printed. A more correct edition was published by Orellius, in 1814, 8vo, with a double commentary, critical and philological, in German; and also a smaller edition, containing merely the Greek text with various readings. These two editions are more accurate than that of Milan. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 2, p. 208, seqq. —Hoffmann, Lex. Bibliograph., vol. 2, p. 620.) ISTER, I. a native of Cyrene, who flourished under Ptolemy III. of Egypt. Suidas makes him to have been a disciple of Callimachus. Besides his 'Attiká, in sixteen books, he left a number of other works, on Egypt, Argolis, Elis, &c. A few fragments only remain, which were collected and published with those of Demon, another historian, by Siebelis and Lenz, Lips., 1812, 8vo.-II. The name of the eastern part of the Danube, after its junction with the Savus or Saave. The term is evidently of Teutonic or German origin (Osten, “east”). ISSA, one of the smallest of the Dalmatian islands, but the best known in history. It is mentioned by Scylax as a Greek colony (p. 8), which, according to Scymnus of Chios, was sent from Syracuse (v. 412). ISTHMIA, sacred games among the Greeks, which Issa is often alluded to by Polybius in his account of received their name from the Isthmus of Corinth, where the Illyrian war. It was attacked by Teuta; but the they were observed. They were instituted in honour siege was raised on the appearance of the Roman fleet, of Melicertes, who was changed into a sea-deity when and the inhabitants immediately placed themselves his mother Ino had thrown herself into the sea with under the protection of that power. (Appian, Illyr., him in her arms. After they had been celebrated for 7.—Polyb., 2, 11.) It became afterward a constant some time with great regularity, an interruption took station for the Roman galleys in their wars with the place, at the expiration of which they were re-estabkings of Macedon. (Liv., 43, 9.) In Cæsar's time lished by Theseus in honour of Neptune. These games the town appears to have been very flourishing, for it were celebrated every five years. (Alex. ab Alex., is styled "nobilissimum earum regionum oppidum" Gen. D., 5, 8.) When Corinth was destroyed by (B. Alex., 47), and Pliny informs us that the inhabi-Mummius, the Roman general, they were still observed tants were Roman citizens. (Plin., 3, 21.) Athenæus states that the wine of this island was much esteemed (1, 22). Its present name is Lissa. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 44.) with the usual solemnity, and the Sicyonians were intrusted with the superintendence, which had been before one of the privileges of the ruined Corinthians. Combats of every kind were exhibited, and the victors were rewarded with garlands of pine leaves. Some time after the custom was changed, and the victor received a crown of dry and withered parsley. At a subsequent period, however, the pine again was adopted. (Consult, for the reason of these changes, the remarks of Plutarch, Sympos., 5, 3.-Op., ed. Reiske, vol. 8, p. 687, seqq.) ISTHMUS, a small neck of land which joins a country to another, and prevents the sea from making thei separate, such as that of Corinth, called often the Isthmus by way of eminence, which joins Peloponnesus to Greece. (Vid. Corinthi Isthmus.) ISSEDONES, the principal nation in Serica, whose metropolis was Sera, now Kant-schu, in the Chinese province of Shen-Si, without the great wall. This city has been erroneously confounded with Pekin, the capital of China, which is 300 leagues distant. They had also two towns, both called Issedon, but distinguished by the epithets of Serica and Scythica. (Ptol. -Bischoff und Müller, Wörterb. der Geogr., p. 649.) Issus, a town of Cilicia Campestris, at the foot of the main chain of Amanus, and nearly at the centre of the head of the gulf to which it gave its name (Issicus Sinus). Xenophon describes Issus ("Iooot, in the plural) as a considerable town in his time. Cyrus ISTRIA OF HISTRIA, a peninsula lying to the west remained here three days, and was joined by his fleet of Liburnia, and bounded on the south and west by from the Peloponnesus. These ships anchored close the Adriatic. It was anciently a part of Illyricum. to the shore, where Cyrus had his quarters. (Anab., Its circuit and shape are accurately described and de1. 4. Compare Arrian, Exp. Alex., 2, 7.