whole port, is smaller than that of the Piræus. The | from taxes for the time to come. Indeed, from this pedirection of the port is from south to north. If the harbour once contained four hundred ships, each vessel must have been a wherry." (Vol. 1, p. 301, Am. ed.) See more on this subject in the remarks on the articles Phalerus and Piræus. MURENA, I. L. Licinius, a Roman commander. He had charge of Sylla's left wing in the battle with Archelaus, near Cheronea, and contributed powerfully to the victory which Sylla gained on that occasion. After the latter had concluded a treaty of peace with Mithradates, he left Muræna in command of the Ro-justice to Musa, that Suetonius, Velleius Paterculus, man forces in Asia, who, not long after, broke the treaty and invaded Cappadocia, plundering the treasures of the temple at Comana. Mithradates, how ever, met and defeated him on the banks of the Halys. (Vid. Mithradates VI.)-II. The son of the preceding, a consul, and colleague of D. Silanus, was ac-lence of a severe epidemic during that and the followused by Servius Sulpicius and Cato of having been guilty of bribery in suing for the consulship, and was ably defended by Cicero. The oration delivered on this occasion is still extant. Muræna was acquitted. MURSA, a city of Pannonia Inferior, on the Dravus, a short distance to the west of its junction with the Danube. It was founded by Hadrian, and in its vicinity Magnentius was defeated by Constantius. It corresponds to the modern Essek, the capital of Sclavonia. (Steph. Byz., p. 472.-Ptol.) MURTIA OF MURCIA, a surname given to Venus by the Romans. The more popular orthography with the ancient writers was Myrtia, from myrtus, "the myrtle," and various reasons are assigned for this etymology. (Serv. ad Eclog., 7, 62.- Ovid, Fast., 4, 141.- Serv. ad Georg., 2, 64.) The other form of the name, Murcia, is explained as follows by St. Augustine (de Civ. Dei, 4, 16): “ Dea Murcia, quæ præter modum non moveretur, ac faceret hominem, ut ait Pomponius, murcidum, id est, nimis desidiosum et inactuosum." (Compare Arnobius, 1. 4, p. 132.) She had a temple at the foot of the Aventine Hill, and hence this hill was anciently called Murcius. (Festus.-Liv., 1, 33.) riod, instruction in the healing art became more highly esteemed at Rome, and was placed on a level with the teaching of Philology, Rhetoric, and Philosophy. (Consult Gaupp, de prof. et med. eorumque privileg., p. 29, Vratislav., 1827.) Musa was not always, however, so successful in his practice; and the use of the cold bath, which had saved Augustus, hastened, or, at least, could not prevent, the death of the young Marcellus. This, at least, is the account given by Dio Cassius (53, 30). It must be observed, however, in Pliny, and Tacitus, are silent on this head. Dio Cas sius, in another passage (53, 33), states, that Livia was suspected by some of having caused poison to be administered to young Marcellus, which baffled all the skill of his physicians; but he adds, that the prevaing year, by which great numbers perished, rendered this suspicion somewhat improbable. Velleius Paterculus, Pliny, and Tacitus make no such reproach to the memory of Musa; and Servius, in a note to Virgil (En., 6, 862), attributes the death of Marcellus to a different cause. (Compare Bianconi, Lettres sur Celse, p. 59.-Rose, Diss. de Aug. contr. med. curato, Hal., 1741.) The cold bath, after this, was for a long time discontinued, until Charmis of Massilia brought it again into use at Rome, with great emolument to himself and advantage to invalids. (Plin., l. c.-Essai Hist. sur le Med. en France, p. 20, Paris, 1762.)-The talents of Musa do not appear to have been confined to the medical art. Virgil praises his spirit and taste in an epigram contained in the Catalec ta (13), in which he says that Phoebus and the Muses had bestowed upon him their choicest gifts. He appears, in fact, to have been on intimate terms with both Virgil and Horace, the latter of whom he advised to leave off bathing at Baiæ. (Epist., 1, 15.) Musa is said to have been the first that made use of the flesh of vipers in curing ulcers, and employed, as simples, lettuce, succory, and endives. He was the inventor of many remedies, which all bore his name. (Galen, de MUSA, Antonius, a celebrated physician at Rome, in Comp. Med., sec. loc., lib. 8, p. 287, &c.