moved, it is said, to this course by a gross insult which, in his youth, he had received from Cæsar. He gained, B.C. 49, a great victory over Curio, Cæsar's lieutenant in Africa. After the battle of Pharsalia and the death of Pompey, he continued steady to his cause; and when Cæsar invaded Africa, B.C. 46, he supported Scipio and Cato with all his power, and in the first instance reduced the dictator to much difficulty. The battle of Thapsus, however, turned the scale in Cæsar's favour. Juba fled, and, finding that his subjects would not receive him, put an end to his life in despair, along with Petreius. (Vid. Petreius.) His connexion with Cato has suggested the underplot of Addison's tragedy. (Plut., Vit. Pomp.-Id., Vit. Cæs. -Flor., 4, 12.- Sueton., Vit. Jul., 35. — Lucan, 4, 690.-Paterc., 2, 54.)-II. The second of the name, was son of the preceding. He was carried to Rome by Cæsar, kindly treated, and well and learnedly educated. He gained the friendship, and fought in the cause, of Augustus, who gave him the kingdom of Mauritania, his paternal kingdom of Numidia having been erected into a Roman province. Juba cultivated diligently the arts of peace, was beloved by his subjects, and had a high reputation for learning. He wrote, in Greck, of Arabia, with observations on its natural history; of Assyria; of Rome; of painting and painters; of theatres; of the qualities of animals; on the source of the Nile, &c., all which are now lost. Juba married Cleopatra, the daughter of Antony and Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. Strabo, in his sixth book, speaks of Juba as living, and in his seventeenth and last book as then just dead. This would probably fix his death about A.D. 17. (Clinton, Fast. Hellen., vol. 2, p. 551, in notis.-Phot., Cod., 161.-Athenaus, 8, p. 343, e. Plut., Mor., p. 269, c., &c. Consult the dissertation of the Abbé Sevin, Sur la Vie et les Ouvrages de Juba, in the Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscr., &c., vol. 4, p. 457, seqq.) from the facts recorded in the book of Samuel, we may conclude with greater confidence that the enrol ment made under the direction of Joab must have returned a gross population of five millions and a half. The present aspect of Palestine, under an administration where everything decays and nothing is renewed, can afford no just criterion of the accuracy of such statements. Hasty observers have indeed pronounced, that a hilly country, destitute of great rivers, could not, even under the most skilful management, supply food for so many mouths. But this precipitate conclusion has been vigorously combated by the most competent judges, who have taken pains to estimate the produce of a soil, under the fertilizing influence of a sun which may be regarded as almost tropical, and of a wellregulated irrigation, which the Syrians knew how to practise with the greatest success. Canaan, it must be admitted, could not be compared to Egypt in respect to corn. There is no Nile to scatter the riches of an inexhaustible fecundity over its valleys and plains. Still it was not without reason that Moses described it as "a good land, a land of brooks of water, of fountains, and depths that spring out of valleys and hills; a land of wheat, and barley, and vines, and fig-trees, and pomegranates; a land of oil-olive and honey; a land wherein thou shalt eat bread without scarceness; thou shalt not lack anything in it; a land whose stones are iron, and out of whose hills thou mayest dig brass." (Deuteron., 8, 7. seqq.) The reports of the latest travellers confirm the accuracy of the picture drawn by this divine legislator. Near Jericho the wild olives continue to bear berries of a large size, which give the finest oil. In places subjected to irrigation, the same field, after a crop of wheat in May, Several of the trees are produces pulse in autumn. continually bearing flowers and fruit at the same time, in all their stages. The mulberry, planted in straight rows in the open field, is festooned by the tendrils JUDEA, a province of Palestine, forming the southern of the vine. If this vegetation seems to languish or division. It did not assume the name of Judæa until become extinct during the extreme heats-if in the after the return of the Jews from the Babylonian cap- mountains it is at all seasons detached and interruptivity; though it had been denominated, long before, ted-such exceptions to the general luxuriance are not the kingdom of Judæa, in opposition