-Diod. fined by Strabo (314) and Pliny (3, 19). Little is Sic., 17, 32) Issus was famous for the victory gained known respecting the origin of the people: but an old here by Alexander over Darius. The error on the geographer describes them as a nation of Thracian part of the Persian monarch was in selecting so con- race (Scymn. Ch., Perieg., 390), and this opinion tracted a spot for a pitched battle. The breadth of seems at least to have probability in its favour. There the plain of Issus, between the sea and the mountains, is little to interest in the account of the wars waged appears from Callisthenes, quoted by Polybius, not to by the Romans against this insignificant people; it is exceed fourteen stadia, less than two miles, a space to be found in Livy (41, 1, seqq.): they were comvery inadequate for the manoeuvres of so large an ar-pletely subjugated A.U.C. 575. Augustus included my as that of Darius. The ground was, besides, bro- Istria in Cisalpine Gaul, or rather Italy, removing the ken, and intersected by many ravines and torrents limit of the latter country from the river Formio (Riwhich descended from the mountains. The principal sano) to the little river Arsia. (Plin., 3, 18.) The one of these, and which is frequently mentioned in the Greeks, in their fanciful mythology, derived the name narrative of this momentous battle, is the Pinarus. of Istria from that of the Ister or Danube; they conThe two armies were at first drawn up on opposite veyed the Argonauts from the Euxine into the Ister, banks of this stream; Darius on the side of Issus, Al- and then, by an unheard-of communication between exander towards Syria. A clear notion of the whole this river and the Adriatic, launched their heroes into affair may be obtained from the narratives of Arrian, the waters of the latter. (Scylax, Peripl., p. 6.-StraCurtius, and Plutarch, and from the critical remarks bo, 46.-Aristot., Hist. Anim., 8, 13.) Not satisfied, of Polybius on the statement of Callisthenes. The however, with these wonders, they affirmed that a band town of Issus, in Strabo's time, was only a small place of Colchians, sent in pursuit of Jason and Medea, folwith a port. (Strab., 676.) Stephanus says it was lowed the same course, and, wearied by a fruitless called Nicopolis, in consequence of the victory gained search, rested in Istria, and finally settled on its shores. by Alexander (s. v. "Ioooç). Strabo, however, speaks (Pomp. Mel, 2, 3.) This strange error no longer of Nicopolis as a distinct place from Issus. Cicero prevailed in the time of Strabo, when Istria had bereports that, during his expedition against the mount-come known to the Romans, and formed part of their aineers of Amanus, he occupied Issus for some days. vast empire. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 1, p. 134, (Ep. ad Att., 5, 20.) Issus was also remarkable, at a later day, for the defeat of Niger by Severus. The modern Aiasse appears to correspond to the site of the ancient town. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 359, seqq.-Compare Rennell, Geography of Western Asia, vol. 2, p. 94.) seqq.) ISTROPOLIS, a city of Thrace, situate on the coast of the Euxine, below the mouth of the Ister, where a lagune or salt lake, called Halmyris, formed by an arm of the Danube, has its issue into the sea. It appears to be succeeded at the present day by a place called Kara-Kermon, or "the black fortress." Istropolis is | Aristotle, cited by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, terms said to have been founded by a Milesian colony. (Plin, 4, 11.) ITABYRIUS, a mountain of Galilæa Inferior, near the southern limits of the tribe of Zebulon, and southeast from Carmel. According to Josephus (Bell. Jud., 4, 6), it was 30 stadia high, and had on its summit a plain of 26 stadia in extent. Its modern name is Thabor. This mountain is supposed by some to have been the scene of our Saviour's transfiguration. Jerome, Cyrill, and other writers, are in favour of the position, but it is opposed by Reland (Palastin., p. 247). The name Thabor or Tabor, which was also the ancient one among the natives, appears to be derived from the Hebrew tabbor, a height" or "summit." (Reland, 1. c.) The Greek writers call it Oabop and 'Arabúplov (or 'Irabúpiov) opoç. (Compare the Jupiter Atabyrius of Rhodes and Agrigentum, and the remarks of Ritter, Vorhalle, p. 339.) On the summit of this mountain was situate a fortified town called Atabyrion. (Polyb., 5, 70.