-Plin., 29, 6.) the age of Augustus. He is commonly supposed to Two works are erroneously ascribed to Musa, one a have been a freedman of that emperor's. Some, how-treatise "De Herba Betonica," published by Humelever, make him to have been of Greek origin, and the berg with notes, Tigur., 1537, 4to; and the other a son of a parent named Iasus. Pliny speaks of a broth- poetical fragment, "De tuenda valetudine," addressed er of Musa's, named Euphorbus, who was physician to to Mæcenas, which appeared at Nuremberg, 1538, 8vo, Juba II., king of Mauritania; and he adds, that a cer- under the editorial care of Troppau. The genuine fragtain plant, the virtues of which were discovered by him, ments of Musa were collected by Caldani: "Antonii received from this prince the complimentary name of Musæ fragmenta quæ exstant,” Bassano, 1800, 8vo.— Euphorbia. (Plin., 25, 7.) Musa had received an ex- There is a curious dissertation of Bishop Atterbury's cellent education. It appears that he took up the study (Lond., 1740, 8vo), in which he undertakes to prove of medicine merely with the view of relieving his own that Virgil has commemorated Musa in the twelfth book father, who was weighed down with infirmities, and of the Eneid, under the character of Iaspis. (Biogr. his filial piety was richly rewarded by the distinguished Univ., vol. 30, p. 465, seq.-Sprengel, Hist. Med., vol. proficiency to which he attained in the healing art. 2, p. 23, seq.-Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 1, p. 691.) His reputation became established by a successful cure MUSE, certain goddesses who presided over poetry, which he performed in the case of the emperor. Au- music, and all the liberal arts and sciences, and who gustus had been suffering for a long time under a com- were the daughters of Jupiter by the nymph Mnemosplaint about which the ancient writers give us no exact yne. No definite number of the Muses is given by information, but which the imperial physicians appear Homer; for the verse in which they are said to be nine only to have aggravated by the use of warm remedies. is now regarded as spurious. (Od, 24, 60.) Perhaps Musa was at length called in, and the emperor placed originally, as in the case of the Erinnyes and so many himself in his hands. Discarding all fomentations and other deities, there was no precise number. Pausanheating remedies, Musa prescribed the cold bath and ias (9, 29, 1) gives an old tradition, according to which refreshing drinks, and Augustus soon recovered the there were only three Muses: Melete (Practice), health to which he had long been a stranger. (Sue- Mneme (Memory), and Acede (Song). Aratus said ton., Vit. Aug., 81.--Dio Cass., 53, 30.-Plin, 29, there were four, the daughters of Jupiter and the nymph 1.) Augustus and the senate not only presented Musa Plusia (Wealthy), and that their names were Thelxiwith a considerable sum of money, but also bestowed noë (Mind-soother), Acede, Melete, and Arche (Beginupon him the rank of an eques or knight, and caused a ning.. · Cic., N. D., 3, 21.- Eudocia, 294). Alcbrazen statue to be erected to him in the temple of Es- man and some other poets made the Muses the daughculapius. (Ackermann, Prolus. de Ant. Mus., § 6, p. ters of Heaven and Earth. (Diod. Sic., 47.- Pau15.) It is also said, that, out of consideration for Mu-san., 9, 29, 4.) The more received opinion makes sa, the whole medical profession were to be exempted them nine in number, and, as we have already remark. -- pre ed, the daughters of Jupiter and of Mnemosyne, the goddess of Memory. (Hes., Theog., 53, seqq.-Id. ib., 76.)-The names of the Muses were Calliope, Clio, Melpomene, Euterpe, Erato, Terpsichore, Urania, Thalia, and Polymnia, an account of each of whom will be found under their respective names, as well as of the particular departments which later ages assigned to each. -Pieria in Macedonia is said by Hesiod (Theog., 53) to have been the birthplace of the Muses; and every-poems of Musæus, neglected very probably at a later thing relating to them proves the antiquity of the tradition, that the knowledge and worship of these goddesses came from the North into Hellas. (Buttmann, Mythol., vol. 1, p. 293.—Voss, Mythol. Briefe, vol. 4, p. 3.-Müller, Orchom., p. 381.-Id., Prolegom., p. 219.) Almost all the mountains, grottoes, and springs from which they have derived their appellations, or which were sacred to them, were in Macedonia, Thessaly, Phocis, or Boeotia. Such are the mountains Pimpla, Pindus, Parnassus, Helicon; the fountains Hippocrene, Aganippe, Castalia; and also the Corycian Cave.