Persian commanders, doubling the promontory of Su nium, coasted along the southern shore of Attica, not without hope of carrying that city by a sudden assault. But Miltiades made a rapid march with a large part of his forces; and when the Persians arrived off the port of Phalerus, they saw an Athenian army encamped on the hill of Cynosarges which overlooks it. They cast anchor, but, without attempting anything, weighed again and steered for Asia.—Marathon, which still preserves its ancient name, is situated, according to a modern traveller, "at the northwestern extremity of a valley, which opens towards the southeast into the great plain in which the battle was fought. This ex

west. At the extremity and near the sea is seen the conspicuous tomb raised over the bodies of the Athenians who fell in the battle; and close to the coast upon the right is a marsh, wherein the remains of trophies and marble monuments are yet visible." (Clarke's Travels, vol. 7, p. 23, Lond. ed.) From a memoir of Col. Squire, inserted in Walpole's Memoirs (vol. 1, p. 328), we farther learn, that "the land bordering on the Bay of Marathon is an uninterrupted plain about two miles and a half in width, and bounded by rocky, difficult heights, which enclose it at either extremity. About the centre of the bay a small stream, which flows from the upper part of the valley of Marathon, discharges itself into the sea by three shallow channels. A narrow rocky point, projecting from the shore, forms the northeast part of the bay, close to which is a salt stream connected with a shallow lake, and a great extent of marsh land. The village of Marathon is rather more than three miles from the sea. Towards the middle of the plain may be seen a large tumulus of earth, twenty-five feet in height, resembling those on the plain of Troy." (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 385, seqq.)

while the Athenians, who had eleven generals including the polemarch, were for the day under the orders of Miltiades. According to Cornelius Nepos (Vit. Miltiad.), the Persians were a hundred thousand effective foot and ten thousand horse; yet Plato, meaning probably to include the seamen and the various multitude of attendants upon Asiatic troops, calls the whole armament five hundred thousand; and Trogus Pompeius, according to his epitomizer Justin (2, 9), did not scruple to add a hundred thousand more. These writers, however, did not perceive that, by encumbering the Persians with such useless and unmanageable crowds, they were not heightening, but diminishing, the glory of the conquerors. The Athe-tends along the coast from the northeast to the southnians numbered six-and-forty different nations in the barbarian host; and the Ethiopian arrows, remains of which are still found at Marathon, seem to attest the fact that Darius drew troops from the remotest provinces of the empire. Yet our calculations must be kept down by the remark, that the whole invading army was transported over the sea, according to Herodotus, in 600 ships. This, on the footing which he fixes elsewhere, of 200 men to each trireme, would give 120,000: and we ought probably to consider this as the utmost limit to which the numbers of the invaders can reasonably be carried. Those of the Athenians, including the Plataeans, are uniformly rated at about 10,000. It is possible that the number of the tribes had some share in grounding this tradition: it probably falls short of the truth, and certainly does not take the slaves into account, who served most likely as light-armed troops. When all these allowances are made, the numerical inequality will be reduced to a proportion of five to one. -It is remarkable, that, though Herodotus represents the Persians as induced to land at Marathon with a view to the operations of their calvary, he does not say a word either of its movements in the battle, or of any cause that prevented them. It seems not to have come into action; but perhaps he could not learn by what means it was kept motionless. Yet there was a tradition on the subject, probably of some antiquity, which appears to have assumed various forms, one of which was adopted by Nepos, who relates, that Miltiades protected his flanks from the enemy's cavalry by an abattis: a fact which it may be thought Herodotus could scarcely have passed over in silence if it had been known to him, but which might have been the foundation of a very obscure account of the matter, which is given by another author. In the explanation of the proverb, yoрis inneïç (Suidas-Cent., 14, 73, Schott), we read, that when Datis invaded Attica, the Ionians got upon the trees (?), and made signals to the Athenians that the cavalry had gone away (ús elev xwpis oi inñɛïç), and that Miltiades, on learning its retreat, joined battle and gained the victory; which was the origin of the proverb, ènì Tv tùv túživ diakvóv(Thirlwall's Greece, vol. 2, p. 241, seq.)—The Persians lost in all six thousand four hundred men. Of the Athenians only one hundred and ninety-two fell; but among them were the polemarch Callimachus; Stesibius, one of the ten generals; Cynægirus, brother of the poet Eschylus, and other men of rank, who had been earnest to set an example of valour on this trying occasion. Cornelius Nepos observes that Marathon was ten miles from Athens; but as, in fact, it is nearly double that distance, it is probable that we ought to read twenty instead of ten. Pausanias affirms it was half way from Athens to Carystus in Eubea. In the plain was erected the tumulus of those Athenians who fell in the battle, their names being inscribed on sepulchral pillars. Another tumulus was raised for the Plateans and the slaves.-Still, however, after the defeat at Marathon, the Persian armament was very formidable; nor was Athens immediately, by its glorious victory, delivered from the danger of that subversion with which it had been threatened. The

