vórns) which his pupil Demosthenes carried to perfec-| Ber-Shehri. New Isaura he places on another lake tion. (Dion. Hal., de Isao judicium.--Op., ed Reiske, southeast of the former, and terms it Sidi-Shehri. vol. 5, p. 613, seqq.)-So far as the extant specimens Mannert opposes this position of the last, and is in faof Isæus enable us to form an opinion, this judgment your of Seri-Serail, a small village east-northeast of appears to be just. The perspicuity and artless sim- Iconium. (Mannert, Anc. Geogr., vol. 6, part 2, p. plicity of the style of Lysias are admirable; but, on 188.), reading Isæus, we feel that we have to do with a subtle disputant and a close reasoner, whose arguments are strong and pointed, but have too much the appearance of studied effect, and for that reason often fail to convince. The author of the life of Iseus, attributed to Plutarch, mentions sixty-four orations of his, fifty of which were allowed to be genuine. At present there are only eleven extant, all of which are of the forensic class, and all treat of matters relating to wills, and the succession to the property of testators or persons intestate, or to disputes originating in such matters. These orations are valuable for the insight they give us into the laws of Athens as to the disposition of property by will and in cases of intestacy, and also as to many of the forms of procedure.-The best edition of the text of Isæus is by Bekker, forming part of the Oratores Attici (1822-1823, 8vo, Berol.-Orat. Att., vol. 3.) The most useful edition, however, is that of Schömann, Gryphisw., 1831, 8vo. Sir W. Jones has given a valuable translation of Isæus. It appeared in 1779. His version, however, extends only to ten of the orations, the eleventh having been discovered since. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 2, p. 215.)—II. A native of Assyria, likewise an orator, who came to Rome A.D. 17. He is greatly commended by Pliny the younger, who observes that he always spoke extempore, and that his language was marked by elegance, unlaboured ease, and great correctness. (Plin., Ep., 2, 3.) ISAPIs, a river of Umbria. Its ordinary name was the Sapis. (Strab., 216.-Ptol., p. 64.) Its modern appellation is the Savio. It rose not far from Sarsina, and fell into the Adriatic to the northwest of the Rubicon. (Lucan, 2, 406.) ISAURIA, a country of Asia Minor, north of, and adjacent to, Pisidia. The inhabitants were a wild race, remarkable for the violence and rapine which they exercised against their neighbours. P. Servilius derived from his reduction of this people the surname of Isauricus. A conformity in the aspect of the country, which was rough and mountainous, caused Cilicia Trachea, in a subsequent age, to have the name of Isauria extended to it, and it is thus denominated in the notices of the eastern empire. "With respect to Isauria," observes Rennell, Strabo is not so explicit as might have been wished; but the subject, perhaps, was not well known to him. He no doubt regards Isauria as a province or a part of Pisidia at large: and mentions its two capitals, the old and the new. But then he speaks of the expedition of Servilius, which was sent to one of those cities, as a transaction connected with the modern or maritime Isauria; that is, Cilicia Trachea. This may, perhaps, be explained by the circumstance of Servilius being at the time proconsul of Cilicia, and the expedition being prepared and sent forth from Caycus, in that country, as a convenient point of outset. But Strabo describes Cilicia Trachea under its proper name, and fixes its boundary westward at Coracesium, on the seacoast; and therefore seems to have had no idea of any other Isauria than that which lay inland. The Isauria of Pliny includes both the original province of that name, lying north of Taurus, and also Cilicia Trachea, which had been added to the other; possibly from the date of the above-mentioned expedition of Servilius. About a century and a half had elapsed between the time of Servilius and Pliny; and great changes had probably taken place in the arrangement of boundaries of countries so lately acquired. In later times, the name of Isauria seems to have become appropriate to Cilicia Trachea. Ammianus Marcellinus wrote at so much later a period, that one can hardly allow his description to apply to ancient geography. He describes Isauria as a maritime country absolutely; and