-The Muses, as Homer informs us (Il., 2, 594), met the Thracian Thamyris in Dorion (in the Peloponnesus) as he was returning from Echalia. He had boasted that he could excel them in singing; and, enraged at his presumption, they struck him blind and deprived him of his knowledge of music. Shortly after the birth of these goddesses, the nine daughters of Pierus, king of Æmathia, are said to have challenged them to a contest of singing. The place of trial was Mount Helicon. At the song of the daughters of Pierus, the sky became dark, and all nature was put out of harmony; but at that of the Muses, the heavens themselves, the stars, the sea, and the rivers, stood motionless, and Helicon swelled up with delight, so that nis summit would have reached the sky had not Neptune directed Pegasus to strike it with his hoof. The Muses then turned the presumptuous maidens into nine different kinds of birds. (Nicander, ap. Anton. Lib., 9.) Ovid, who relates the same legend (Met., 5, 300, seqq.), says they were turned into magpies, and he is followed by Statius. (Silv., 2, 4, 19.)—The most probable derivation of the name Muse (Moura) seems to be that which deduces it from the obsolete verb páw," to inquire" or "invent;" so that the Muses are nothing more than personifications of the inventive powers of the mind as displayed in the several arts. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 185, seqq.) Hercules. Some traditions made Musaus the disciple of Orpheus; others, on the contrary, call him the ceptor of the latter; and Suidas states expressly, that, although a disciple of Orpheus, he was more advanced in years than the latter, who bequeathed to him his lyre. According to another tradition, this instrument was intrusted to Musæus by the Muses, who had found it on the seashore after the death of Orpheus.-The period, when the poetry of Ionia, more consonant with the genius of the Greek nation, became widely diffused, were interpolated to such a degree, that, when in a subsequent age they became the subject of critical investigation, it was no longer possible to distinguish between what was original and what had been added. Pausanias (1, 22) regarded the hymn in honour of Ceres as the only genuine one: all the rest appeared to him the work of Onomacritus, who was contemporary with the Pisistratida; for the poem of Hero and Leander, which we have remaining, is by another Musaus, surnamed the grammarian.-We will now proceed to enumerate the titles of the works ascribed to the ancient bard.-Xpnouoi ("Oracles"). Museus, according to Herodotus (8, 96), had predicted the happy issue of the battle of Salamis; that is, some one had applied to this event, so glorious for the Greeks, one of the old prophecies preserved among the people; just as was afterward done with regard to the three verses, preserved for us by Pausanias (10, 9), and in which the Athenians saw, with the more willingness, a prediction relative to the battle of Ægos Potamos, because it confirmed the suspicions they had before entertained of the treachery of Adimantus. This last-mentioned oracle of Musæus, and also another, likewise in three verses, preserved by Clemens Alexandrinus (Stromata, 8, p. 738), are the two chief fragments that remain to us of the poetry of Museus. His oracles were collected by Onomacritus, in obedience to the orders of Hipparchus; but the poet Lasus, of Hermione, having detected the fraud practised by Onomacritus, who had intermingled his own productions with these ancient prophecies, Hipparchus drove the impostor into exile. (Herodotus, 7, 6.) It appears, that after this it was impossible to distinguish what belonged to Museus from what had been interpolated by Onomacritus.-2. Teheraí (“Initiations"). A passage in the Republic of Plato (vol. 6, p. 221, ed. Bipont.) explains the object of this species of poetry: by these initiatory forms the acts of sacrilege committed either by individuals or entire communities Plato calls him the son of Selene, and, as if to were expiated. They were also cited under the title leave no doubt about the meaning of this latter name, of Kabapuoi ("Purifications"), or Пapaλvoelç (“AbHermesianax, in a passage of his Leontion, preserved solutions").—3. 'AKÉOƐLC VÓOWV (“Charms against by Athenæus, says that Mene, that is, the Moon, was maladies"). Cited by Aristophanes (Ran., 1033) the mother of this poet, whom he styles the favourite and Eustathius (ad. Il., introd.).—4. Epaipa ("The of the Graces. (Athen., 13, p. 597, c. -Compare Sphere"). An astrological poem. Diogenes Laertius, Schol. ad Aristoph., Ran., 1065.) Others merely in speaking of Musæus, says, moiñoai dè Oɛoyoviav make a nymph to have been his parent. Musæus was kai paipav rрTоv: the meaning of this is, that he born either at Athens or at Eleusis, for the ancient was the first who versified such subjects as a Theogowriters are not agreed upon this point: he was origi-ny and the Sphere. Sir Isaac Newton incorrectly nally, however, from Thrace, and descended from the illustrious family of the Eumolpida, which owed its origin to the Thracian Eumolpus. This family was in possession of certain mysteries and peculiar rites of initiation, and claimed from father