MELIBEA, I. a town of Thessaly, in the district of Estiæotis, near Ithome. (Liv., 36, 13.)—II. A city of Thessaly, in the district of Magnesia. According to Livy (44, 13), it stood at the base of Mount Ossa, in that part which stretches towards the plains of Thessaly, above Demetrias. Homer assigns it to the domains of Philoctetes (Il., 2, 716), hence called "Melibaus dux" by Virgil. (Æn., 3, 401.) __ Melibœa was attacked in the Macedonian war by M. Popilius, a Roman commander, at the head of five thousand men ; but the garrison being re-enforced by a detachment from the army of Perseus, the enterprise was abandoned. (Livy, l. c.) We know from Apollonius (Arg., 1, 592) that it was a maritime town. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 423.) According to Pouqueville

cates the site of the ancient Meliboa. (Compare Paul Lucas's map, appended to his Travels, 1704.)

Meleager ran him through the flanks and killed him. | way into the inner bay, where the ancient city stood He presented the skin and head to Atalanta; but the (Chandler's Travels, p. 76, seqq.) sons of Thestius, his two uncles, offended at this MELESIGENES or MELESIGENA, a name given to preference of a woman, took the skin from her, saying Homer. (Vid. Meles and Homerus.) that it fell to them of right, on account of their family, if Meleager resigned his claim to it. Meleager, in a rage, killed them, and restored the skin to Atalanta. Althaa, on hearing of the death of her brothers, influenced by resentment for their loss, took from its place of concealment the billet, on which depended the existence of Meleager, and cast it into the flames. As it consumed, the vigour of Meleager wasted away; | and when it was reduced to ashes, his life terminated. Repenting, when too late, of what she had done, Althea put an end to her own life. Cleopatra died of grief; and the sisters of Meleager, who would not be comforted in their affliction, were, by the compassion of the gods, all but Gorgo and Deianira, changed into birds called Meleagrides.-There was another tradition, according to which Meleager was slain by Apol-(Voyage, vol. 3, p. 404), the village of Daoukli indilo, the protecting deity of the Curetes. (Pausan., 10, 31, 3.-Keightley's Mythology, p. 321, seqq.)-II. A Greek poet, a native of Gadara in Colesyria, and either contemporary with Antipater, or a very short time subsequent to him. He composed several works of a satirical character, which we find quoted under the following titles: 1. Evμπóσtov, “The Banquet.”2. Δεκίθου καὶ φακῆς σύγκρισις, "A mixture of yolks of eggs and beans."-3. Xúpites, "The Graces." Jacobs, however, thinks that the whole collection of his satires may have been rather entitled Xúp-licerta was known among the Greeks by the name of ιτες. (Animadv. in Anthol., 1, 1.-Prolegom., p. | Palamon, and among the Latins by that of Portumnus. xxxviii)—III. Another poet, who has left about 130 (Vid. Leucothoe and Ino. Apollod., 1, 9; 3, 4. epigrams. They are marked by purity of diction and Pausan., 1, 44.-Ovid, Met., 4, 529.) by feeling, but they betray, at the same time, some- MELIGŪNIS, one of the earlier names of Lipara. thing of that sophistic. subtlety which characterized his (Vid. Lipara.) age. Occasionally we meet with words rather too boldly compounded. Meleager was the first who made a collection of epigrams, or an anthology. He entitled it répavos, "The Crown." It contained a selection of the best pieces of forty-six poets, arranged in alphabetical order according to the names of the authors. This compilation is lost. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 4, p. 45, 55.)

MELEAGRIDES, the sisters of Meleager, daughters of Eneus and Althea. They were so disconsolate at the death of their brother Meleager, that they refused all aliment, and were changed into birds called Meleagrides. The youngest of these sisters, Gorgo and Deianira, who had been married, alone escaped this metamorphosis. (Apollod., 1, 8.—Ovid, Met., 8, 540.)