--Vid. Atabyrion.) Mount Thabor is situate two leagues southeast of Nazareth, rising out of the great plain of Esdraelon, at its eastern side. Its figure is that of a truncated cone, and its elevation, according to Buckingham, about 1000 feet; but, from the circumstance mentioned by Burckhardt, of thick clouds resting on it in the morning in summer, and his being an hour in ascending it, it may perhaps be considered as higher than Buckingham supposed, though, from the same time occupied in the ascent, not more than 400 or 500 feet, or from 1400 to 1500 in all. It is represented as entirely calcareous. Dr. Richardson describes it as a dark-looking, insulated conical mountain, rising like a tower to a considerable height above those around it. On the summit is a plain about a mile in circumference, which shows the remains of the ancient fortress mentioned above. The view from this spot is said to be one of the finest in the country. Latium a part of this same Opica. As regards the origin of the name Italia, the truth appears to be this: the appellation was first given by the early Greeks to what is now denominated Calabria ulterior, or to that southern extremity of the boot which is confined between the Sinus Terinæus (Gulf of St. Euphemia) and the Sinus Scyllacius (Gulf of Squillace). Such, at least, is the account of Aristotle (Polit., 7, 10) and Strabo (254). This was not done because the name was in strictness confined to that section of the country, but because the Greeks knew at that early period very little, comparatively speaking, of the interior, and were as yet ignorant of the fact, that most of the numerous nations which peopled the Italian peninsula were the descendants of one common race, the Itali, who originally were spread over the whole land, ever to the foot of the Alps. The nations in the south of Italy, with whom the Greeks first became acquainted, were found by them to be descended from the Itali, or, rather, they found this name in general use among them: hence they called their section of the country by the name of Italia. As their knowledge of the interior became more enlarged, other branches of the same great race were successively discovered, and the name Italia thus gradually progressed in its application until it reached the southern limits of Cisalpine Gaul. To this latter country the name of Gallia Cisalpina was originally given, because it was peopled principally by Gauls, who had settled in these parts, and dislodged the ancient inhabitants. In confirmation of what has just been advanced, we find that, in the time of Antiochus, a son of Xenophanes, who lived about the 320th year of Rome, and a little anterior to Thucydides, the appellation Italia was given to a part of Italy which lay south of a line drawn from the small river Laus to Metapontum. (Dion. Hal., 1, p. 59.) Towards the end of the fifth century of Rome, it designated all the countries south of the Tiber and Æsis. ITALIA, a celebrated country of Europe, bounded on At length, in the pages of Polybius, who wrote about the north by the Alps, on the south by the Ionian Sea, the 600th year of Rome, we find the name in question on the northeast by the Adriatic or Mare Superum, given to all Italy up to the foot of the Alps. The inand on the southwest by the Mare Tyrrhenum or In- cluding of Cisalpine Gaul under this appellation was ferum. It was called Hesperia by the Greeks, from an act of policy on the part of the second triumvirate, its western situation in relation to Greece (Virg., who were afraid lest, if it remained a province, some En., 1, 530), and received also from the Latin poets future proconsul might imitate Cæsar, and overthrow the appellation of Ausonia (Virg., En., 7, 54), Sa- with his legions the authority of the republic. At a turnia (Virg., Georg., 2, 173), and notria. The still later period, Augustus divided Italy into eleven name Italia some writers deduce from Italus, a chief regions, and extended its limits on the northeast as far of the notri or Siculi (Antioch. Syrac., ap. Dion. as Pola, thus comprehending Istria. It is somewhat Hal., 1, 2.