to son the gift of prophecy. Musæus was the fourth or fifth in descent from Eumolpus tradition named Antiphenes for his father. He is placed in the Arundelian marbles at 1426 B.C., when his hymns are said to have been re-("Precepts"). Addressed to his son Eumolpus. Also ceived into the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries. He passed the greater part of his life at Athens, and in the time of Pausanias, the quarter of the city where he had resided, and where he was also interred, still Dore the name of Museum (Movσeiov. -Pausan., 1, 25). He was married to Deiope, by whom he had Eumolpus the younger, who presided at the expiation of | MUSEUS, I. an early Greek bard, of whom little more is known than of Orpheus, the history of his life being enveloped in mystery and encumbered with fables. : gives this a literal translation, that Museus was the first who constructed a sphere, and on this error is founded the calculation of that celebrated mathematician, according to which the Argonautic expedition took place 936 B.C. (Consult Clavier, Hist. des premiers temps de la Gréce, 2d ed., vol. 3, p. 24.)—5. Ocoyovia ("A Theogony").-6. Tiravoypapia, a description of the war of the Titans.-7. 'Yπovпкai cited under the title of Evuókяia nоinois. It is supposed by some to have been a code of instructions for the celebration of the mysteries. According to Suidas, it contained 4000 verses.-8. Kparip. Servius (ad En., 6, 667) is the only one that cites this poem. He says it was the first production of Museus, and was dedicated to Orpheus. The title would seem to in and 480 A.D. A circumstance, moreover, unimportant in itself, comes in support of this calculation. All the manuscripts give to the author of the poem the title of grammarian: now, among the letters of Procopius of Gaza, there is one addressed to a certain Museus: and though he is not styled, in the address, a grammarian, yet the letter evidently is intended for a person of this description. The period when Proco pius flourished is fixed at about 520 A.D. If we suppose, then, that the poem of Hero and Leander was a production of Museus's youth, and that he had attained an advanced age when Procopius addressed to him the letter in question, perhaps between 480 and 500 A.D., nothing will prevent our regarding the correspondent of Procopius as the author of this poem, which thus might have been composed before 450 A.D. - The poem in question bears the following title, Tà xať Hpw Kai Aéavdpov. It consists of 340 hexameters. The story on which it is founded is an old one; Vir on its very front the stamp of antiquity: the merit of the composition, however, does not the less belong to the poet. "The Hero and Leander," observes Elton, "exhibits that refinement of sentiment, and that sparkling antithetical ornament which are the indications of modern composition. It is a beautiful and impassioned production; combining in its love-details the warmth and luxuriance of Ovid, with the delicate and graceful nature of Apollonius Rhodius; and, in the peril and tumult of the catastrophe, rising to the gloomy grandeur of Homeric description." (Specimens of the Classic Poets, vol. 3, p. 330.-Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 1, p. 46, seqq.-Id., vol. 3, p. 123, seqq. — Id., vol. 6, p. 85, seqq.) The best editions of Musæus are, that of Schrader, Leovard., 1742, 8vo, and Magd., 1775, 8vo, improved by Schäffer, Lips., 1825, 8vo; that of Passow, Lips., 1810, 8vo; and that of Moebius, Hal., 1814, 8vo. dicate a work of a mixed character, as the term кparip denotes a vessel in which wine and water were mixed. -9. A Hymn to Ceres. Cited by Pausanias as the only authentic production of Musæus. It was composed for the family of the Lycomedæ, who appear to have cherished a particular veneration for Ceres; for they possessed a temple of this goddess, which was destroyed by the Persians, and which Themistocles, who belonged to this same family, rebuilt. (Plut., Vit. Them)-10. A Hymn in honour of Bacchus. Cited by Elius Aristides in his Eulogium on this divinity.-11. Hepi Оεσπрштwν (“Of the Thesprotians"). Clemens Alexandrinus states, that Eugammon of Cyrene, a poet who flourished about the 53d Olympiad, claimed this as his own production, and published it under his own name. To render such an act of plagiarism at all possible, the poem of Musæus must have previously fallen into complete oblivion. It contained a description of the remarkable things in Thesprotia.-12. Isthmian Songs.gil and Ovid were both acquainted with it, and it bears Cited by the scholiasts on Euripides and on Apollonius Rhodius. These cannot, however, have been productions of Musæus, as he lived before the establishment of the Isthmian games.