MELICERTA or MELICERTES, a son of Athamas and Ino. He was saved by his mother from the fury of his father, who prepared to dash him against a wall as he had done his brother Learchus. The mother was so terrified that she threw herself into the sea, with Melicerta in her arms. Neptune had compassion on Ino and her son, and changed them both into sea deities. Ino was called Leucothoë or Matuta, and Me

MELI. Vid. Malii.

MELISSA, I. a daughter of Melissus, king of Crete, who, with her sister Amalthæa, fed Jupiter with the milk of goats. According to the account quoted by Lactantius, she was appointed by her father the first priestess of Cybele. (Lactant., 1, 22.)—II. A nymph, who first discovered the means of obtaining honey through the aid of bees. She was fabled to have been herself changed into one of these little creatures. (Columell., 9, 2.)—III. One of the Oceanides, who married Inachus, by whom she had Phoroneus and Egialus.-IV. A daughter of Procles, who married Periander, the son of Cypselus, by whom, in her pregnancy, she was killed with a blow of his foot, by the false accusation of his concubines. (Diog. Laert., 1, 100.-Herod., 3, 50.—Bähr, ad Herod., l. c.—Pausan., 1, 28.)

MELES (etis), a river of Asia Minor, near Smyrna. Some of the ancients supposed that Homer was born MELISSUS, a philosopher of Samos, of the Eleatic on the banks of this river, from which circumstance sect, who flourished about 440 B.C. He was a discithey call him Melesigènes. They also showed a cave, ple of Parmenides, to whose doctrines he closely adwhere it was said that Homer had composed his verses. hered. As a public man, he was conversant with af(Pausan., 7, 5.) Chandler informs us that he search-fairs of state, and acquired great influence among his ed for this cavern, and succeeded in discovering it countrymen, who had a high veneration for his talents above the aqueduct of the Meles. It is about four and virtues. Being appointed by them to the comfeet wide, the roof of a huge rock, cracked and slant-mand of a fleet, he obtained a great naval victory over ing, the sides and bottom sandy. Beyond it is a passage cut, leading into a kind of well. (Travels in Asia Minor, p. 91.) According to the same traveller, the Meles, at the present day, is shallow in summer, not covering its rocky bed; but, winding in the deep valley behind the castle of Smyrna, it murmurs among the evergreens, and receives many rills from the slopes; after turning an overshot mill or two, it approaches the gardens without the town, where it branches out into small canals, and is divided and subdivided into still smaller currents, until it is absorbed, or reaches the sea, in ditches, unlike a river. In winter, however, after heavy rains, or the melting of snow on the mountains, it swells into a torrent rapid and deep, often not fordable without danger; and it then finds its

the Athenians. As a philosopher, he maintained that the principle of all things is one and immutable, or that whatever exists is one being; that this one being includes all things, and is infinite, without beginning or end; that there is neither vacuum nor motion in the universe, nor any such thing as production or decay; that the changes which it seems to suffer are only illusions of our senses, and that we ought not to lay down anything positive concerning the gods, since our knowledge of them is so uncertain. Themistocles is said to have been one of his pupils. (Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 418, seqq.)

MELITA, I. an island in the Mediterranean, sixty miles southeast of Sicily, now Malta. It is first mentioned by Scylax (p. 50), but is considered by him as