-Thucyd., 6, 2). Others sought the origin remarkable, that the name Italia, after having gradually of the term in the Greek word iraλós, or the Latin extended to the Alps, should at a subsequent epoch be vitulus, which corresponds to it (Varro, R. R., 2, 5. limited in its application to the northern parts alone. -Dion. Hal., 1, 35); and others again make the When the Emperor Maximian, towards the close of the name to have belonged originally to a small canton in third century of the Christian era, transferred his resiCalabria, and to have become gradually common to dence to Milan, the usage prevailed in the West of the whole country. The ancients differed from us in giving the name of Italy exclusively to the five provtheir application of names to countries. They re- inces of Emilia, Liguria, Flaminia, Venetia, and Isgarded the name as belonging to the people, not to tria. It was in this sense that the kings of the Lomthe land itself; and in this they were more correct bards were styled monarchs of Italy. As regards the than we are, who call nations after the countries they other names sometimes applied to Italy, it may be obinhabit. Asia Minor, for example, was an appellation served, that they are, in strictness, names only of parunknown to the earlier classic writers, and only began ticular parts, extended by poetic usage to the whole to come into use after the country had fallen into the country. Thus Enotria properly applies to a part of hands of the Romans. Previous to this, the different the southeastern coast, and was given by the Greeks nations which peopled that peninsula had their re- to this portion of the country, from the numerous vines spective names, and were known by these. In the which grew there, the name importing "wine-land." same way, a general name for what we now term Italy Thus, too, Saturnia in fact belongs to one of the hills was not originally thought of. When the Greeks be- of Rome, &c.-Italy may be divided into three parts, came first acquainted with this country, they observed the northern, or Gallia Cisalpina; the middle, or Italia it to be peopled with several distinct nations, as they Propria; and the southern, or Magna Græcia. Its thought; and hence we find it divided by them about principal states were Gallia Cisalpina, Etruria, Umthe time of Aristotle into six countries or regions, bria, Picenum, Latium, Campania, Samnium and HirAusonia or Opica, Tyrrhenia, Iapygia, Ombria, Ligu-pini, Apulia, Calabria, Lucania, and Brutiorum Ager. ria, and Henetia. Thucydides, for instance, in speak- Originally the whole of Italy appears to have been ing of Cuma, says that it is situate in Opica; and peopled by one common race, the Itali, who were set foot in the Italian peninsula. The last ancient Ac spread from the Alps to the southernmost extremity | but no Trojan men, nor any prince named Eneas ever of the land. This position receives very strong support from the fact that the name Italus was in general use among the various nations of the Italian peninsula. In the language of fable it was the appellation of an ancient monarch. We find mention made of a King Italus among the Ausones and Opici, and likewise among the Morgetes, Siculi, and Sabini. We find, moreover, all these early tribes using one common dialect, the Oscan. Now, that such a being as Italus ever existed, appears extremely improbable; and still more so the assertion that Italy was named after this ancient king. Daily experience proves that countries are called after the nations who inhabit them; and few, if any, examples can be adduced of nations taking an appellation from their rulers. In the present case it appears scarcely credible. We know of no period when the different Italian tribes were under the control of a single ruler, and yet each have their Italus. Was there a monarch of this name in every district of Italy? and, still more, did each separate community form the resolution of deriving from their respective monarch a name for themselves and the region they inhabited, so that, finally, the common name for the whole land became Italia? Either supposition is absurd.-The name Italus, then, was the generic name of the whole race, and the land was called after it, cach community being known at the same time by a specific and peculiar appellation, as Latini, Umbri, &c. The fact of the universal prevalence of the Oscan tongue is strongly corroborative of what has just been advanced. But, it may be contended, no proof exists that any king named Italus was acknowledged by the traditions of the Tusci or Umbri. The answer is an easy one. Antiquity makes mention of these as the progenitors of the Latini, among whom a King Italus appears; and Scymnus records an old authority, which makes the Umbri to have been descended from Latinus, the son of Ulysses and Circe. That these two nations, moreover, spoke a language based on the old Italic or Oscan form of speech, was discovered by the Romans in the case of the Rhæti, a branch