-The few scattered remains that we possess of Museus have been reunited by H. Stephens, in his collection of the philosophic poets, and, among others, by Passow, in his " Musaus, Urschrift, Uebersetzung, Einleitung, und Kritische Anmerkungen," Leipzig, 1810, 8vo. II. A native of Ephesus, who resided at Pergamus. He was the author of an epic poem in 'ten books, entitled Perseïs, and also of other effusions in honour of Eumenes and Attalus. Moreri thinks that he wrote the Isthmian Songs, which the scholiasts on Euripides and on Apollonius Rhodius cite under the name of Museus. He does not appear to have been the writer of whom Martial speaks (12, 97). III. A grammarian, the author of a poem founded on the story of Hero and Leander. Opinions have greatly varied relative to the age of this production. Julius Cæsar Scaliger believed that it was the composition of the elder Museus, the Athenian, and anterior, consequently, to the Iliad and Odyssey. (Ars Poet., 5, 2, 214.) The poem in question is undoubtedly, as far as regards the story itself and the diction in which it is arrayed, worthy of a place among the earlier poems of the Greeks; and yet, at the same time, it bears evident marks of a much more recent origin, as well in the colouring of sentiment with which the author has softened down the plainer and less delicate handling of such subjects as this, which marked the earlier writers, as in some of the images which are occasionally introduced. For example, no poet of the Homeric age would have indulged in such a sentiment as the following: "The ancients falsely asserted that there were only three Graces: every laughing glance of Hero's blooms with a hundred." The opinion, therefore, of the elder Scaliger has been rejected by Joseph his son, and by all subsequent critics. Some have placed this poem in the 12th or 13th century, because the first and only mention of it is made by Tzetzes, who speaks of it in his Chiliads (2, 435; 10, 520; 13, 943). The purity of language, however, and the taste which distinguish this production of Musæus, do not warrant the opinion of its having been so modern a work. Hence some critics have endeavoured to show that Achilles Tatius and Aristænetus had it under their eyes when they wrote. Now Achilles Tatius is supposed by the best philologists to have written about the middle of the fifth century, and Aristænetus about the close of the same century. Again, Hermann, in his remarks on the changes experienced by the Greek hexameter, has shown that the poem of IIero and Leander is later than the Dionysiacs of Nonnus. From all these approximations, therefore, we may fix the era of the poem in question between 430 MUTIA or MUCIA, a daughter of Q. Mutius Scævola, and sister of Metellus Celer. She was Pompey's third wife. Her infidelity induced her husband to divorce her, on his return from the Mithradatic war, although she had borne him three children. Cæsar was the seducer; and hence, when Pompey married Cæsar's daughter, all blamed him for turning off a wife who had been the mother of three children, to espouse the daughter of a man whom he had often, with a sigh, called "his Ægisthus." Mucia's disloyalty must have been very public, since Cicero, in one of his letters to Atticus, says, "Divortium Mucia vehementer probatur." (Ep. ad Att., 1, 12.) MUTINA, a city of Cisalpine Gaul, now Modena, situate on the Emilian Way, in a southeast direction from Placentia and Parma. It is often mentioned in history, and more particularly during the stormy period which intervened between the death of Cæsar and the reign of Augustus. Livy asserts (39, 55) that Mutina was colonized the same year with Parma, that is, 569 U.C.; but Polybius speaks of it as a Roman colony thirty-four years prior to that date (3, 40). Cicero styles it (Phil., 5, 9) “firmissimam et splendidissimam Populi Romani Coloniam." It sustained a severe siege against the troops of Antony, A.U.C. 709. D. Brutus, who defended the place, being apprized of the approach of the consuls Hirtius and Pansa by means of carrier-pigeons, made an obstinate defence. Antony, being finally defeated by those generals and Octavius, was forced to raise the siege. (Liv., Epit. 118 et 119.-Cic., Ep. ad Fam., 10, 14.-Vell. Pa terc., 2, 61.-Florus, 4, 4.-Suct., Aug., 10.) Muti na was also famous for its wool. From Tacitus (Hist. 2, 52) we learn that it was a municipium. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 56.) MUTINUS. Vid. Mutungs. much the same as the Priapus of the Greeks. His temple was at first in the city, but was afterward, in the time of Augustus, removed to the twenty-sixth milestone. Festus calls him Mutinus Titinus. (Consult Lactant., 1, 20.