to that of Israel. to be ascribed simply to the general character of all hot After the return, the tribe of Judah settled first at Je- climates, but also to the state of barbarism in which rusalem; but afterward, spreading gradually over the the great mass of the present population is immersed. whole country, they gave it the name of Judæa. Ju- Even in our day, some remains are to be found of the dæa, being the seat of religion and government, claimed walls which the ancient cultivators built to support the many privileges. It was not lawful to intercalate the soil on the declivities of the mountains; the form of year out of Judæa, while they might do it in that coun- the cisterns in which they collected the rain-water; try. Nor was the sheaf of first-fruits of the barley to and traces of the canals by which this water was disbe brought from any other district than Judæa, and as tributed over the fields. These labours necessarily near as possible to Jerusalem. The extent of this re-created a prodigious fertility under an ardent sun, markable country has varied at different times, accord- where a little moisture was the only requisite to reing to the nature of the government which it has en-vive the vegetable world. The accounts given by joyed or been compelled to acknowledge. When it native writers respecting the productive qualities of was first occupied by the Israelites, the land of Canaan, properly so called, was confined between the shores of the Mediterranean and the western bank of the Jordan; the breadth at no part exceeding fifty miles, while the length hardly amounted to three times that space. At a later period, the arms of David and of his immediate successor carried the boundaries of the kingdom to the Euphrates and Orontes on the one hand, and in an opposite direction to the remotest confines of Edom and Moab. The population, as might be expected, has undergone a similar variation. It is true, that no particular in ancient history is liable to a better founded suspicion, than the numerical statements which respect nations and armies; for pride and fear have in their turn contributed not a little to exaggerate in rival countries the amount of persons capable of taking a share in the field of battle. Proceeding on the usual grounds of calculation, we must infer, from the number of warriors whom Moses conducted through the desert, that the Hebrew people, when they crossed the Jordan, did not fall short of two millions; while, Judæa are not in any degree opposed even by the present aspect of the country. The case is exactly the same with some islands in the Archipelago; a tract from which a hundred individuals can hardly draw a scanty subsistence, formerly maintained thousands in affluence. Moses might justly say that Ca naan abounded in milk and honey. The flocks of the Arabs still find in it a luxuriant pasture, while the bees deposite in the holes of the rocks their delicious stores, which are sometimes seen flowing down the surface. The opinions just stated in regard to the fertility of ancient Palestine, receive an ample confirmation from the Roman historians, to whom, as a part of their extensive empire, it was intimately known. Tacitus especially (Hist., 5, 6), in language which he appears to have formed for his own use, describes its natural qualities with the utmost precision, and, as is his manner, suggests rather than specifies a catalogue of productions, the accuracy of which is verified by the latest observations. The soil is rich, and the atmosphere dry; the country yields all the fruits Six which are known in Italy, besides balm and dates. | like the waves of the ocean in the wind. Bothin, or But it has never been denied that there is a remarka- Batanea, on the other hand, contains nothing except ble difference between the two sides of the ridge which calcareous mountains, where there are vast caverns, forms the central chain of Judæa. On the western in which the Arabian shepherds live like the ancient acclivity, the soil rises from the sea towards the ele- Troglodytes. Here a modern traveller, Dr. Seetzen, vated ground in four distinct terraces, which are cov- discovered, in the year 1816, the magnificent ruins of ered with an unfading verdure. The shore is lined Gerasa, now called Djerash, where three temples, two with mastic-trees, palms, and prickly pears. Higher superb amphitheatres of marble, and hundreds of colup, the vines, the olives, and the sycamores amply re- umns