of the former, who had retired to the Alps upon the invasion of the Gauls. The original population of Italy then was composed of the Itali. To these came various nations, which we shall now enumerate in the order of history. The earliest of these new-comers appear to have been the Illyrian tribes, and, in particular, the Liburni, who may, with truth, be regarded as the earliest of European navigators. They extended themselves along the coast of the Adriatic as far as Iapygia. Next in the order of time were the Veneti, a branch of the great Sclavonic race (vid. Veneti), who settled between the mouths of the Po and the Illyrian Alps. Were they the earliest possessors of this part of Italy, or did they expel the Tuscan Euganei! All is uncertainty. Of the origin of the great Etrurian nation, we have already spoken under the aricle Hetruria The Siculi, who appear to have been the original inhabitants of Latium, and who were subsequently driven out and retired to Sicily (vid. Siculi), are falsely considered by some to have been of Iberian origin. A fourth people, however, who actually came into Italy, were the Greeks. Before the time of the Trojan war there are no traces of any such emigration; but after the termination of that contest, accident threw many of the returning bands upon the Italian coast. We find them in Apulia, on the Sinus Tarenrinus in notria, at Pise, and in Latium as the chief part of the population of Alba Longa. Their language, the Eolic Greek, for they were principally Achæi, op. erating upon the old Italic or Oscan tongue, then prevalent in Latium, and becoming blended, at the same time, with many peculiarities and forms of Pelasgic origin, gave rise to the Latin tongue. Trojan female captives were brought along with them by the Greeks, Climate of Ancient Italy. It has been thought by several modern writers that the climate and temperature of Italy have undergone some change during the lapse of ages, and that it was anciently colder in winter than it is at the present day. (Du Bos, Reflex., vol. 2, p. 298.-L'Abbé Longuerue, cited by Gibbon, Misc. Works, vol. 3, p. 245.) In the examination of this question, it is impossible not to consider the somewhat analogous condition of America at this day. Boston is in the same latitude with Rome, but the severity of its winter far exceeds not that of Rome only, but of Paris and London. Allowing that The Malaria in Ancient and Modern Times. the peninsular form of Italy must at all times have had an effect in softening the climate, still the woods and marshes of Cisalpine Gaul, and the perpetual snows of It now becomes a question, whether the greater cold the Alps, far more extensive than at present, owing to of the winter, and the greater extent of wood and of the then uncultivated and uncleared state of Switzer- undrained waters which existed in the time of the Roland and Germany, could not but have been felt even mans, may not have had a favourable influence in mitin the neighbourhood of Rome. Besides, even on the igating that malaria which is at the present day the Apennines, and in Etruria and Latium, the forests oc- curse of so many parts of italy, and particularly of the cupied a far greater space than in modern times; this immediate neighbourhood of Rome. One thing is would increase the quantity of rain, and, consequently, certain, that the Campagna of Rome, which is now althe volume of water in the rivers; the floods would most a desert, must, at a remote period, have been be greater and more numerous, and, before man's do- full of independent cities; and although the greater minion had completely subdued the whole country, part of these had perished long before the fourth centhere would be large accumulations of water in the low tury of Rome, yet even then there existed Ostia, Laugrounds, which would still farther increase the coldness rentum, Ardea, and Antium on one side, and Veii and of the atmosphere. The language of ancient writers, Care on the other, in situations which are now regardon the whole, favours the same conclusion, that the ed as uninhabitable during the summer months; and Roman winter, in their days, was more severe than it all the lands of the Romans on which they, like the is at present. It is by no means easy to know what old Athenians, for the most part resided regularly, lie weight is to be given to the language of the poets, nor within the present range of the malaria. Some have how far particular descriptions or expressions