per ISAURA (@ or orum), the capital of Isauria, near the haps the original Isauria was not known by that name, confines of Phrygia. Strabo and Stephanus of Byzan- but merged into the larger province of Pisidia." (Getium use the term as a plural one (rà "Ioavpa); Am-ography of Western Asia, vol. 2, p. 73, seqq.) mianus Marcellinus, however, makes it of the first declension (14, 8). It was a strong and rich place, and its inhabitants appear to have acquired their wealth, in a great degree, by plundering the neighbouring regions. The city was attacked by the Macedonians under Perdiccas, the inhabitants having put to death the governor set over the province by Alexander. After a brave resistance, the Isaurians destroyed themselves and their city by fire. The conquerors are said to have obtained much gold and silver from the ruins of the place. (Diod. Sic., 18, 22.) During the contentions between Alexander's successors, the neighbouring mountaineers rebuilt the capital, and commenced plundering anew until they were reduced by Servilius, hence styled Isauricus, and the city was again destroyed. A new Isaura was afterward built by Amyntas, king of Galatia, in the vicinity of the old city, and the stones of this last were employed in its construction. (Strab., 591.) This new Isaura appears to have existed until the third century, when Trebellianus made it his residence, and raised here the standard of revolt. He was slain, and Isaura was probably again destroyed, since, according to Ammianus, its remains were in his time scarcely perceptible. (Amm. Marcell., l. c. Treb. Pollio, 30 Tyranni. c. 25.) D'Anville places the old capital near a lake, about whose existence, however, the ancients are silent; the modern name he makes ISAR and ISARA, I. now the Isère, a river of Gaul, where Fabius routed the Allobroges. It rose in the Graian Alps, and fell into the Rhodanus near Valentia, the modern Valence.-II. Another, called the Oise, which falls into the Seine below Paris. The Celtic name of Briva Isaræ, a place on this river, has been translated into Pont-Oise. ISAURICUS, a surname of P. Servilius, from his conquests over the Isaurians. (Ovid, Fast., 1, 594. — Cic., Att., 5, 21.-Vid. Isaura and Isauria.) ISIDORUS, I. a native of Charax, near the mouth of the Tigris, who published in the reign of Caligula a Description of Parthia.” Παρθίας περιηγητικόν.) It no longer exists; but we have a work remaining, which appears to be an extract from it, and is entitled Eratuoi Пapotkoí, “Parthian Halting-places." This work gives a list of the eighteen provinces into which the Parthian empire was divided, with the principal places in each province, and the distances between each town. The list was probably taken from official records, such as appear, from the list of provinces, &c., in Herodotus, to have been kept in the ancient Persian empire. The production just referred to has been printed in the second volume of Hudson's "Geographic veteris Scriptores Græci Minores," with a dissertation by Dodwell. There is also a memoir on. Isidorus by Sainte-Croix, in the 50th volume of the Mem. de l'Acad. des Inser., &c.—II. A native of Egæ, an epigrammatic poet, some of whose productions are preserved in the Anthology. (Jacobs, Anthol. Gr., vol. 3, p. 177; vol. 10, p. 329.)-III. An epigrammatic poet, a native of Bolbitine in Egypt. (Jacobs, Anthol. Gr., vol. 10, p. 332.)—IV. A native of Miletus, a Greek architect of the sixth century, and men, of faith, of heresies, of pagan philosophers, of sibyls, of magicians, and of the gods of the heathen. The ninth book has for its subjects the different languages spoken among men, names of communities, official dignities, relationships, affinities, marriages. The last ten books explain and define a large number of words, the origin of which is not generally known. In these etymologies the author has no doubt commit ted a number of errors, neither has he displayed much critical acumen in many of his remarks; yet, notwith who, together, with Anthemius, was employed by | Justinian, emperor of the cast, to erect the church of St. Sophia at Constantinople. Anthemius merely laid the foundation of the edifice, and was then arrested by the hand of death, A.D. 534. Isidorus was charged with the completion of this structure. This church is a square building, with a hemispherical cupola in the centre, and its summit 400 feet from the pavement below. This edifice, which was considered the most magnificent monument of the age, was scarcely finished before the cupola was thrown down by an earth-standing these defects, his work is valuable on account quake. But Justinian had it immediately rebuilt. On the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, the church of St. Sophia was appropriated to the worship of the Mohammedan conquerors.