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MARCELLA, I. daughter of Claudius Marcellus by his wife Octavia, and sister to Marcus Marcellus. She was first married to Apuleius, and afterward to Valerius Messala. (Sueton., Vit. Aug., 53.)-II. The younger, daughter of Claudius Marcellus by his wife Octavia, and sister of the preceding. She was first married to M. Vipsanius Agrippa, and afterward to M. Julius Antonius. (Sueton., Vit. Aug., 63.)

MARCELLINUS, AMMIANUS, the last Latin writer that merits the title of an historian. He was born at Antioch, and lived under Justinian and his successors down to the reign of Valentinian II. A large portion of his life was spent in military service in the Roman armies. He performed campaigns in Gaul, Germany, and Mesopotamia, and accompanied Julian on his expedition against the Persians. The modesty of Ammianus, which gives us but little information relative to himself, prevents us from determining what rank he held in the army, or what employment he pursued after quitting the profession of arms. It appears that he was invested with the dignity of Comes rei privata: we find, in fact, in the Theodosian Code (1. xli., de appellat.), a rescript of the emperors Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius, addressed to a certain Ammianus, who is decorated with this title. He died at Rome subsequent to A.D. 390. It was probably in this city that, at the age of fifty years, he composed his history of the Roman emperors, which he entitled "Rerum gestarum libri xxxi." It commenced with the accession of Nerva, A.D. 96, and consequently at the period where the history of Tacitus terminated. It is not known whether Ammianus pretended to write a continuation of that history, or if any other motive induced him to select the time when this historian brought his work to a close. It is very probable that he had no intention whatever of continuing Tacitus, as he not only does not mention him, although he cites Sallust and other Roman writers, but also as his work shows no imitation whatever of the peculiar manner