—Arnob., l. 4, p. 131.—August., de Civ. Dei, 4, 11.-Id. ib., 6, 9.—Tertull., Apol., c. 25.-Dulaure, Hist. des Cultes, vol. 2, p. 160, seqq.) MUZERIS, a harbour of India intra Gangem, on the western coast, below the Sinus Barygazenus. It was much frequented in the first century of our era, though somewhat dangerous to visit on account of the pirates in its vicinity. (Plin., 6, 23.) It appears to correspond to the modern Mirzno or Mirdschno. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 199, seqq.) them on the lands of those states that had joined the For now MYCALE, I. a promontory of Ionia, in Asia Minor, opposite the island of Samos. It is a continuation of Mount Messogis, which chain ran along the upper side of the Maander for the greater part of its course. Mycale was known to Homer (Il., 2, 869), and, at a later day, the Panionium, or solemn assembly of the Ionian states, was held in a temple situate at its foot. (Herod., 1, 148). Its principal celebrity, however, arose from the battle that was fought here between the Greeks and Persians on the 22d of September, 479 B.C., the same day that Mardonius was defeated at Platea. The battle of Mycale took place in the morning, that of Platea in the evening. The Samians, without the knowledge of their tyrant or the Persians, Mount Mycale, according to Strabo, was well woodhad sent messengers to invite the Grecian fleet at ed, and abounded with game; a character which, as Delos to pass over to Ionia, assuring the commanders Chandler reports, it still retains. This traveller deof their superiority to the Persian force in those seas, scribes it as a high ridge, with a beautifully-cultivated and of the disposition of the Ionians to revolt. The plain at its foot, and several villages on its side. Greeks complied; and on their approach, the Persian (Travels, p. 179, seq.)—II. It has been a subject of leaders, feeling themselves too weak for a sea-fight, considerable discussion among commentators, to assent away the Phoenician ships, and, bringing the others certain the meaning of Cornelius Nepos, in his Life of to the promontory of Mycale, near Miletus, where the Cimon (2, 2), where he makes this commander to have land-army was encamped, drew them upon the beach, gained a victory at Mycale over the combined fleets an easy thing with the light vessels used in ancient of the Cyprians and Phoenicians. The battle is dewar, and surrounded them with a rampart. The Per- scribed by Diodorus Siculus (2, 61), and by Plutarch sian land-army was under the command of Tigranes, in his Life of Cimon. It is mentioned also by Thuand amounted to 60,000 men. It had been left by cydides (1, 100), by Plato (Menex.-Op., ed. Bek., pt. Xerxes, when he began his expedition, for the security 2, vol. 3, p. 391), by Polyænus (1, 34), by Frontinus of Ionia he himself was still at Sardis. : The army (4, 7, 45), and by Mela (1, 14). But all these authorwas posted in front of the ships. The chief com-ities uniformly make the battle to have been fought at mander of the Greeks was Leotychides, a Spartan of the river Eurymedon, not far from Cyprus. In order one of the royal houses. On arriving, he repeated, to free Cornelius Nepos from the charge of a gross with the same double purpose, the stratagem of The- error, it is best to adopt the opinion of Tzschucke, who mistocles at Artemisium. Sailing along the shore, he thinks that there must have been a second and obmade proclamation by a herald to the Ionians, bidding scurer Mycale, near the Eurymedon in Pamphylia, them remember that the Greeks were fighting for their where the battle above referred to was fought. (Comliberty. The Persians were already jealous of the pare Fischer, ad Corn. Nep., l. c.) Samians, because they had ransomed and sent home some Athenian prisoners; and their suspicions being strengthened and made more general by the proclamation, they disarmed the Samians, and sent the Milesians to guard the passes, under pretence of profiting by their knowledge of the country, but really to remove them from the camp. The Athenians, advancing along the beach, commenced the action, followed by the Corinthians, Trœzenians, and Sicyonians. After some hard fighting they drove the enemy to his intrenchments, and then forced the enclosure, on which the mass of the army fled, the Persians only still resisting. It was not till now that the Lacedæmonians came up, having been impeded by steep and broken ground. On seeing the Greeks prevailing, the Samians, though unarmed, did what they could in their favour, and the other Ionians followed their example, and sided with the Greeks. The Milesians, who had been sent to guard the passes by the Persians, turned against them, and slaughtered the fugitives. All Ionia now revolted. The fleet proceeded to Samos, where a consultation was held on the fate of that country. It could not protect itself unassisted, and its defence was a burden MYCENE, I. an ancient city of Argolis, in a north the Greeks were loath to support. The Peloponne-eastern direction from Argos. It was said to have sians proposed to remove the inhabitants, and settle been founded by Perseus, after the death of his grand MYCALESSUS, a city of Boeotia, northeast of Thebes, and a short distance to the west of Aulis. It was an ancient place, and known to Homer. (П., 2, 498.