still remain, among other monuments of Roman pay the labour of the cultivator; natural groves arise, power. But by far the finest thing that he saw was consisting of evergreen oaks, cypresses, andrachnes, a long street, bordered on each side with a splendid and turpentines. The face of the earth is embellished colonnade of Corinthian architecture, and terminating with the rosemary, the cytisus, and the hyacinth. In in an open space of a semicircular form, surrounded a word, the vegetation of these mountains has been with sixty Ionic pillars. In the same neighbourhood, compared to that of Crete. European visiters have the ancient Gilead is distinguished by a forest of dined under the shade of a lemon-tree as large as stately oaks, which supply wealth and employment to one of our strongest oaks, and have seen sycamores, the inhabitants. Perea presents on its numerous terthe foliage of which was sufficient to cover thirty per- races a mixture of vines, olives, and pomegranates. sons, along with their horses and camels. On the Karak-Moab, the capital of a district corresponding to eastern side, however, the scanty coating of mould that of the primitive Moabites, still meets the eye, but yields a less magnificent crop. From the summit of is not to be confounded with another town of a similar the hills a desert stretches along to the Lake Asphal- name in the Stony Arabia. (Seetzen.-Annales des tites, presenting nothing but stones and ashes, and a Voyages, vol. 1, p. 398—Correspondence de M. Zach, few thorny shrubs. The sides of the mountains en- p. 425.)-The countries now described lie on the eastlarge, and assume an aspect at once more grand and ern side of the river Jordan. But the same stream, in more barren. By little and little, the scanty vegeta- the upper part of its course, forms the boundary betion languishes and dies; even mosses disappear, and tween Gaulonitis and the fertile Galilee, which is idena red, burning hue succeeds to the whiteness of the tical with the modern district of Szaffad. This town, rocks. In the centre of this amphitheatre there is an which is remarkable for the beauty of its situation arid basin, enclosed on all sides with summits scat- amid groves of myrtle, is supposed to be the ancient tered over with a yellow coloured pebble, and afford- Bethulia, which was besieged by Holofernes. Tabaing a single aperture to the east, through which the ria, an insignificant place, occupies the site of Tibesurface of the Dead Sea and the distant hills of Ara- rias, which gave its name to the lake more generally bia present themselves to the eye. In the midst of known by that of Genesareth, or the Sea of Galilee; this country of stones, encircled by a wall, we perceive but industry has now deserted its borders, and the extensive ruins, stunted cypresses, bushes of the aloe fisherman with his skiff and his nets no longer aniand prickly pear, while some huts of the meanest or- mates the surface of its waters. Nazareth still reder, resembling whitewashed sepulchres, are spread tains some portion of its former consequence. over the desolated mass. This spot is Jerusalem. miles farther south stands the hill of Thabor, some(Belon, Observations, &c., p. 140.-Hasselquist, Trav- times denominated Itabyrius, presenting a pyramid els, p. 56.-Shultze's Travels, vol. 2, p. 86.)—This of verdure crowned with olives and sycamores. Frona melancholy delineation, which was suggested by the the top of this mountain, the reputed scene of the state of the Jewish metropolis in the third century, is transfiguration, we look down on the river Jordan, not quite inapplicable at the present hour. The scen- the Lake of Genesareth, and the Mediterranean Sea. ery of external nature is the same, and the general as- (Maundrell, p. 60.)-Galilee, says Chateaubriand pect of the venerable city is very little changed. But (Itin., 2, 132), would be a paradise were it inhabitas beauty is strictly a relative term, and is everywhere ed by an industrious people under an enlightened gov greatly affected by association, we must not be sur- ernment. prised when we read in the works of Eastern authors a half in diameter, forming, by their twining branchthe high encomiums which are lavished upon the vi- es, vast arches and extensive ceilings of verdure. A cinity of the holy capital. Abulfeda, for example, cluster of grapes, two or three feet in length, will give maintains, not only that Palestine is the most fertile an abundant supper to a whole