of Tacitus. The history of Ammianus proceeds as | progressa fusius aluit concertatione verborum: ut cafar as 378 A.D. It embraced, consequently, a period tervis antistitum jumentis publicis ultro citroque disof 282 years; but the first thirteen books, which con- currentibus, per synodos, quas appellant, dum ritum tained a sketch of the history of 256 years (from 96 omnem ad suum trahere conantur arbitrium, rei vehicuto 352), are lost, and we have only the last eighteen. laria succideret nervos." On another occasion (22, These eighteen, however, form the most important 11), blaming the conduct of a bishop, he remarks: part of the labours of Ammianus. In the first thir- Professionis sua oblitus, quæ nihil nisi justum suateen books he merely arranged materials from writers det et lene, ad delatorum ausa feralia desciscebat." who had gone before him; although it must be ac--The narrative of Ammianus is often interrupted by knowledged, that even this part would have been in- geographical and physical digressions. The latter teresting for us, as many of the works from which he show, as might be expected, a very slight acquaintselected are now lost. In the eighteen books, how-ance with principles; but the descriptions of counever, that remain to us, and which it is more than tries which he had himself seen are extremely valuprobable the copyists transcribed separately from the able. He is one of the principal sources that we have rest, Ammianus relates the events which occurred du- for the geography and history of ancient Germany, a ring his own time. As he often took an active part in country in which he passed a great, number of years. these, or, at least, was an eyewitness of most of them, We find in him also some excellent observations on he relates them in the first person: when he details the luxury and courts of the Roman emperors, on the what did not pass under his immediate inspection, he vices which prevailed there, and on the manners in is careful to obtain the requisite information from those general of the great. Gibbon (c. 26) candidly avows who are acquainted with the subject, and who took his obligations to this writer; and from the period part in the matter that is related: he does not pretend, when he can no longer derive materials from Ammiahowever, to give a complete history of his time, and nus, the work of the English historian loses a great he passes in silence over events respecting which he portion of its previous interest. (Schöll, Hist. Lat. has neither accurate information nor positive docu- Rom., vol. 3, p. 164, segg.-Fuhrman, Handbuch der ments. This part of his work, therefore, is less a his- Class. Lit., vol. 2, p. 880, seqq.)—The best edition tory than what we would call at the present day me- of Ammianus Marcellinus is that of Gronovius, Lugd. moirs of his time. Ammianus Marcellinus was a well- Bat., 1693, 4to. The edition of Wagner, completed informed man, and possessed of great good sense and by Erfurdt, Lips., 1808, 3 vols. 8vo, is also valuable. excellent judgment. No writer was ever more entitled MARCELLUS, I. MARCUS CLAUDIUS, born of a Roto praise for candour and impartiality. He understood man consular family, after passing through the offices well the art of clearly showing the connexion of events, of ædile and quæstor, was made consul B.C. 224. and of painting in striking colours the characters of The Transpadane Gauls having declared war against those individuals whom he introduces into his narra- Rome, Marcellus marched against them, defeated tive. In a word, he would in all probability have them near Acerræ, on the Addua, killed their king been an accomplished historian had his lot been Viridomarus, and bore off his arms, the " spolia opicast in a more favourable age. Had he lived in the ma," which were exhibited in his triumph. At the golden period of Roman literature, the study of good beginning of the second Punic war, Marcellus was models and the society of enlightened men would sent into Sicily as prætor, to administer the Roman have perfected his historic talent, and have formed part of the island, and had also the task of keeping the his style in a purer mould. The latter would not, Syracusans firm in their alliance with Rome. After as is too often the case in Ammianus, have been the battle of Cannæ, he was recalled to Italy to oppose destitute of that simplicity which constitutes one of Hannibal. Having taken the command of the relics the great beauties of historical narrative, nor over- of the Roman forces in Apulia, he kept Hannibal in loaded with ornaments and disfigured by turgid and check and defended Nola. In the year 214 B.C., barbarous forms of expression. These faults, how being again consul, he took Casilinum by surprise. ever, in the style of Ammianus, find an excuse in He was next sent to Sicily, where Syracuse had dethe circumstances of his case. He was a stranger, clared against Rome. After a siege of nearly three and wrote in a language not his own; neither did the years, the city was taken 212 B.C., and Marcellus rebusy life which he had led in camps permit him to cul- turned to Rome with the rich spoils. It was on occativate the talent for writing which nature had bestowed sion of the taking of Syracuse that the celebrated Arupon him. His good qualities are his own; his de- chimedes lost his life. Marcellus did not, however, fects are those of the times; and, in spite of these de- obtain a triumph, but only an ovation, as the war in fects, his style is conspicuous among all the writers Sicily was not entirely terminated. In the year 210 who were contemporary with him for a purity to which he was again chosen consul, and had the direction of they could not attain.—Ammianus Marcellinus is the the war against Hannibal in Apulia, when he took the last pagan historian; for, notwithstanding all that some town of Salapia, and fought several partial engagemaintain to the contrary, we have no certain proof of ments with the Carthaginians, without any definite rehis having been a Christian. A public man, enriched sult. In the following year he continued in command with the experience acquired amid the scenes of an of the army, and fought a battle against Hannibal at active life, he relates the events connected with the Canusium, in which the Romans were defeated and new religion introduced by Constantine with sang-froid fled. On the following day Marcellus renewed the and impartiality, and perhaps with the indifference of fight and defeated the Carthaginians, upon which a man who knew how to raise himself to a point of Hannibal withdrew to the mountains of the Bruttii. view where he could perceive naught but masses and In the next year, B.C. 208, Marcellus was elected results. He blames with equal frankness the anti- consul for the fifth time with T. Quintus Crispinus christian mysticism of Julian, and the religious intol- He continued to carry on the war against Hannibal, erance of Constantius and his bishops. He speaks when, being encamped near Venusia, he rashly ven with respect both of the doctrines of Christianity and tured out, fell into an ambuscade of advanced posts, the ceremonies of paganism. A remarkable passage and was slain, in the 60th year of his age. Hannibal, occurs in the sixteenth chapter of the twenty-first book. according to some authorities, caused his body to be After having painted the bitterness of character and the burned with military honours, and sent the ashes in a cruelties of Constantius, the historian adds: "Chris- silver urn to his son. According to others, however, tianam religionem absolutam et simplicem anili super- he did not even bestow upon the corpse the ordinary stitione confundens; in qua scrutanda perplexius, quam rites of burial. (Plut., Vit. Marcell.) Marcellus was componenda gravius, excitavit disci lia plurima; quæ one of the most distinguished Roman commanders

advantage to the state. Marcianus married her, and was proclaimed emperor. His reign, which lasted little more than six years, was peaceful, and his administration was equitable and firm. He refused to pay to Attila the tribute to which Theodosius had submitted. In the year 455, Marcianus acknowledged Avitus as Emperor of the West. Marcianus died in 457; his wife Pulcheria had died before him. He was succeeded by Leo I. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 14, p. 412.)-II. Capella. (Vid. Capella.)