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belonging to Africa, from its having Punic inhabitants, | roses, and the exhalations of a thousand flowers.— and being no farther from Africa than from Sicily. The city of Melita, the ancient capital, lay some distance The earlier Greek historians do not mention it, since inland, where Citta Pinto is at present situated.-Two it was regarded as a Carthaginian island, and lay with-questions are connected with this island. The first reout their historical limits. Diodorus Siculus is the lates to the voyage of St. Paul, which will be considfirst that gives us any account of it. "There are," ered under Melita II.; the other is of a more trivial nahe says, "over against that part of Sicily which lies to ture, namely, which island, this or the Illyrian Melita the south, three islands at a distance in the sea, each (now Meleda), furnished the Catuli Melitai, so much of which has a town and safe ports for ships overtaken esteemed by the Roman ladies. Pliny, on the authorby tempests. The first, called Melite, is about 800 ity of Callimachus and Stephanus of Byzantium, prostadia from Syracuse, and has several excellent har-nounces in favour of Meleda, Strabo of Malta (280).— bours. The inhabitants are very rich, inasmuch as II. An island in the Adriatic, northwest of Epidaurus, they exercise many trades, and, in particular, manufac- and lying off the coast of Dalmatia. Its modern name ture cloths remarkable for their softness and fineness. is Meleda. The question has often been agitated, Their houses are large, and splendidly ornamented whether it was on this island, or Melita (now Malta) with projections and stucco (yeioσoiç kaì kоviúpаoi). below Sicily, that St. Paul was shipwrecked. (Acts,27 The island is a colony of the Phoenicians, who, trading and 28.) Upon a fair review of the whole subject, it to the Western Ocean, use it as a place of refuge, be- will be found that the Illyrian island presents the better cause it has excellent ports, and lies in the midst of claim to this distinction. The following reasons may the sea. Next to this island is another named Gaulus be alleged in favour of this side of the question: 1. (Gozo), with convenient harbours, which is also a The vessel, when lost, was in "Adria," the Adriatic colony of Phoenicians." (Diod. Sic., 5, 12.) Malta Gulf, which cannot by any geographical contrivance is said to have been subsequently occupied by the be made to extend, as some would wish to have it, to Greeks; but, however this may be, the Carthaginians the coast of Africa.-2. The island on which the obtained possession of it B.C. 402. In the first Pu- Apostle was wrecked was an obscure one in the Adrinic war it was plundered by the Roman consul At- atic sea, formerly called Melita, and now known by tilius. (Orosius, 4, 8.) In the second Punic war it the name of Meleda. This island lies confessedly in surrendered to the Romans, and was regarded hence- the Adriatic, off the coast of Illyricum; it lies, too, forth as an appendage to the province of Sicily. Its nearer the mouth of the Adriatic than any other island commerce declined under its new masters, and the isl- of that sea, and would, of course, be more likely to and became a not unfrequent haunt of pirates. It receive the wreck of any vessel that would be driven appears, however, that its temple of Juno was rich by tempests to that quarter.-3. Meleda is situate, enough to be an object of plunder to the rapacious moreover, nearly N. W. by N. of the southwest promVerres when he was prætor of Sicily. (Cic. in Verr., ontory of Crete, and nearly in the direction of a storm 4, 46.) The linen cloth of Malta was considered an from the southeast quarter.