-V. A New Platonist, a native of Gaza, who succeeded Hegias in the chair of Athens, in the fifth century, or, rather, at the beginning of the sixth. He was a zealous follower of Proclus, but deficient in talent and erudition, and, consequently, soon made way for Zenodotus as his successor. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 7, p. 116.) -VI. A native of Pelusium, a saint in the Roman Catholic calendar, and one of the most celebrated of the disciples of Chrysostom. He lived in the fifth century, professed the monastic life from his youth, and composed some thousand epistles, of which two thousand and twelve remain, in five books, and are deemed valuable, especially for the information which they contain in relation to points of discipline and for practical rules. The best edition is that of Schottus, Paris, 1638 fol. In 1738, Heumann attacked the authenticity of a part of these epistles, in a tract entitled Epistola Isidori Pelusiota maximam partem confecte," &c.-VII. Another saint in the Roman Catholic calendar, and a distinguished Spanish prelate towards the beginning of the seventh century, when he succeeded his brother Leander in the see of Seville. Hence he is commonly called Isidorus Hispalensis, Isidore of Seville." He was, however, a native of Carthago Nova (Carthagena), of which his father Severianus was governor. He presided in a council held in that city, A.D. 619; and at the fourth national council, A.D. 633, in which numerous regulations were by his influence adopted, in order to reform ecclesiastical discipline in Spain. He was well acquainted with Greek and Hebrew, and was considered by the council of Toledo as the most learned man of his age. The style of his works, however, is not very clear, and his judgment appears to have been very defective. He died A.D. 636.-Isidorus was the author of many works, chiefly, however, compilations. His principal production is entitled "Twenty Books of Origins and Etymologies" (Originum sive Etymologiarum Libri XX.). Death prevented him from finishing this, and it was completed by his friend Braulio, bishop of Saragossa. It contains far more than the title would seem to promise, and is, in fact, a species of encyclopædia, or a summary of all the sciences cultivated at that period. The first book is divided into forty-three chapters, of which the first thirty-eight explain terms connected with grammar. The remaining five have reference to matters connected with history. The second book is devoted principally to rhetorical subjects; it contains also an introduction to philosophy, and a system of Dialectics after Porphyry, Aristotle, and Victorinus. The third book treats of arithmetic, music, and astronomy. The fourth book is devoted to medicine. The fifth book contains jurisprudence and chronology; together with a species of historical summary, terminating at the sixth year of the reign of Heraclius. In the sixth book, the author occupies himself with the Bible, with libraries and manuscripts; he speaks of canons, of gospels, and councils; he then explains the paschal cycle, the calendar, and the festivals of the church. The seventh and eighth books treat of God, of angels of the extracts from lost works which it contains, and because it serves to show to what state of advancement each of the sciences of which it treats had attained among the ancients. Isidorus was also the author of a work entitled "De Differentiis sive proprie. tate verborum," in three books. The first of these is taken from Agratius and other ancient grammarians; the second treats "de differentiis spiritualibus." The third, more complete than the first, is arranged in alphabetical order. We have also various glossaries ascribed to Isidorus, of which has been formed a liber glossarum. A small glossary, containing grammatical terms in Greek and Latin, was published for the first time by Heusinger, in his second edition of Mallius Theodorus.