family. The plains part of Syria, but also that the neighbourhood of Jeru- of Esdraelon are occupied by Arab tribes, around salem is one of the most fertile districts of Palestine. whose brown tents the sheep and lambs gambol to the In his eye, the vines, the fig-trees, and the olive-sound of the reed, which at nightfall calls them home. groves, with which the limestone cliffs of Judæa were-Proceeding from Galilee towards the metropolis, we once covered, identified themselves with the richest enter the land of Samaria, comprehending the modern returns of agricultural wealth, and more than com- districts of Areta and Nablous. In the former we find pensated for the absence of those spreading fields, the remains of Cesarea; and on the Gulf of St. Jean waving with corn, which are necessary to convey to d'Acre stands the town of Caypha, where there is a the mind of a European the ideas of fruitfulness, com- good anchorage for ships. On the southwest of this fort, and abundance. Following the enlightened nar- gulf extends a chain of mountains, which terminates rative of Malte-Brun, the reader will find that south-in the promontory of Carmel, a name famous in the ward of Damascus, the point where the modern Palestine may be said to begin, are the countries called Dy the Romans Auranitis and Gaulonitis, consisting of one extensive and noble plain, bounded on the north by Hermon or Djibel-el-Sheik, on the southwest by Djibel-Edjlan, and on the east by Haouran. In all these countries there is not a single stream which retains its water in summer. The most of the villages have their pond or reservoir, which they fill from one of the wadi or brooks during the rainy season. Of all these districts, Haouran is the most celebrated for the culture of wheat. Nothing can exceed in grandeur the extensive undulations of their fields, moving Vine-stocks are to be seen here a foot and annals of our religion. There Elijah proved by miracles the divinity of his mission; and there, in the, middle ages of the church, resided thousands of Christian devotees, who sought a refuge for their piety in the caves of the rocks. Then the mountain was wholly covered with chapels and gardens, whereas at the present day nothing is to be seen but scattered ruins amid forests of oak and olives, the bright verdure being only relieved by the whiteness of the calcareous cliffs over which they are suspended. The heights of Carmel, it has been frequently remarked, enjoy a pure and enlivening atmosphere, while the lower grounds of Samaria and Galilee are obscured Ancient Unknown, The same, Jebusites, Philistines, by the densest fogs.-The Shechem of the Scriptures, Canaanitish Division. A The water contained in this hollow is impregnated with a solution of different saline substances, having lime, magnesia, and soda for their base, partially neutralized with muriatic and sulphuric acid. The salt which it yields by evaporation is about one fourth of its weight. The bituminous matter rises from time to time from the bottom of the lake, floats on the surface, and is thrown out on the shores, where it is gathered for various purposes. (Vid. Mare Mortuum.) This brief outline of the geographical limits and physical character of the Holy Land must suffice here. Details much more ample are to be found in numerous works, whose authors, fascinated by the interesting recollections which almost every object in Palestine is fitted to suggest, have endeavoured to transfer to the minds of their readers the profound impressions which they themselves experienced from a personal review of ancient scenes and monuments. But we purposely refrain from the minute description to which the, subject so naturally invites us, because, by pursuing such a course as this, we would be unavoidably led into a train of local particularities, while setting forth the actual condition of the country and of its venerable remains. However, we supply, in the following table, the means of comparing the division or distribution of Canaan among the twelve tribes, with that which was afterward adopted by the Romans. { Ammonites, Bashan, Israelitish Division. Tribe of Asher (in) Roman Division. Naphtali (northwest Upper Galilee. Zebulun (west of that Issachar (Valley of Lower Galilee. Tabor) Half tribe of Manas- Samaria) Benjamin (Jericho, Judah (Hebron, Ju- Samaria. Judæa. Dan Simeon (southwest of Judah) In a pastoral country, such as that beyond the river Jordan especially, where the desert in