-4. The manner likewise article of luxury at Rome. After the division of the in which Melita is described by St. Luke agrees with Roman empire at the death of Constantine, this island the idea of an obscure place, but not with the celebrity was included in the share allotted to Constantius. It of Malta at that time. Cicero speaks of Melita (Malta) fell subsequently into the hands of the Goths, who as abounding in curiosities and riches, and possessing were expelled by Belisarius, A.D. 533. The Arabs a remarkable manufacture of the finest linen. (Orat. conquered it in 870, and though it was recovered, and in Verr., 4, 18, 46.) Malta, according to Diodorus held by the Eastern empire for the space of 34 years, Siculus (5, 1), was furnished with many and very good. it was retaken by the Arabs, and the Greek inhabitants harbours, and the inhabitants were very rich; for it were exterminated. In 1120, Count Roger, the Nor- was full of all sorts of artificers, among whom were exman conqueror of Sicily, took possession of Malta and cellent weavers of fine linen. The houses were stateexpelled the Arabs. Malta was thus again attached to ly and beautiful, and the inhabitants, a colony of Phoethe island of Sicily, and it became subject to the differ-nicians, famous for the extent and lucrative nature of ent dynasties which successively governed that island. their commerce. It is difficult to suppose that a place of In 1516, Sicily, with the Maltese islands, passed to this description could be meant by such an expression the Emperor Charles V., as heir to the crown of Arra- as "an island called Melita ;" nor could the inhabitants, gon. On the 4th March, 1530, Charles granted to with any propriety of speech, be understood by the the Knights of St. John, who had been recently expel-epithet "barbarous." But the Adriatic Melita perled from Rhodes by the Turks, the ownership of all the fectly corresponds with that description. Though too castles, fortresses, and isles of Tripoli, Malta, and obscure and insignificant to be particularly noticed by Gozo, with complete jurisdiction. The sovereignty ancient geographers, the opposite and neighbouring of Malta was by this grant, in effect, surrendered to the coast of Illyricum is represented by Strabo in such a knights, though the form of tenure from the crown of way as perfectly corresponds with the expression of Sicily was maintained by the reservation of the annual the apostle.-5. Father Giorgi, an ecclesiastic of payment of a falcon by the same to the King of Si- Melita Adriatica, who has written on this subject, sugcily or his viceroy. It was soon fortified by the knights, gests, very properly, that as there are now no serpents and underwent several memorable sieges. In 1798, Bo- in Malta, and as it should seem there were none in the naparte took possession of it on his expedition to Egypt; time of Pliny, there never were any there, the country and in 1800, the French garrison was obliged by famine being dry and rocky, and not affording shelter or proper to capitulate to a British force. In 1814, the possession nourishment for animals of this description. But Meof it was confirmed to Great Britain by the treaty of leda abounds with these reptiles, being woody and Paris. The cotton manufactories of Malta have been damp, and favourable to their way of life and propacelebrated for many ages, and would seem to trace gation.-6. The disease with which the father of Pubtheir origin to the tines of the Phoenicians. The soil lius was affected (dysentery combined with fever, consists of a thin covering of earth on a soft, calcare- probably intermittent) affords a presumptive evidence ous rock, and is increased by breaking up the surface of the nature of the island. Such a place as Malta. of the stone into a sort of gravel, and mixing it through dry, and rocky, and remarkably healthy, was not likely the earth. It is no uncommon thing, however, for to produce such a disease, which is almost peculiar to soil to be transported from Sicily, especially when a moist situations and stagnant waters, but might well proprietor wishes to make a new garden; a fact that suit a country woody and damp, and, probably for want could hardly be inferred from the number and excel- of draining, exposed to the putrid effluvia of confined lent flavour of the Maltese oranges, from its beautiful moisture.-7. It has been alleged, however, in favour