-We have to mention also a Chronicle by Isidorus, from the beginning of the world to the fifth year of the reign of Heraclius, A.D. 615. It is derived from ancient chronicles, and contains likewise some new details respecting the period in which it was composed. It is sometimes cited under the following titles: "De Temporibus ;" Abbreviator Temporum; De Sex mundi ætatibus;" "Imago Mundi." Isidorus wrote also two abridged histories of the Germanic tribes that settled in Spain during the fifth century; one entitled "De historia, sive Chronicon Gothorum ;" and the other, "Chronicon breve regum Visigothorum." The first is followed by an appendix on the Vandals and Suevi. Other works of Isidorus are as follows: "A Treatise on Ecclesiastical Writers ;" "Sentences;" "Commentaries on the Historical Books of the Old Testament;" "Scriptural Allegories;" "A Book of Poems, or Prolegomena to the Scriptures;" "A Treatise on Ecclesiastical Discipline," in which he mentions seven prayers of the sacrifice still to be found in the Mosarabic mass, which is the ancient Spanish liturgy, of which Isidorus was the principal author. A collection of canons, attributed to this Isidorus, were by a later priest of the same name, Isidore of Seville, who is more admired by later churchmen for learning than discrimination, and is frequently ranked among musical writers, much being said by him on the introduction of music into the church, in his divine offices. The best edition of the works of Isidorus is that of Arevali, Romæ, 17971803, 2 vols. fol. The best edition of the Origines is that of Otto, forming the third volume of Linde mann's Corpus Grammaticorum Latinorum, Lips., 1833, 4to. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Rom., vol. 3, p. 180, seqq.-Id. ib., vol. 3, p. 333.) Isis, one of the chief deities of the Egyptians, and the sister and spouse of Osiris. She was said to have first taught men the art of cultivating corn, and was regarded as the goddess of fecundity. Hence the cow was sacred to her. The annual festival of Isis in Egypt lasted eight days, during which a general purification took place. The priests of the goddess were bound to observe perpetual chastity; their heads were shaved, and they went barefoot. This deity was often represented as a woman with the horns of a cow. also appears with the lotus on her head and the sistrum in her hand and in some instances her head is seen covered with a hood. Heads of Isis are frequent ornaments of Egyptian capitals on the pillars of the temples.-As the worship of Isis passed into foreign lands, it assumed a foreign character and many foreign She ters. attributes, as we see from the Greek and Roman wri- | attributes of universal power. The allegorical tales Sometimes she is represented like Diana of of the loves and misfortunes of Isis and Osiris are an Ephesus, the universal mother, with a number of exact counterpart of those of Venus and Adonis (Suid., breasts. The mysterious rites of Isis were probably | s. v. diayváμov), which signify the alternate exertion in their origin symbolical: on one of her statues was of the generative and destructive attributes. (Enqui this inscription, "I am all that has been or that shall ry into the Symb. Lang., &c., 118, 119.) The Disa be; no mortal has hitherto taken off my veil."-But or Isa of the north was represented by a conic figure the Isiac rites, transplanted to Italy, became a cloak enveloped in a net, similar to the cortina of Apollo on for licentiousness, and they were repeatedly forbidden the medals of Cos, Chersonesus in Crete, Neapolis in at Rome. Tiberius caused the images of Isis to be Italy, and the Syrian kings; but, instead of having the thrown into the Tiber; but the worship subsequently serpent coiled round it as in the first, or some symbol revived, and Juvenal speaks of it in an indignant strain. or figure of Apollo placed upon it as in the rest, it is -The Isiac Table in the Turin Museum, which is terminated by a human head. (Ol. Rudbeck, Atlant., supposed to represent the mysteries of Isis, has been vol. 2, c. 5, p. 219.) This goddess is unquestionably judged by Champollion to be the work of an uninitiated the Isis whom the ancient Suevi, according to Taciartist, little acquainted with the true worship of the tus, worshipped (Germ., c. 9); for the initial letter of goddess, and probably of the age of Hadrian. (Con- the first name appears to be an article or prefix joined sult Plutarch's treatise on Isis and Osiris, ed. Wyt- to it; and the Egyptian Isis was occasionally repretenb., vol. 2, p. 441.