— Hymn. in Apoll., 224.) We learn from Thucydides, that, in the Peloponnesian war, Mycalessus sustained a most afflicting disaster, owing to an attack made upon it by some Thracian troops in the pay of Athens. These barbarians, having surprised the town, put all the inhabitants to the sword, sparing neither women nor children, since they savagely butchered a number of boys who were assembled in the public school belonging to the place. The historian affirms, that this was one of the greatest calamities which ever befell a city. (Thucyd., 7, 30.- Pausan, 1, 23.— Strako. 404.) The only remarkable building which it possessed was a temple of Ceres. Sir W. Gell has the fo lowing note on the ruins of this ancient town. "Blocks and foundations of a temple, and tombs; possibly the temple of Ceres Mycalessia. The wall of a city on the left, about three hundred yards. Many traces, probably, of Mycalessus." (Itin., p. 130.—Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 161, seqq.) -Bähr, ad loc.) MYCONOS, one of the Cyclades, lying a little to the east of Delos. It is described by Athenæus (1, 14) as a poor and barren island, the inhabitants of which were consequently rapacious and fond of money. Strabo reports that they lost their hair at an early age, whence the name of Myconian was proverbially used to desig nate a bald person. (Strabo, 487.- Compare the words of Donatus, ad Ter., Hec., 3, 4: Mycon calva omnis juventus.") It was also said, that the giants whom Hercules had conquered lay in a heap under the island; a fable which gave rise to anothe. saying (μía Múkovoç), applied to those authors who confusedly mixed together things which ought to have been treated of separately. (Plut., Symp., 1, 2.Zenob., Cent., 5, 17.-Apollod., 1, 6, 2.) This island is mentioned by Thucydides (3, 29) and Herodotus (6, 118). Pliny assigns to it a mountain named Di mastus (4, 12). Scylax states that it had two towns (p. 22). The modern name of the island is Myconi. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 409, seqq.) father Acrisius. (Pausanias, 2, 18.-Strabo, 377.) | tion of his reign. Larcher makes him to have ruled The name was supposed by some to be derived from over Egypt for the space of 20 years, he having asMycene, daughter of Inachus; but others assigned a cended the throne, according to this critic, in B.C. different origin to the word, as may be seen from Pau- 1072, and having been succeeded by Asychis B.C. sanias (2, 16). Perseus was succeeded by Sthenelus, 1052.-Mycerinus built one of the pyramids, which married to a daughter of Pelops named Astydamia; travellers usually call the third one. It is smaller in after whom followed Eurystheus, Atreus, and Aga-size than the others, but, was equally as expensive as memnon. Under the last named monarch, the empire the rest, being cased, according to Diodorus Siculus, of Mycena reached its highest degree of opulence and half way up with Ethiopian marble. Herodotus inpower, since his authority was acknowledged by the forms us (2, 133) that this monarch, after having reignwhole of Greece. (Thucyd., 1, 9.-Diod. Sic., 11, ed for no great length of time, was inforined by the 65.)-Mycenae, which had been superior even to Argos oracle of Latona, at Butos, that he was destined to in the Trojan war, declined after the return of the Her- live only six years longer; and that, on complaining aclide; and in the 78th Olympiad, or 468 B.C., the that he, a pious prince, was not allowed a long reign, Argives, having attacked and captured the city, lev- while his father and grandfather, who had been injuelled it to the ground and enslaved its inhabitants. rious to mankind and impious to the gods, had en(Diod. Sic., 11, 65.-Strabo, 372.) Pausanias at-joyed each a long life, he was told that his short life tributes the destruction of Mycena to the envy which was the direct consequence of his piety, for the fates the glory acquired by the troops of that city at Ther- had decreed that for the space of 150 years Egypt mopyla and Platea had excited in the minds of the should be oppressed, of which determination the two Argives (2, 16.