MELOS, now Milo, an island in the Egean Sea, forming one of the group of the Cyclades. It was situate, according to Strabo (84), about 700 stadia to the southeast of Cape Scyllæum, and nearly as many, in a northeastern direction, from the Dictynnæan promontory in Crete. It was first inhabited by Phoenicians (Steph. Byz., s. v. Mλoç), and afterward colonized by Lacedæmon, nearly 700 years, as Thucydides relates, before the Peloponnesian war. This island adhered to the interest of that state against the Athenians, and successfully resisted at first an attempt made by the latter to reduce it. (Thucyd., 3, 91.) But some years after, the Athenians returned with a greater force; and, on the rejection of all their overtures, in a conference which the historian has preserved to us, they proceeded to besiege the principal town, which they at length captured after a brave and obstinate resistance. Having thus gained possession of the city, they, with a degree of barbarity peculiar to that age, put all the males to death, enslaved the women and children, and sent 500 colonists into the island. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 404.)

of Malta's having been the island in question, that, had he had prevailed, and Socrates had been ignominiousMeleda been the one, St. Paul would not have called ly put to death, the Athenians repented of their seat Syracuse in his way to Rhegium, "which is so far verity to the philosopher. Melitus was condemned to out of the track," says a writer who advocates this death; and Anytus, another of the accusers, to escape opinion, "that no example can be produced in the his- a similar fate, went into voluntary exile. (Diog. Latory of navigation of any ship going so far out of her ert., 2.) course, except it was driven by a violent tempest." MELIUS OF MÆLIUS, Spurius, a Roman knight, susThis argument tends principally to show that the wri-pected of aiming at kingly power, in consequence of er had a very incorrect idea of the relative situations his uncommon liberality in supplying the populace with of the places to which he refers. The ship which car- corn. He was summoned by the dictator L. Q. Cinried St. Paul from the Adriatic to Rhegium would not cinnatus to appear before him; and, having refused deviate from its course more than half a day's sail by so to do, was slain on the spot by Ahala, the master touching at Syracuse; and the delay so occasioned of the horse. (Liv., 4, 13, seqq.-Vid. Equimelium.) would probably be but a few hours more than it would MELLA OF MELA, a small river of Cisalpine Gaul, have been had they proceeded to Syracuse in their way near Brixia. It retains its ancient name. (Virg., to the Straits of Messina from Malta. Besides, the Georg., 4, 278.-Catullus, 66, 32.) master of the ship might have, and probably had, some business at Syracuse, which had originated at Alexandrea, from which place it must have been originally intended that the ship should commence her voyage to Puteoli; and in this course the calling at Syracuse would have been the smallest deviation possible.-8. Again, supposing the ship to have come from Malta, it must have been on account of some business, probably commercial, that they touched at Syracuse in their way to Puteoli, as Malta is scarcely more than one day and night's sail from Syracuse whereas there might be some reasons respecting the voyage, had the ship come from Meleda, which is more than ive times that distance, and probably a more uncertain navigation.-9. As regards the wind Euroclydon, it may be observed, that the word evidently implies a southeast wind. It is composed of Eupos, the southeast wind, and khudúν, a wave, an addition highly expressive of the character and effects of this wind, but probably chiefly applied to it when it became typhonic or tempestuous. Typhon is described by Pliny (2, 48) as præcipuo navigantium pestis, non antennas modo, verum ipsa navigia contorta frangens. The course of the wind from the southeast would impel the ship towards the island of Crete, though not so di-3, rectly but that they might weather it, as they in fact did, and got clear, though it appears they encountered some risk of being wrecked when running under, or to the south of, the island of Clauda or Gaudos, which lies opposite to the port of Phoenice, the place where they proposed to winter. A circumstance occurs in this part of the narrative which creates some difficulty. They who navigated the ship were apprehensive of falling among the Syrtes, which lay on the coast of Africa, nearly to the southwest of the western point of Crete. But we should consider that this danger lay only in the fears of the mariners, who, knowing the MEMMIA (more correctly REMMIA) Lex, a law, by Syrtes to be the great terror of those seas, and prob- whom proposed, or in what year, is uncertain. It or ably not being able to ascertain from what quarter the dained, that an accusation should not be admitted wind blew, neither sun nor stars having been visible against those who were absent in the service of the for several days, and as these violent typhonic Le- public. (Val. Max., 3, 7, 9.—Suet., Vit. Jul., 23); vanters are apt to change their direction, might en- and if any one was convicted of false accusation, that tertain apprehensions that they might be cast on these he should be branded on the forehead with a letter; dangerous quicksands. The event, however, proved probably K, as anciently the name of this crime was that the place of their danger was mistaken. (Class-written KALUMNIA. As regards the correct form ical Journal, vol. 19, p. 212, seqq. -Hale's Anal- of the name of this law, consult Heineccius, Ant. Rom., ysis of Chronology, vol. 1, p. 464, seqq., ed. 2d, p. 731, ed. Haubold. 1830.)

MELPES, a river of Lucania, flowing into the sea to the southeast of the promontory of Palinurus. (Plin., 5.) It is now the Molpa, and is probably the same stream which Lycophron (v. 1083) calls the Membles. MELPOMENE, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. Her name is derived from ueroμαι, to celebrate in song.' She presided over tragedy, of which the poets made her the inventress. Hence the language of Ausonius," Melpomene tragico proclamat moesta boatu." (Auson., Idyll. ult., v. 2.) She was commonly represented as veiled, and holding in her hand a tragic mask. Her instrument was the lyre. Melpomene became, by the river-god Acheloüs, the mother of the Sirens. (Vid. Musa.)