-Herod., 2, 41, seqq.-Pausan., sented enveloped in a net, exactly as the Scandinavian 2, 13, 7.—Id., 10, 32, 13)-The legend of Isis and goddess was at Upsal. (Isiac Table, and Ol. RudOsiris may be found in full detail in Creuzer (Sym- beck, Atlant., p. 209.) This goddess is delineated on bolik, vol. 1, p. 258, seqq.). On comparing the differ- the sacred drums of the Laplanders, accompanied by ent explanations given by Plutarch and other ancient a child, similar to the Horus of the Egyptians, who so writers, it will appear that Osiris is the type of the ac- often appears in the lap of Isis on the religious montive, generating, and beneficent force of nature and the uments of that people. The ancient Muscovites also elements; Isis, on the contrary, is the passive force, worshipped a sacred group, composed of an old woman the power of conceiving and bringing forth into life in with one male child in her lap, and another standing the sublunary world. Osiris was particularly adored by her, which probably represented Isis and her offin the sun, whose rays vivify and impart new warmth spring. They had likewise another idol, called the to the earth, and who, on his annual return in the golden heifer, which seems to have been the animalspring, appears to create anew all organic bodies. He symbol of the same personage. (Ol. Rudbeck, Atwas adored also in the Nile, the cause of Egyptian fer-lant., p. 512, seqq.-Ib., p. 280.-Knight, Enquiry tility. Isis was the earth, or sublunary nature in gen-into the Symb. Lang., § 195.) For some speculaeral; or, in a more confined sense, the soil of Egypt tions on the name of Isis, Jablonski may be consulted. inundated by the Nile, the principle of all fecundity, (Panth. Egypt., 2, 29.-Id. Opusc., 1, s. v.) Isis the goddess of generation and production. United to received, as is well known, the names of “Lady,” one another, Osiris and Isis typify the universal Being, Mistress," "Mother," "Nurse," &c., common to the soul of nature, the Pantheus of the Orphic verses. many other Egyptian deities. Her favourite name, (Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 806.)-In however, is "Myrionyma," or "She that has ten thouaccordance with this general view of the subject are sand names." Creuzer finds an analogy between the the remarks of Knight: "Isis was the same with the Egyptian Osiris and Isis, and the Hindu Isa and Isani goddess of generation, except that by the later Egyp- or Isi; and this analogy displays itself not only in tians the personification was still more generalized, so their respective attributes and offices, but also in the as to comprehend universal nature; whence Apuleius meaning of their names; they are the "Lord" and invokes her by the names of Eleusinian Ceres, Celestial Lady," two titles of almost all great popular divinVenus, and Proserpina; and she answers him by a ties among the pagan nations both of ancient and moageneral explanation of these titles. "I am,' says she, ern times. The different forms of the Egyptian year, Nature, the parent of things, the sovereign of the ele- and the successive efforts made to correct the calenments, the primary progeny of time, the most exalted dar, could not fail to produce considerable variations of the deities, the first of the heavenly gods and god- in the legend of Isis and Osiris, which had itself been desses, the queen of the shades, the uniform counte- founded originally on a normal period. In this way, nance; who dispose with my rod the numerous lights perhaps, we may explain the double death of Osiris, of heaven, the salubrious breezes of the sea, and the and regard it as typifying those variations that were mournful silence of the dead; whose single deity the the necessary result of the vague state of the year. whole world venerates in many forms, with various The principal festivals of Egypt, moreover, established, rites and many names. The Egyptians, skilled in an- like those of most other nations, after the natural cient lore, worship me with proper ceremonies, and epochs of the year, found at once in the popular mycall me by my true name, Queen Isis.'" (Apul., Met., thology their commentary and their sanction. The 11, p. 257.) This universal character of the goddess most solemn one of these, called the festival (the lamappears, however, to have been subsequent to the entations) of Isis, or the disappearance (death) of Macedonian conquest, when a new modification of the Osiris, commenced on the 17th of the month Athyr, ancient systems of religion and philosophy took place or the 13th of November, according to Plutarch: it at Alexandrea, and spread itself gradually over the was a festival of mourning and tears. (Plut., de Is. world. The statues of this Isis are of a composition et Os., c. 39, 69, p: 501, 549, ed. Wyttenb.