MARCOMANNI, a nation of Germany, in the southeastern part of the country. According to some authorities, their original seats were in Moravia, whence, on being hard pressed by the Romans, they retired into what is now Bohemia. (Vell. Paterc., 2, 108. -Mannert, Geogr., vol. 3, p. 110.) Other writers, however, such as Cluver, Adelung, Mascov, &c., make them to have lived between the Maine and Neckar, previous to their departure for Bohemia.They were subdued by the emperors Trajan and Antoninus. Their name denotes "border men," i. e., men of the marches. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 3, p. 382, seqq.).

during the second Punic war, and was accustomed to be called the sword of the Romans, as Fabius was denominated their shield. We have a life of him by Plutarch.-II. Marcus Claudius, held the consulship with Servius Sulpicius, B.C. 51. He was remarkable for his attachment to republican principles, and his uncompromising hostility towards Cæsar; and it was he who proposed to the senate to recall that commander from his province in Gaul. After the battle of Pharsalia, Marcellus went into voluntary exile, and was not pardoned by Casar until some considerable interval had elapsed, and then only at the earnest intercession of the senate. It was on this occasion that Cicero delivered his speech of thanks to Cæsar. Marcellus, however, did not long survive to enjoy the pardon thus obtained, having been assassinated by an adherent of his, P. Magius Čilo. He was then on his return to Italy. The cause that prompted Cilo to the act is not known. Cicero conjectures that the latter, oppressed with debts, and apprehending some trouble on that score in case of his return, had been urging Marcellus, who was surety for some part of them, to furnish him with money to pay the whole, and that, on receiving a denial, he was provoked to the madness of killing his patron. (Cic., Ep. ad Att., 13, 10.-Compare Ep. ad Fam., 4, 12.) According to others, MARDI, I. a people of Asia, near the northern fronhowever, he was prompted to the deed by seeing other tiers of Media, or rather of Maticne, which formed part friends more highly favoured by Marcellus than him- of Media. (Strabo, 524-Tzschucke, ad Strab., l. c., self. (Val. Max., 9, 11.) After stabbing his patron, vol. 4, p. 550.—Quint. Curt., 5, 5)—II. A tribe of Cilo slew himself.—III. Marcus Claudius, commonly the Persians, according to Herodotus (1, 125), but, known as the "Young Marcellus," was the son of according to other writers, a distinct race in their Octavia the sister of Augustus, and consequently the immediate neighbourhood. (Arrian, Hist. Ind., 40.) nephew of the latter. Augustus gave him his daugh- They are represented as a plundering race. (Arrian, ter Julia in marriage, and intended him for his suc-. c.)-III. A nation dwelling to the south of Bactricessor; but he died at the early age of 18, universally ana, and to the north of the chain of Paropamisus. regretted on account of the excellence of his private Pliny (6, 16) says they extended from Caucasus to character. Virgil has immortalized his memory by the Bactriana, in which he evidently followed the histobeautiful lines at the close of the sixth book of the rians of Alexander, who, out of flattery to that prince, Eneid, and which are said to have drawn from Octa- called the Paropamisus by the name of Caucasus. via so munificent a recompense. (Vid. Virgilius.) As regards these three nations, consult the remarks Livia was suspected, though without reason, it would of Larcher (Hist. d'Herod. - Table Geogr., vol. 8, seem, of having made away with Marcellus, who was p. 317, seqq.). an obstacle to the advancement of her son Tiberius. The more ostensible cause of his death was the injudicious application of the cold bath by the physician Antonius Musa. (Vid. Musa.)

MARCIANA, a sister of the Emperor Trajan, who, on account of her public and private virtues and her amiable disposition, was declared Augusta and empress by her brother. She died A.D. 113.