MEMMII, the name of one of the branches of an old plebeian house, who were themselves subdivided into the families of the Galli and Gemelli. The most remarkable of the Memmii were the following.-I. C. Memmius Gallus, was prætor B.C. 176 and 170, and afterward ambassador to the Etolians.-II. C. Memmius Gallus, son of the preceding, was tribune of the commons, and a bold and popular speaker. It was he who induced the people to summon Jugurtha, king of Numidia, to Rome, in order to expose, if possible, by his means, the corruption of the Roman nobility. (Vid. Jugurtha.) He was afterward elected consul, MELITUS, one of the accusers of Socrates. After B.C. 100, but was assassinated by Glaucia, a dis

MELITENE, a district of Asia Minor, in the southeastern part of Armenia Minor, and lying along the right bank of the Euphrates. The soil was fertile, and yielded fruits of every kind; in this respect differing from the rest of Cappadocia, of which Armenia Minor was a part. The chief product was oil, and a wine called Monarites, which equalled the best of Grecian growth. (Strab., 535. — Plin., 6, 3.) Its capital was Melitene, now Malatie, on a branch of the river Melas. (Plin., 5, 24.—Steph. Byz., s. v.-Procop., de Edif., 3, 5.)

appointed candidate. (Vid. Marius.)-III. L. Memmius Gemellus, was tribune of the commons B.C. 64, and prætor B.C. 59, in which latter capacity he had the government of Bithynia. He was distinguished as an orator and poet, and was the friend and patron of Catullus and Lucretius, the latter of whom dedicated his poem to him. Cicero describes him as a man of great literary acquirements, and well acquainted with the Grecian language and literature. (Brut., 70.) The same writer, however, represents him elsewhere as a man of licentious habits. (Ep. ad Att., 1, 18.) He was an opponent of Cæsar's, and was driven into exile by means of the latter, on the charge of bribery in suing for the consulship, and also of extortion in the province of Bithynia. He died in exile. (Cic, Ep. ad Fam., 13, 1.—Manut., ad loc.-Id., Ep. ad Att., 6, 1.-Ernesti, Ind. Hist., s. v.)