may have supposed, that, although the climate was the same as been occasioned by peculiar local circumstances. The it is now, yet the Romans were enabled to escape statement of the younger Pliny (Epist., 2, 17), that the from its influence, and their safety has been ascribed bay-tree would rarely live through the winter without to their practice of wearing woollen next to the skin shelter, either at Rome or at his own villa at Lanuvium, instead of linen or cotton. But, not to notice other if taken absolutely, would prove too much; for, although objections to this notion, it is enough to say that the the bay is less hardy than some other evergreens, yet Romans regarded unhealthy situations with the same how can it be conceived that a climate in which the apprehension as their modern descendants. (Cato, R. olive would flourish could be too severe for the bay R., 2.-Varro, R. R., 1, 4.-Id., 5, 3, 5.—Id., 5, 3, There must either have been some local peculiarity of 12.)-On the other hand, Cicero (de Repub., 2, 6) and winds or soil which the tree did not like, or else the fact, Livy (7, 38) both speak of the immediate neighbouras is sometimes the case, must have been too hastily hood of Rome as unhealthy; but, at the same time, assumed; and men were afraid, from long custom, to they extol the positive healthiness of the city itself; leave the bay unprotected in the winter, although, in ascribing it to the hills, which are at once airy them fact, they might have done it with safety. Yet the selves, and offer a screen to the low grounds from the elder Pliny (17, 2) speaks of long snows being useful heat of the sun. It is true, that one of the most unto the corn, which shows that he is not speaking of healthy parts of modern Rome, the Piazza di Spagna the mountains; and a long snow lying in the valleys and the slope of the Pincian Hill above it, was not of central or southern Italy would surely be a very un- within the limits of the ancient city, yet the praise of heard-of phenomenon now. Again the freezing of the healthiness of Rome must be understood rather the rivers, as spoken of by Virgil and Horace, is an comparatively with that of the immediate neighbourimage of winter which could not, we think, naturally hood than positively. Rome, in the summer months, suggest itself to Italian poets of the present day, at cannot be called healthy, even as compared with the any point to the south of the Apennines. Other ar- other great cities of Italy, much less if the standard be guments to the same effect may be seen in a paper by taken from Berlin or from London. Again: the neighDaines Barrington, in the 58th volume of the Philo-bourhood of Rome is characterized by Livy as "a pessophical Transactions. Gibbon, too, after stating the arguments on both sides of the question, comes to the same conclusion. (Misc. Works, l. c.) He quotes, however, the Abbé de Longuerue as saying that the Tiber was frozen in the bitter winter of 1709.-Again: the olive, which cannot bear a continuance of severe cold, was not introduced into Italy till long after the vine Fenestella asserted, that its cultivation was unknown as late as the reign of Tarquinius Priscus (Plin., 15, 1); and such was the notion entertained of the cold of all inland countries, that Theophrastus (Plin., 15, 1) held it impossible to cultivate the olive at the distance of more than 400 stadia from the sea. But the cold of winter is perfectly consistent with great heat in the summer. The vine is cultivated with success on the Rhine, in the latitude of Devonshire and Cornwall, although the winter at Coblentz and Bonn is far more severe than it is in Westmoreland; and evergreens will flourish through the winter in the Westmoreland valleys far better than on the Rhine or in the heart of France. The summer heat of Italy was probably much the same in ancient times as it is at present, except that there were a greater number of spots where shade and verdure might be found, and where its violence, therefore, was more endurable. But the difference between the temperature of summer and winter may be safely assumed to have been much greater than it is now, notwithstanding the arguments of Eustace and several other travellers. (Arnold, History of Rome, vol. 1, p. 499, seqq.) tilential and parched soil." The latter epithet is worthy of notice, because the favourite opinion has been, that the malaria is connected with marshes and moisture. But it is precisely here that we may find the explanation