capacio, Hist. Nap., p. 105.) This fact serves to illustrate another passage of Statius. (Silv., 4, 8, 45.)—The date of the foundation of this colony is not recorded. Velleius Paterculus observes only that it was much posterior to that of the parent city. Strabo seems to recognise another colony subsequent to that of the Cumæans, composed of Chalcidians, Pithecusans, and Athenians. (Strab., 246.) The latter were probably the same who are mentioned in a fragment of Timæus, quoted by Tzetzes (ad Lycophr., v. 732-37), as hav-well, but is fully established by Sainte-Croix (Examen ing migrated to Italy under the command of Diotimus, who also instituted a hauradopopía, still observed at Neapolis in the time of Statius (Sylv., 4, 8, 50). The passage of Strabo above cited will account also for the important change in the condition of the city now under consideration, which is marked by the terms Palapolis and Neapolis, both of which are applied to it by the ancient writers. It is to be noticed, that Palapolis is the name under which Livy mentions it when describing the first transactions which connect its history with that of Rome, A.U.C. 429 (Livy, 8, 23); while Polybius, speaking of events which occurred in the beginning of the first Punic war, that is, about sixty years afterward, employs only that of Neapolis (1, 51).—Livy, however, clearly alludes to the two cities as existing at the same time; but we hear no more of Palapolis after it had undergone a siege and surrendered to the Roman arms. According to the same historian, this town stood at no great distance from the site of Neapolis, certainly nearer to Vesuvius, and in the plain. (Romanelli, vol. 3, p. 530.) It was betrayed by two of its chief citizens to the Roman consul, A.U.C. 429. (Liv., 8, 25.) Respecting the position of Neapolis, it may be seen from Pliny, that it was placed between the river Sebethus, now il Fiume Madalona, and the small island Megaris, or Megalia, as Statius calls it (Sylv., 2, 2. 80), on which the Castel del Ovo now stands. (Plin., 3, 6.—Columella, R. R., 10.)-It is probable that Neapolis sought the alliance of the Romans not long after the fall of the neighbouring city; for we find that they were supplied with ships by that town in the first Punic war, for the purpose of crossing over into Sicily. (Polyb., 1, 51.) At that time we may suppose the inhabitants of Neapolis, like those of Cuma, to have lost much of their Greek character, from being compelled to admit the Campanians into their commonwealth; a circumstance that has been NEBO, a mountain situate east of the river Jordan, noticed by Strabo (246). In that geographer's time, and forming part of the chain of Abarim, north of the however, there still remained abundant traces of their Dead Sea. The Israelites encamped at the foot of first origin. Their gymnasia, clubs, and. societies this mountain in the 46th year of their Exodus, and were formed after the Greek manner. Public games Moses, having executed the commission with which were celebrated every five years, which might rival in he was intrusted, and having pronounced his blessing celebrity the most famous institutions of that nature on the twelve tribes assembled to receive his last in Greece; while the indolence and luxury of Grecian charge, ascended this mountain, from the summit of manners were also very prevalent, and allured to Ne- which, called Pisgah, he had a view of the Promised apolis many a Roman, whose age and temperament Land, into which he was not permitted to enter: on inclined him to a life of ease. (Ovid, Met., 15, 711. this mountain he soon afterward died. Burckhardt -Hor., Epod., 5, 24, 3. — Sil. Ital., 12, 31.—Stat., supposes the Djebel Attarous, about 15 miles north Silv., 3, 5, 85.) Claudius and Nero seem to have of the Arnon, and a little to the right of the route shown a like predilection for Neapolis as a residence. from Madeba to Araayr or Aroer, and which is the (Tacit., Ann., 15, 53.-Id., 16, 10.) The epithet of highest point in the neighbourhood, to be Nebo. docta, applied to this city by Martial (5, 79), proves | (Mansford's Scripture Gazetteer, p. 335.)

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