he is mentioned by Demosthenes as a young man in B.C. 352. (Aristocrat., p. 672.) Memnon possessed great military talents, and was intrusted by Darius Codomannus, the last king of Persia, on the invasion of Asia by Alexander, with an extensive command in Western Asia; but his plans were thwarted and opposed by the satraps, and it was contrary to his advice that the Persians offered battle to the Macedonians at the Granicus. After the defeat of the Persians on this occasion, Memnon was appointed to the chief command in Western Asia, as the only general who was able to oppose the Macedonians. He first retired to Miletus, and afterward withdrew to Halicarnassus in Caria, which he defended against Alexander, and only abandoned it at last when it was no longer possible to hold out. After the fall of Halicarnassus, Mernnon entered into negotiations with the Lacedæmonians, with the MEMNON, I. a personage frequently mentioned by view of attacking Macedonia. He was now completethe Greek writers. He is first spoken of in the Odys-ly master of the sea, and proceeded to subdue the isl sey as the son of Eos, or the morning, as a hero re- ands in the Egean. He took Chios, and obtained markable for his beauty, and as the vanquisher of An- possession of the whole of Lesbos, with the exception tilochus (4, 188; 11, 521) Hesiod calls him the of Mytilene, before which place he died, B.C. 333. King of the Ethiopians, and represents him as the son The loss of Memnon was fatal to the Persian cause : of Tithonus. (Theog., 986) He is supposed to have if he had lived, he would probably have invaded Macefought against the Greeks in the Trojan war, and to donia, and thus have compelled Alexander to give up have been slain by Achilles. In the Yuxooracía, a his prospects of Asiatic conquest, in order to defend lost drama of schylus, the dead body of Memnon is his own dominions. (Arrian, Exp. Al., 1, 20, seqq.carried away by his mother Eos. (Fragm. No. 261, Id. ib., 2, 1, seqq.-Diod. Sic., 16, 52.-Id., 17, 23, ed. Dindorf.) He is represented by most Greek wri- seqq.-Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 15, p. 89.)-III. A ters as King of the Ethiopians, but he is also said to native of Heraclea Pontica, in Bithynia, generally rehave been connected with Persia. According to Dio- garded as contemporary with Augustus, but who, in dorus (2, 22), Tithonus, the father of Memnon, govern- the opinion of some critics, ought to be placed in a laed Persia, at the time of the Trojan war, as the viceroy ter period. He wrote a history of his native city, and of Teutamus, the Assyrian king; and Memnon erected of the tyrants who had ruled over it, in twenty-four at Susa the palace which was afterward known by the books. Photius has preserved for us an abridgment, name of Mennonium. Diodorus also adds, that the or, rather, an extract from the 9th to the 16th book; Ethiopians claimed Memnon as a native of their coun- for already, in his time, the first eight, as also the last try. Pausanias combines the two accounts: he repre- eight books, were lost; and it is precisely from this cirsents Memnon as king of the Ethiopians, but also says cumstance that we are unable to fix the period when that he came to Troy from Susa, and not from Ethio- the history terminated, and which would give us some pia, subduing all the nations in his way. (Pausan., idea of the time when the author flourished. The ex10, 31, 6.-Id., 1, 42, 2.) Eschylus also, according tracts preserved by Photius are more interesting from to Strabo, spoke of the Cissian, that is, Susian, parent- the fact of Memnon's speaking, in the course of them, age of Memnon (Strabo, 720): and Herodotus men- by way of digression, of other nations and communities tions the palace at Susa, called Memnonia, and also with whom his townsmen had at any time political insays, that the city itself was sometines described by tercourse or relations. These extracts extend from the same name. (Herod., 5, 53. seq.-Id., 7, 151.) the first year of the 104th Olympiad (B.C. 864) to The great majority of Greek writers agree in tracing B.C. 46.-The latest and best edition of the fragments the origin of Memnon to Egypt or Ethiopia; and it is of Memnon is that of Orellius, Lips., 1816, 8vo, connot improbable that the name of Memnon was not taining fragments of the works of other writers of Herknown in Susa till after the Persian conquest of Egypt, aclea. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 4, p. 105.) and that the buildings there called Memnonian by the MEMNONIUM, I. the citadel of Susa. The city also Greeks were, in name, at least, the representative of bore the epithet of "Memnonian." (Herod., 5, 54; those in Egypt. The partial deciphering of the Egyp- 7, 151.-Compare remarks under the article Memtian proper names affords us sufficient reason for be- non I.)-II. A splendid structure at Thebes, in Egypt, lieving, with Pausanias (1, 42, 2), that the Memnon of on the western side of the river. The ruins of the the Greeks may be identified with the Egyptian Pha- Memnonium are regarded at the present day as permenoph, Phamenoth, Amenophis, or Amenothph, of haps the most ancient in Thebes. This beautiful relic which name the Greek one is probably only a corrup- of antiquity looks to the east, and is fronted by a vast tion. Phamenoph is said to mean "the guardian of propylæon, of which 234 feet in length are still rethe city of Ammon," or "devoted to Ammon," "be- maining. The main edifice has been about 200 feet longing to Ammon."-Memnon, then, must be regard-wide and 600 feet long, containing six courts and ed as one of the early heroes or kings of Egypt, whose fame reached Greece in very early times. In the eighteenth dynasty of Manetho the name of Amenophis occurs, with this remark: "This is he who is supposed to be the Memnon and the vocal stone." He is Amenophis II., and the son of Thutmosis, who is said to have driven the shepherds out of Egypt.-As regards the vocal statue of Memnon, consult the article Memnonium II. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 15, p. 88, seq.) -II. A native of Rhodes, the brother of the wife of Artabazus satrap of Lower Phrygia. He was advanced, together with his brother Mentor, to offices of great trust and power by Darius Ochus, king of Persia. We are ignorant of the time of Memnon's birth, but

chambers, passing from side to side, with about 160 columns thirty feet high. All the sidewalks have been broken down, and the materials of which they were composed carried away; nothing remaining but a portion of the colonnade and the inner chambers, to testify to the traveller what a noble structure once occupied this interesting spot. Champollion considers the Memnonium to be the same with the tomb of Osymandias, described by Diodorus Siculus (1, 47). In the Memnonium is still to be seen the statue of Osymandias. It is pronounced to be by far the finest relic of art which the place contains, and to have been once its brightest ornament, though at present it is thrown down from its pedestal, laid prostrate on the