MARCIANOPOLIS, a city of Moesia Inferior, to the west of Odessus, founded by Trajan, and named in honour of his sister Marciana. (Amm. Marcell., 27, 4.-Jornand., Get., c. 16.) It soon became an important place in consequence of its lying on the main road from Constantinople to the Ister, and of its being the place where preparations were made for all the expeditions against the barbarians in this quarter. When the Bulgarians formed a kingdom out of what was previously Moesia, Marcianopolis became the capital, under the name of Pristhlaba (IIpio02úda. Anna Comn., p. 194) or Preslaw. It still retains this name, and also that of Eski Stamboul with the Turks: the modern Greek inhabitants, however, call it Marcenopoli. According to the Itin. Ant. (p. 228.-Compare Theopylact., 7, 2), Marcianopolis was 18 miles to the west of Odessus. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 7, p. 138.)

MARCIANUS, I. a native of Thrace, born of obscure parents, towards the end of the fourth century. He entered the army, and rose gradually by his merit to high rank, and was made a senator by Theodosius II. When Theodosius died (A.D. 450), his sister Pulcheria, then 52 years old, offered her hand to Marcianus, who was near 60, because she thought him capable of bearing the crown with dignity, and with

MARCUS, a prænomen common to many of the Romans. (Vid. Emilius, Lepidus, &c.)

MARDONIUS, a general of Xerxes, who, after the defeat of his master at Thermopyla and Salamis, was left in Greece with an army of 300,000 chosen men, to subdue the country, and reduce it under the power of Persia. His operations were rendered useless by the courage and vigilance of the Greeks; and in a battle at Platea, Mardonius was defeated and left among the slain, B.C. 479. He had been commander of the armies of Darius in Europe, and it was chiefly by his advice that Xerxes invaded Greece. He was son-in-law of Darius. (Vid. Darius I., where some other particulars are given respecting him.)

MARE MORTUUM, an extensive and most interesting piece of water, in Judæa, about 70 miles long and 20 broad. It was anciently called the "Sea of the Plain" (Deut. 3, 17; 4, 19), from its situation in the great hollow or plain of the Jordan; the "Salt Sea" (Deut. 3, 17.-Josh. 15, 5), from the extreme saltness of its waters; and the "East Sea" (Ezek. 47, 18.-Joel 2, 20), from its situation relative to Judæa, and in contradistinction to the West Sea, or Mediterranean. It is likewise called by Josephus, and by the Greek and Latin writers generally, Lacus Asphaltites, from the bitumen (opahтoç) found in it; and the "Dead Sea," its more frequent modern appellation, from the belief that no living creature can exist in its saline and sulphareous waters. It is at present known in Syria by the names of Almotanah and Bahar Loth; and occupies what may be consid ered as the southern extremity of the vale of Jordan. This sea, so important and so often mentioned in sacred history, still bears the most unequivocal marks of the catastrophe of which it has been the site. It differs, indeed, so essentially in situation and proper

equally to be inferred from the want of space over which the water could expand itself to be exhausted by evaporation. But the discovery of the opening on the southern border of the lake, and the inclined valley leading thence to the sea, have rendered these inferences almost conclusive. We may then, and must in fact, refer the origin of the lake to the epoch in question, when the combustion of the soil, or of its substrata, occasioned a subsidence of the level of the valley, by which the river was arrested in its course, and a basin formed to receive its waters. These gradually spread themselves over its surface, and would no doubt soon have filled it, and resumed the ancient channel to the southward, had not their increase been retarded by the process of evaporation, which advanced in an increasing ratio as the expanse of water grew wider and wider. The newly-formed lake would thus continue to extend itself, until the supply of water from the streams, and the consumption by evaporation, arrived at a balance. When this took place, or whether it has even yet taken place, cannot be known; at least without such observations as have not yet been made. That it has not long been the case may be inferred from the disappearance of the ruins which were visible two centuries ago.-The water of this sea is far more salt than that of the ocean; containing one fourth part of its weight of saline contents in a state of perfect desiccation, and forty-one parts in a hundred in a state of simple crystallization: that is to say, a hundred pounds by weight of water will yield forty-one pounds of salts; while the proportion of saline contents in the water of the Atlantic is not more than 1-27th part in a state of dryness, and about six pounds of salts in a hundred of the water. The specific gravity of the water is 1.211; that of common water being 1000. A vial of it having been brought to England by Mr. Gordon of Clunie, at the request of Sir Joseph Banks, was analyzed by Dr. Marcet, who gives the following results: "This water is perfectly transparent, and does not deposite any crystals on standing in close vessels. Its taste is peculiarly bitter. saline, and pungent. Solutions of silver produce from it a very copious precipitate, showing the presence of marine acid. Oxalic acid instantly discovers lime in the water. The lime being separated, both caustic and carbonated alkalies readily throw down a magnesian precipitate. Solutions of barytes produce a cloud, showing the existence of sulphuric acid. No alumine can be discovered in the water by the delicate test of succinic acid combined with ammonia. A small quantity of pulverized sea salt being added to a few drops of the water, cold and undiluted, the salt was readily dissolved with the assistance of a gentle trituration, showing that the Dead Sea is not saturated with common salt. None of the coloured infusions commonly used to ascertain the prevalence of an acid or an alkali, such as litmus, violet, and turmeric, were in the least altered by the water." The result of Dr. Marcet's analysis gives the following contents in 100 grains of the water:

"About six in the morning I reached the shore, and, much against the advice of my excellent guides, I resolved on having a bathe. I was desirous of ascertaining the truth of the assertion, that nothing sinks in the Dead Sea.' I swam a considerable distance from the shore, and about four yards from the beach I was beyond my depth. The water was the coldest I ever felt, and the taste of it the most detestable; it was that of a solution of nitre, mixed with an infusion of quassia. Its buoyancy I found to be far greater than that of any sea Í ever swam in, not excepting the Euxine, which is extremely salt. I could lie like a log of wood on the surface, without stirring hand or foot, as long as I chose; but, with a good deal of exertion, I could just dive sufficiently deep to cover all my body, when I was again thrown on the surface, in spite of my endeavours to descend lower. On coming out, the wounds on my feet, which had been previously made, pained me excessively; the poisonous quality of the waters irritated the abraded skin, and ultimately made an ulcer of every wound, which confined me fifteen days in Jerusalem, and became so troublesome in Alexandrea, that my medical attendant was apprehensive of gangrene.' Dr. Madden is convinced that no living creature can be found in the Dead Sea; and, to try whether there were any fish in it, he spent two hours in fishing. The surface of the sea, according to him, is covered with a thin pellicle of asphaltum, which issues from the fissure of the rock adjoining it. On coming out of the water he found his body covered with it, and likewise with an incrustation of salt, almost the thickness of a sixpence. The rugged aspect of the mountains, the deep ravines, and the jagged rocks, all prove that the surrounding country has once been the scene of some terrible convulsion of nature. "I have no hesitation," says Dr. Madden, "in stating my belief, that the sea which occupies the site of Sodom and Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboim, and Segor, covers the crater of a volcano.” We have said that this traveller was convinced that no living creature could be found in the Dead Sea: Chateaubriand, however, states that, hearing a noise on the lake at midnight, he was told by the Bethlemists that it proceeded from legions of small fish, which come and leap about near the shore. Maundrell also observed, among the pebbles on the bank, shells which had once contained fish. The traveller last mentioned also saw birds flying about and over the sea with impunity, which contradicts the common belief that birds fell dead in flying over it. The Dead Sea is situate between two ridges of mountains; of which those on the eastern or Arabian side are the highest and most rocky, and have much the appearance of a black perpendicular wall, throwing a dark and lengthened shadow over the water of the sea. (Mansford's Scripture Gazetteer, p. 123, seqq.) We shall close the present article with the following remarks of Dr. Clarke, which have been already in some degree anticipated. "The atmosphere was remarkably clear and serene; but we saw none of those clouds of smoke which, by some writers, are said to exhale from the surface of the lake. Everything about it was in the highest degree grand and awful. Its desolate, although majestic features, are well suited to the tales related concerning it by the inror, seeming to shrink from the narrative of its dehabitants of the country, who all speak of it with terceitful allurements and deadly influence. Beautiful fruit,' say they, grows upon its shores, which is no sooner touched than it becomes dust and ashes.' In addition to its physical horrors, the region around is said to be more perilous, owing to the ferocious tribes wandering upon the shores of the lake, than any other part of the Holy Land. A passion for the marvellous The traveller last mentioned gives us the following has thus affixed, for ages, false characteristics to the account of a visit which he paid to the Dead Sea. I sublimest associations of natural scenery in the whole

Muriate of Lime
Muriate of Magnesia
Muriate of Soda
Sulphate of Lime.

3.920 grains. 10.246

10 360 ⚫ 0 054

24.580

Dr. Madden, a recent traveller, brought home with him
a bottle of the same water, which, on being analyzed,
was found to contain the following substances:
Chloride of Soda, with a trace of Bromine
Chloride of Magnesium

Chloride of Calcium

Sulphate of Lime .

9.55

5.28

3.05

. 1.34

19.22