most parts bordered upon the cultivated soil, the limits of the several possessions could not at all times be distinctly marked. It is well known, besides, that the native inhabitants were never entirely expelled by the victorious Hebrews, but that they retained, in some instances by force, and in others by treaty, a considerable portion of land within the borders of all the tribes: a fact which is connected with many of the defections and troubles into which the Israelites subsequently fell. (Russell's Palestine, p. 26, seqq.) JUGURTHA, the illegitimate son of Manastabal, by a concubine, and grandson of Masinissa. He was brought up under the care of his uncle Micipsa, king of Numidia, who educated him along with his two sons. As, however, Jugurtha was of an ambitious and aspiring disposition, Micipsa sent him, when grown up, with a body of troops, to join Scipio Emilianus in his war against Numantia in Spain, hoping to lose, by the chances of war, a youth who might otherwise, at some subsequent period, threaten the tranquillity of his children. His hopes, however, were frustrated. Jugurtha so distinguished himself as to become a great favourite with Scipio, who, at the conclusion of the war, sent him back to Africa with strong recommendations to Micipsa. Micipsa then adopted him, and declared him joint heir with his own two sons Adherbal and Hiempsal. After Micipsa's death (B.C. 118), Jugurtha, aspiring to the undivided possession of the kingdom, effected the murder of Hiempsal, and obliged Adherbal to escape to Rome, where he appealed to the senate. Jugurtha, however, found means to bribe many of the senators, and a commission was sent to Africa, in order to divide Numidia between the two princes. The commission gave the best portion to Jugurtha, who, not long after their departure, invaded the territory of his cousin, defeated him, besieged him in Cirta, and, having obliged him to surrender, put him to a cruel death; and this almost under the eyes of Scaurus and others, whom the Roman senate had sent as umpires between the two rivals (B.C. 112). This news caused great irritation at Rome, and war was declared against Jugurtha. After some fighting, above two years. It also ordained that Achaia, Thessaly, Athens, and, in fact, all Greece, should be free, and should use their own laws. (Cic., Phil., 1, 8.— Id. in Pis., 16.-Dio Cass., 43, 25.)—V. Another by the same, de Judicibus, ordering the Judices to be chosen from the senators and equites, and not from the tribuni ærarii. (Sueton., Vit. Jul., 41.-Cic., Phil., 1, 9.)-VI. Another by the same, de Repetundis, very severe against extortion. It is said to have contained above 100 heads. (Cic., Ep. ad Fam., 8, 7.—Suet., Vit. Jul., 43.)-VII. Another by the same, de liberis proscriptorum, that the children of those proscribed by Sylla should be admitted to enjoy preferments. (Sueton., Vit. Jul., 41.)—VIII. Another by the same. This was a sumptuary law. It allowed an expenditure of 200 sesterces on the dies profesti, 300 on the Calends, nones, ides, and some other festivals; 1000 at marriage feasts, and similar extraordinary entertainments. Gellius ascribes this law to Augustus, but it seems to have been enacted in succession by both Cæsar and him. By an edict of Augustus or Tiberius, the allowance for an entertainment was raised, in proportion to its solemnity, from 300 to 2000 sesterces. (Aulus Gellius, 2, 24.-Dio Cass., 54, 2.)-IX. Another by Augustus, concerning marriage, entitled de Maritandis Ordinibus. (Vid. Papia-Poppaa Lex.)-X. Another by the same, de adulteriis, punishing adultery.-XI. Another, de tutoribus, by the same. It enacted that guardians should be appointed for orphans in the provinces, as at Rome, by the Atilian Law. (Just, Inst. Atil. Tut.) however, he obtained from the consul Calpurnius, | above one year, and those who had been consuls not under the most favourable conditions, the quiet possession of the usurped kingdom. But this treaty was not ratified at Rome; Calpurnius was recalled, and the new consul Posthumius Albinus was appointed to the command in Africa. Meanwhile Jugurtha, being summoned, appeared at Rome; but as he then succeeded in bribing several of the senators, and also Bæbius, a tribune of the people, no judgment was given. Imboldened by this success, he thereupon caused Massiva, son of his uncle Gulussa, whom he suspected of aiming at the kingdom, to be assassinated in the Roman capital. The crime was fixed upon him; but as he