-Compare Herod., 7, 202). But Di-preceding monarchs had been aware. (Herod., l. c. odorus affirms, that the war arose from a dispute relative to the temple of Juno, which was common to the two republics. Strabo states, that so complete was the destruction of this celebrated capital, that not a vestige remained of its existence. This assertion, however, is not correct, since Pausanias informs us that several parts of the walls were yet standing, as also one of the gates, surmounted by lions, when he visited the ruins. Modern travellers have given us a full and interesting account of these vestiges. The most remarkable among the remains of antiquity is what is termed the Treasury of Atreus. It is a hollow cone of 50 feet in diameter, and as many in height. It is composed of enormous masses of a very hard breccia, or sort of pudding-stone. This extraordinary edifice has obviously been raised by the projection of one stone above another, and they nearly meet at the top. The central stone at the top has been removed, along with two or three others, and yet the building remains as durable as ever, and will probably last to the end of time. Sir W. Gell discovered brass nails placed at regular distances throughout the interior, which he thinks must have served to fasten plates of brass to the wall. (Gell's Argolis, p. 29, seqq.) These nails consist of 88 parts of copper and 12 of tin. Dr. Clarke opposes the opinion of this being the Treasury of Atreus, principally on the ground that it was without the walls of the city, deeming it far more probable, and more in conformity with what we find in ancient writers, that the Treasury was within the walls, in the very citadel. He considers it to be the Heroum of Perseus. (Travels, vol. 6, p. 493, Lond. ed.) Whatever may have been its use, it is worthy of notice, that cells of bronze or brass, i. e., covered within with plates of brass, were very common in ancient Argolis. Such, no doubt, were the brazen place of confinement of Danaë, and the lurking-place of Eurystheus when in fear of Hercules. The remains of the ancient walls are also very curious, being evidently of that style of building called Cyclopean. Among other things, the Gate of the Lions, mentioned by Pausanias, still remains. The modern village of Krabata stands near the ruins of Mycena.-The name of Mycena was probably derived from its situation in a recess (vx) formed by two mountains, and not, as Pausanias imagines, from a mushroom, or the pommel of a sword. MYCERINUS, a king of Egypt, son of Cheops according to Herodotus (2, 129), but of Chemmis according to Diodorus (1,64). The last-mentioned writer calls him Mecherinus (Mexepivos), a name which Zoega, by the aid of the Coptic, makes equivalent to peaceful," and which agrees, therefore, very well with the epithet πoç (“mild” or “gentle"), applied to him by Herodotus (l. c.-Zoega, de Obelisc., p. 415.) Mycerinus was remarkable for the justice and modera 66 MYGDONIA, I. a province of Macedonia, which ap pears to have extended from the river Axius to the lake Bolbe, and at one period even to the Strymon. (Herod., 7, 123-Thucyd., 1, 58.) It originally belonged to the Edones, a people of Thrace: but these were expelled by the Temenida. (Thucyd., 2, 99.) Under the division of Mygdonia we must include several minor districts, enumerated by different historians and geographers. These are, Amphaxitis and Paraxia, Anthemus and Grestonia or Crestonia. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 233.)—II. A district of Mesopotamia. The later geographical writers affix this name merely to the northeastern section of the land, especially to the country around Nisibis; Strabo, however, expressly includes the western part also. He farther mentions, that the name of the region, as well as that of the inhabitants (Mygdones), were first given by the Macedonians. (Strab., 747.) In this latter particular he is wrong; for we find that the ten thousand, in their retreat, met with Mygdonians (Xen., Anab., 3, 3), united with the Armenians, who disputed with them the passage of the river Centrices. Under the Macedonian sway, the name of Mygdonia began to be disused, and that of Anthemusia ('Av0epovoía, blooming."-Procop., Pers., 1, 17) was employed in its stead, more especially with reference to the tract of country enclosed between Mons Masius, the Euphrates, and the Chaboras. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 260, seqq.) "the MYGDONIUS, I. a river of Mesopotamia, called also the Saocoras, rising in the district of Mygdonia, and falling into the Chaboras. It is now the Hermas, or, according to others, the Sindschar.-II. The epithet "Mygdonian" is applied by Horace (Od., 2, 12, 22) to |