of the spread of the malaria in modern times. Even in spring nothing can less resemble a marsh than the present aspect of the Campagna. It is far more like the down country of Dorsetshire, and, as the summer advances, it may well be called a dry and parched district. But this is exactly the character of the plains of Estremadura, where the British forces suffered so grievously from malaria fever in the autumn of 1809 In short, abundant experience has proved, that when the surface of the ground is wet, the malaria poison is far less noxious than when all appearance of moisture on the surface is gone, and the damp makes its way into the atmosphere from a considerable depth under ground. If, then, more rain fell in the Campagna formerly than now; if the streams were fuller of water, and their course more rapid; above all, if, owing to the uncleared state of central Europe, and the greater abundance of wood in Italy itself, the summer heats set in later, and were less intense, and more often relieved by violent storms of rain, there is every reason to believe that the Campagna must have been far healthier than at present; and that precisely in proportion to the clearing and cultivation of central Europe, to the felling of the woods in Italy itself, the consequent decrease in the quantity of rain, the shrinking of the streams, and the disappearance of the wa ITALICA, I. the capital of the Peligni in Italy. (Vid. Corfinium. II. A city of Spain, north of Hispalis, and situate on the western side of the river Bætis. (Strabo, 141.-Oros., 5, 23.) It was founded by Publius Scipio in the second Punic war, who placed here the old soldiers whom age had incapacitated from the performance of military service. (Appian, B. Hisp., c. 38-Cas, B. Civ., 2, 20.) It was the birthplace of the Emperor Trajan, and is supposed to correspond with Sevilla la Vieja, about a league distant from the city of Seville. (Surita, ad It. Ant., p. 413, 432.Florez, Esp. S. F., 12, p. 227.-Ukert, Geogr., vol. 2, p. 372.) ter from the surface, has been the increased unhealthi- | land's Travels, vol. 1, 349.- Pouqueville, vol. 3, p. ness of the country, and the more extended range of 334.) Cramer, however, thinks it ought to be looked the malaria. (Arnold's History of Rome, vol. I, p. for to the north of the Peneus, near Ardam and Pel501, seqq.) chouri-II. A fortress of Messenia, on a mountain of the same name. It was celebrated for the long and obstinate defence (ten years) which the Messenians there made against the Spartans in their last revolt. The mountain was said to have derived its name from Ithome, one of the nymphs that nourished Jupiter. On the summit was the temple of Jupiter Ithomatas, to whom the mountain was especially dedicated. Strabo compares the Messenian Acropolis to Acrocorinthus, being situated, like that citadel, on a lofty and steep mountain, enclosed by fortified lines which connected it with the town. Hence they were justly deemed the two strongest places in the Peloponnesus. When Philip, the son of Demetrius, was planning the conquest of the peninsula with Demetrius of Pharos, the latter advised him to seize first the horns of the heifer, which would secure to him possession of the animal. By these enigmatical expressions he designated the Peloponnesus, and the two bulwarks above mentioned. 2 ITALICUS, a poet. (Vid. Silius Italicus.) ITALUS, a fabled monarch of early Italy. (Consult remarks under the article Italia, page 693, col. 1.) was eighty stadia from the sea. (Peripl, p. 16.) ITIUS PORTUS, a harbour of Gaul, whence Cæsar set sail for Britain. Cæsar describes it no farther than by saying, that from it there was the most convenient passage to Britain, the distance being about 30 miles. (B. G., 5, 2.) Calais, Boulogne, and Etaples have each their respective advocates for the honour of being the Itius Portus of antiquity. The weight of authority, however, is in favour of Witsand or Vissan; and with this opinion D'Anville coincides. Cæsar landed at Portus Lemanis or Lymne, a little below Dover. For a long time this was the principal crossing-place. In a later age, however, the preference was given to Gessoriacum or Boulogne in Gaul, and Rutupia or Richborough in Britain. Lemaire, however, is in favour of making the Itius Portus identical with Gessoriacum, as others had been before him. (Ind. Geogr. ad Cæs., B. G., p. 291.) ITHACA, a celebrated island in the Ionian Sea, northeast of Cephallenia. It lies directly south of Leucadia, from which it is distant about six miles. The ex-(Strab., 361.