was under the public guarantee, the senate, instead of bringing him to trial, ordered him to leave Rome immediately. It was while departing from the city on this occasion that he is said to have uttered those memorable words against the corruption of the Roman capital which are recorded in the pages of Sallust: "Ah, venal city, and destined quickly to perish, if it could but find a purchaser!" Posthumius was now sent to his province in Africa, to prosecute the war; but he soon returned to Rome without having effected anything, leaving the army under the command of his brother Aulus Posthumius, who allowed himself to be surprised in his camp by Jugurtha, to whom he surrendered; and his troops, having passed under the yoke, evacuated Numidia. The new consul Metellus, arriving soon after with fresh troops, carried on the war with great vigour, and, being himself above temptation, reduced Jugurtha to the last extremity. Caius Marius was serving as lieutenant to Metellus, and in the year B.C. 107, supplanted him in the command. Jugurtha, meantime, having allied himself with Bocchus, king of Mauritania, gave full employment to the Romans. Marius took the town of Capsa, and in a hard-contested battle defeated the two kings. Bocchus now made offers of peace, and Marius sent to him his quæstor Sylla, who, after much negotiation, induced the Mauritanian king to give up Jugurtha into the hands of the Romans, as the price of his own peace and security. Jugurtha followed in chains with his two sons, the triumph of Marius, after which he was thrown into a subterraneous dungeon, where he was starved to death, or, according to others, was strangled. His sons were sent to Venusia, where they lived in obscurity. The war against Jugurtha lasted five years; it ended B.C. 106, and has been immortalized by the pen of Sallust. (Sall., Bell. Jug.-Plut., Vit. Mar.) "It is said," observes Plutarch, "that when Jugurtha was led before the car of the conqueror, he lost his senses. After the triumph he was thrown into prison, where, in their haste to strip him, some tore his robe off his back, and others, catching eagerly at his pendants, pulled off the tips of his ears along with them. When he was thrust down naked into the dungeon, all confused, he said, with a frantic smile, 'Heavens! how cold is this bath of yours!' There, having struggled for six days with extreme hunger, and to the last hour labouring for the preservation of life, he came to such an end as his crimes deserved." (Plut., Vit. Mar.) JULIA LEX, I. Agraria, proposed by Julius Cæsar in his first consulship, A.U.C. 694. Its object was to distribute the lands of Campania and Stella to 20,000 poor citizens, who had three children or more. (Cic., Ep. ad Att., 2, 16.-Vell. Paterc, 2, 44.)-II. Another by the same, entitled de Publicanis, about remitting to the farmers-general a third part of what they had stipulated to pay. (Cic., pro Planc., 16.Suet.. Vit. Jul., 20 )-III. Another by the same, for the ratification of all Pompey's acts in Asia. (Suet., 1. c.)-IV. Another by the same, de Provinciis ordinandis. This was an improvement on the Cornelian law about the provinces, and ordained that those who had been prætors should not command a province JULIA, I. a daughter of Julius Cæsar by Cornelia, celebrated for her beauty and the virtues of her character. She had been affianced to Servilius Cæpio, and was on the point of being given to him in marriage, when her father bestowed her upon Pompey. (Plut., Vit. Pomp., 47.--Appian, Bel. Civ., 1, 14.) Julia possessed great influence both over her father and husband, and, as long as she lived, prevented any cutbreak between them. Her sudden death, however, in childbed, severed the tie that had in some degree bound Pompey to his father-in-law, and no private considerations any longer existed to allay the jealousies and animosities which political disputes might enkinble between them. The amiable character of Julia, and her constant affection for her husband, gained for her the general regard of the people; and this they testified by insisting on celebrating her funeral in the Campus Martius, a compliment scarcely ever paid to any woman before. It is said that Pompey had always loved her tenderly, and the purity and happiness of his domestic life is one of the most delightful points in his character. (Sueton., Vit. Jul., 21.—Id. ib., 26.-Id. ib., 84.)-II. The sister of Julius Cæsar. She married M. Attius Balbus, and became by him the mother of Octavia Minor and Augustus. (Sueton., Vit. Jul, 74.