-Creuand form quite different from those of the ancient zer, Comment. Herod., p. 120, seqq.) Towards the Egyptian goddess; and all that we have seen are of winter solstice was celebrated the finding of Osiris ; Greek or Roman sculpture. The original Egyptian and on the seventh of Tybi, or the second of January, figure of Isis is merely the animal symbol of the cow the arrival of Isis from Phenicia. A few days after, humanized, with the addition of the serpent disc, or the festival of Osiris found (a second time) united the some other accessory emblem: but the Greek and cries of gladness on the part of all Egypt to the pure Roman figures of her are infinitely varied, to sig-joy experienced by Isis herself. The festival of grainnify by various symbols the various attributes of universal nature. In this character she is confounded with the personifications of Fortune and Victory, which are, in reality, no other than those of Providence, and, therefore, occasionally decked with all the sowing and that of the burial of Osiris; the festival of his resurrection, at the period when the young blade of grain began to show itself out of the ground; the pregnancy of Isis, the birth of Harpocrates, to whom were offered the first fruits of the approaching harvest; the festival of the Pamylia; all these fell in a great period embracing the one half of the year, from the autumnal equinox to that of the spring, at the commencement of which latter season was celebrated the feast of the purification of Isis. A little before this the Egyptians solemnized, at the new moon of Phamenoth (March), the entrance of Osiris into the Moon, which planet he was believed to fecundate, that it might, in its turn, fecundate the earth. (Plut., Ib.) Finally, on the 30th of Epiphi (24th of July), the festival of the birth of Horus took place (of Horus the representative of Osiris, the conqueror of Typhon), in the second great period, extending from the month Pharmuthi (27th of March) to Thoth (29th of August), when the year recommenced. (Creuzer, Symbolik, note 3, Guigniaut, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 801.) ISMARUS (Ismara, plur.), a mountain of Thrace near the mouth of the Hebrus, covered with vineyards. This part of Thrace was famous for its wines. Ulysses, in the Odyssey, is made to speak in commendation of some wine given him by Maron, the priest of Apollo. Ismarus was situated in the territory of the Cicones, whose capital was also called by the same name. Homer (Od., 1, 40) makes Ulysses to have taken and plundered this city; but the natives coming down from the interior in great force, he was driven off with severe loss both of men and ships. Ismarus is only known to later writers as a mountain celebrated for its wine, which indeed Homer himself alludes to in another passage. (Od., 1, 197.-Virg., Georg., 2, 37.) : teachers were Gorgias, Prodicus and Tisias. On ac- ISMENE, I. a daughter of Edipus and Jocasta, who, when her sister Antigone had been condemned to be buried alive by Creon for giving burial to her brother Polynices, against the tyrant's positive orders, declared herself as guilty as her sister, and insisted upon being punished along with her. (Soph., Antig.-Apollod., 3, 5.)—II. A daughter of the river Asopus, who mar-age by publicly defending Theramenes, who had been ried the hundred-eyed Argus, by whom she had Iasus. (Apollod., 2, 1.) proscribed by the thirty tyrants. Isocrates was par ticularly distinguished for a polished style and an harISMENIAS, I. a celebrated musician of Thebes. monious construction of his sentences. In Cicero's When he was taken prisoner by the Scythians, Athe- opinion, it was he who first gave to prose writing its as, the king of the country, observed, that he liked the due rhythm. The art of Isocrates is always apparent, neighing of his horse better than all the music of Is- a circumstance which, of itself, diminishes in some menias. (Plut. in Apophth.)