-Polyb., 7, 11.) Scylax says Ithome tent of this celebrated island, as given by ancient authorities, does not correspond with modern computation. Dicearchus describes it as narrow, and measuring eighty stadia, meaning probably in length (Græc. Stat, v. 51), but Strabo (455) affirms, in circumference, which is very wide of the truth, since it is not less than thirty miles in circuit, or, according to Pliny (4, 12), twenty-five. Its length is nearly seventeen miles, but its breadth not more than four. Ithaca is well known as the native island of Ulysses. Eustathius asserts (ad Il., 2, 632) that it derived its name from the hero Ithacus, who is mentioned by Homer (Od, 17, 207). That it was throughout rugged and mountainous we learn from more than one passage of the Odyssey, but especially from the fourth book, v. 605, seqq.It is evident, from several passages of the same poem, that there was also a city named Ithaca, probably the capital of the island, and the residence of Ulysses (3,80). Its ruins are generally identified with those crowning the summit of the hill of Aito. (Dodwell, vol. 1, p. 66.) The Venetian geographers," observes Sir William Gell, "have in a great degree contributed to raise doubts concerning the identity of the modern with the ancient Ithaca, by giving in their charts the name of Val di Compare to this island. That name, however, is totally unknown in the country, where the isle is invariably called Ithaca by the upper ranks, and Theaki by the vulgar. It has been asserted in the north of Europe, that Ithaca is too inconsiderable a rock to have produced any contingent of ships which could entitle its king to so much consider ation among the neighbouring isles; yet the unrivalled excellence of its port has in modern times created a fleet of 50 vessels of all denominations, which trade to every part of the Mediterranean, and from which four might be selected capable of transporting the whole army of Ulysses to the shores of Asia." The same writer makes the population of the island 8000. It is said to contain sixty-six square miles. (Gell's Geography and Antiquities of Ithaca, p. 30.) ITHACESIE, I. three islands opposite Vibo, on the coast of Bruttium. They are thought to answer to the modern Braces, Praca, and Torricella. (Bischoff und Möller, Worterb. der Geogr., p. 651.)—II. Baia is called by Silius Italicus "sedes Ithacesia Baii," because founded by Baius, the pilot of Ulysses, according to the poetic legends of antiquity., (Sil. Ital., 8, 539.-Compare Lycophron, Cassand., 694.—Tzetzes, ad loc.) ITUNE, Estuarium, now Solway Firth, in Scotland. ITUREA, a country of Palestine, so called from Itur or Jetur, one of the sons of Ishmael, who settled in it; but whose posterity were either driven out or subdued by the Amorites, when it is supposed to have formed part of the kingdom of Bashan, and subsequently of the half tribe of Manasseh east of Jordan; but, as it was situated beyond the southern border of Mount Hermon, called the Djebel Heish, this is doubtful. It lay on the northeastern side of the land of Israel, between it and the territory of Damascus or Syria; and is supposed to have been the same country at present known by the name of Djedour, on the cast of the Djebel Heish, between Damascus and the Lake of Tiberias. The Itureans being subdued by Aristobulus, the high-priest and governor of the Jews, B.C. 106, were forced by him to embrace the Jewish religion, and were at the same time incorporated into the state. Philip, one of the sons of Herod the Great, was te trarch or governor of this country when John the Baptist commenced his ministry. (Plin., 5, 23.—Joseph., Ant. Jud., 13, 19. — Epiphan., Hæres., 19. — Luke, 3, 1.) ITYS, son of Tereus, king of Thrace, by Procne, daughter of Pandion, king of Athens. He was killed by his mother when he was about six years old, and served up before his father. He was changed, according to one account, into a pheasant, his mother into a swallow, and his father into an owl. (Vid. Philomela. -Ovid, Met., 6, 620.—Amor., 2, 14, 29.-Horat., Od., 4, 12.) ITHOME, I. a town of Thessaly, in the vicinity of Metropolis. It is conceived by some modern travel- JUBA, I. a son of Hiempsal, king of Numidia, suclers to have been situated on one of the summits now ceeded his father about 50 B.C. He was a warm >ccupied by the singular convents of Meteora. (Hol-supporter of the senatorial party and Pompey, being |