-Id., Vit. Aug., 4.-Id. ib., 8.) III. The aunt of Julius Cæsar. At her decease, her nephew pronounced an eulogy over her remains from the rostra. (Sueton., Vit. Jul., 6.)-IV. The daughter of Augustus by his first wife Scribonia. As he had no children by Livia, whom he had subsequently espoused, Julia remained sole heiress of the emperor, and the choice of her husband became a matter of great importance. She was first married to her cousin Claudius Marcellus, the nephew of Augustus by his sister Octavia (Tacit., Ann., 1, 3.-Sueton., Vit. Aug., 63), and the individual celebrated by Virgil in those famous lines of the sixth Æneid, for which Octavia so largely rewarded him. But Marcellus dying young and without children, Augustus selected for the second husband of his daughter his oldest friend and most useful adherent, M. Vipsanius Agrippa. This marriage seemed to answer all the wishes of Augustus, for Julia became the mother of five children, Caius, Lu bosom, which she had purposely irritated by a blow. (Dio Cass., 78, 23.) On the nature of her death, as well as on the question of her incestuous union with Caracalla, consult the remarks of Bayle, Hist. Dict., vol. 6, p. 448, seqq., in notis. ctus, Julia, Agrippina, and Agrippa Postumus. Agrip-| pa died A.U Č. 741, and Julia was married, for the third time, to Tiberius Claudius Nero, the son of Livia, and afterward emperor. Tiberius subsequently, for whatever reasons, thought proper to withdraw from Rome to the island of Rhodes, where he lived in the greatest JULIANUS, FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS, son of Julius Conretirement. During his absence, his wife Julia was stantius, brother of Constantine the Great, was born guilty of such gross infidelities towards him, that Au- A.D. 331. After Constantine's death, the soldiers gustus himself divorced her in the name of his son-in- massacred the brothers, nephews, and other relatives law, and banished her to the island of Pandataria, off of that prince, in order that the empire should pass the Campanian coast, where she was closely confined undisputed to his sons. (Vid. Constantius.) Two for some time, and treated with the greatest rigour; only escaped from this butchery, Julian, then six years nor would Augustus ever forgive her, or receive her old, and his half-brother Gallus, then thirteen years of again into his presence, although he afterward removed age. Marcus, bishop of Arethusa, is said to have her from Pandataria to Rhegium, and somewhat soft- concealed them in a church. After a time, Constanened the severity of her treatment. When her hus- tius exiled Gallus into Ionia, and intrusted Julian to band Tiberius ascended the throne, she was again se- the care of Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia. Julian verely dealt with, and finally died of ill-treatment and was instructed in Greek literature by Mardonius, a starvation (vò Kaкоνɣíaç Kai pov.-Zonaras, p. learned eunuch, who had been teacher to his mother 548.-Sueton., Vit. Aug., 63.-Id., Vit. Aug., 65.— Basilina. At the age of fourteen or fifteen he was Id., Vit. Tib., 7.—Id. ib., 50.—Tacit., Ann., 1, 53.) sent to join his brother Gallus at Macellum, a castle -V. The grand-daughter of Augustus, and daughter in Cappadocia, where they were treated as princes, of Agrippa and Julia (IV). She was married to L. but closely watched. The youths were taught the Paulus, but, imitating the licentious conduct of her Scriptures, and were even ordained lecturers, and in mother, she was banished by Augustus for her adul- that capacity publicly read the Bible in the church of terous practices to the island of Tremitus, off the Nicomedia. It appears that Constantius had the incoast of Apulia, where she continued to live for the tention of making a priest of Julian, who had no inspace of 20 years, and where at last she terminated clination for that profession, and who is supposed to her existence. (Tacit., Ann., 4, 71.)-VI. A daugh- have already secretly abandoned the belief in the ter of Drusus Cæsar, the son of Tiberius, by Livia or Christian doctrines. The death of Constans and ConLivilla, the daughter of Nero Claudius Drusus. She stantine having left Constantius the sole master of the was married first to Nero Cæsar, son of Germanicus Roman world, that emperor, who was childless, sent and Agrippina, and afterward to Rubellius Blandus. for Gallus in March, A.D. 351, and created him Cæsar, She was cut off by the intrigues of Messalina, A.U.C. and he allowed Julian to return to Constantinople to 796. (Tacit., Ann., 3, 29.-Id. ib., 6, 27.—Id. th., finish his studies. There Julian met with the sophist 13, 19.)-VII. Daughter of Caligula and Milonia Ca- Libanins, who afterward became his friend and favoursonia. Her frantic father carried her to the temples ite. Constantius soon after again banished Julian to of all the goddesses, and dedicated her to Minerva, Nicomedia, where he became acquainted with some as to the patroness of her education. She discovered Platonic philosophers, who initiated him into their in her infancy strong indications of the cruelty that doctrines. He afterward obtained leave to proceed branded both her parents. She suffered death with to Athens, where he devoted himself entirely to study. her mother after the assassination of Caligula. (Suc- After the tragical death of Gallus in 355, Julian, who ton., Vit. Calig., 25.-Id. ib., 59.)-VIII. A Syrian had again, for a time, awakened the jealous suspicions female, daughter of Bassianus, priest of the Sun. of his cousin, was recalled to court by the influence She became the wife of Severus before his advance- of the Empress Eusebia, his constant patroness, when ment to the throne, and after the death of his first Constantius named him Cæsar, and gave him the gov consort. The superstitious Roman was determined, ernment of Gaul (which was then devastated by the it seems, in his choice, by hearing that Julia had been German tribes), together with his sister Helena to wife. born with a royal nativity; in other words, that she Julian made four campaigns against the Germans, in was destined to be the wife of a sovereign prince. which he displayed great skill and valour, and freed (Spartian., Vit. Sev., 3, seqq.) Her full name was Gaul from the barbarians, whom he pursued across the Julia Domna (Salmas., ad Spart., Vit. Sev., 20), the Rhine. He spent the winters at Lutetia (Paris), and latter part of it not being contracted, as some sup- became as much esteemed for his equitable and wise pose, from Domina, but being the actual surname of administration as for his military success. Constana family. (Tristan, Comment. Hist., vol. 2, p. 119, tius, always suspicious, ordered Julian to send him seqq-Menag., Aman. Jur., c. 25) Julia is said back some of the best legions in Gaul, to be employed to have been a female of cultivated mind and con- against the Persians. When the time for marching siderable literary attainments. She applied herself came (A.D. 360), Julian assembled the legions at Lualso to the study of philosophy, and employed a large tetia, and there bade them an affectionate farewell, portion of her time in listening to, and taking part in, when an insurrection broke out among the soldiers, the disputations of philosophers and sophists. Hence who saluted him as Augustus. Julian immediately Philostratus calls her otλóσopos 'Iovhía. (Vit. Soph- sent messengers to Constantius to deprecate his wrath, ist.-Philisc.-Op., ed. Morell, p. 617.) She dis- but the death of the emperor happening at the time, graced herself, however, by her adulterous practices, left the throne open for him, A.D. 361. He proceedand is even said to have conspired on one occasioned to Constantinople, where, being proclaimed emperagainst the life of her own husband. (Spart., Vit. or in December of the same year, he reformed the Sev., 18) Julia became by Severus the mother pomp and prodigality of the household, issued several of Caracalla and Geta, the latter of whom was slain wise edicts, corrected many abuses, and established a in her arms by the orders of his brother, in which court at Chalcedon, to investigate the conduct of those struggle she herself was wounded. To increase, if who had abused their influence under the preceding possible, the anguish she must naturally have felt on reign. Unfortunately, some innocent men were conthis occasion, the brutal Caracalla ordered her to sup-founded with the guilty, among others Ursulus, whose press every token of grief. (Spart., Vit. Get., 5.) After the death of Caracalla and the accession of Macrinus, she put an end to her existence by starvation, her death being hastened by a cancer on the condemnation Ammianus deplores (22, 3). On assuming the purple, Julian had openly professed the old religion of Rome, and had sacrificed as high-priest to the gods; and though, at the same time, he had issued |