-II. A Theban gener- degree the effect of his writings, and is almost inconal, sent to Persia on an embassy by his countrymen. sistent with vigour and force. The address to DeAs none were admitted into the king's presence with- monicus, for example, is an almost uninterrupted seout prostrating themselves at his feet, Ismenias had ries of antitheses. Though he falls far below the recourse to artifice to avoid performing an act which great orator of Athens, Isocrates is still a perfect maswould render him degraded in the eyes of his country-ter in the style which he has adopted, and has well men, and yet, at the same time, not to offend against the customs of Persia. When he was introduced he dropped his ring, and the motion he made to recover it from the ground being mistaken for the required homage, Ismenias had a satisfactory audience of the monarch. (Elian, V. H., 1, 21.) merited the high encomiums of Dionysius of Halicar- ISMENUS, I. a son of Apollo and Melia, one of the Nereides, who gave his name to a river of Boeotia, near Thebes.-II. A river of Boeotia, in the immediate vicinity of Thebes, at the foot of a hill. It was sacred to Apollo, hence called Ismenius, who had a temple here. (Pind., Pyth., 11, 6.-Soph., Ed. Tyr., 19.) The Ismenus is more frequently alluded to in conjunc-ens (B. C. 346), exhorting him to reconcile the states tion with the celebrated fountain of Dirce. (Eurip., Bacch., 5.-Id., Phan., 830.-Herc., Fur., 572.-Ib., 781.-Pind., Isthm., 6, 108.) Dodwell observes, that the Ismenus has less pretensions to the title of a river than the Athenian Ilissus, for it has no water except after heavy rains, when it becomes a torrent, and rushes into the Lake of Hylika, about four miles west of Thebes. (Tour, vol. 2, p. 268.) Sir. W. Gell states that it is usually dry, from its being made to furnish water to several fountains. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 229, seqq.) ISOCRATES, a distinguished orator, or, rather, oratorical writer, born at Athens, B.C. 436. His principal of Greece, and to unite their forces against Persia. He kept up a correspondence with Philip, and two of his epistles to that prince are still extant, as well as one which he wrote to the then youthful Alexander, congratulating him on his proficiency in his studies. Though no violent partisan, he proved, however, a warm-hearted patriot; for, on receiving the news of the battle of Charonea, he refused to take food for several days, and thus closed his long and honourable career at the age of ninety-eight, B.Č. 338.-In Plutarch's time sixty orations went under his name, not half of which were, however, deemed genuine. Twenty-one now remain. Of these, the most remarkable is the discourse entitled Havnyvpikós, Panegyricus,|ject, to mortify the sophist and make his work a failor "Panegyrical Oration," i. e., a discourse pronounced ure.-4. IlavaOnvaïkós, Panathenaicus. An éloge on before the assembled people. The Panegyric of Isoc- the Athenians; one of the best pieces of Isocrates, rates was delivered at the Olympic games, and was but which has reached us in a defective state-We written in the time of the Lacedæmonian ascendancy. have likewise from the pen of Isocrates eight discourHe exhorts the Lacedæmonians and Athenians to vie ses of a legal nature, or λόγοι δικανικοι. 1. Πλαταwith each other in a noble emulation, and to unite ikós, Complaint of the inhabitants of Plataa against their forces in an expedition against Asia; and he de- the Thebans.-2. Hepì tñç ávtidóσews, “ Of the exscants eloquently on the merits and glories of the changing of property with another." According to Athenian commonwealth, on the services it had ren- the Athenian laws, the three hundred richest citizens dered to Greece, and on its high intellectual cultiva- were obliged to equip triremes, furnish the commontion; while he defends it from the charges, urged by wealth with necessary supplies of money, &c. If any its enemies, of tyranny by sea, and of oppression to- person appointed to undergo one of these duties could wards its colonies. Among the other twenty dis- find another citizen of better substance than himself courses of Isocrates, there are three of the parenetic who was not on the list, then the informer was excused or moral kind: 1. IIpòç Anμóvikov, "Discourse ad- and the other put in his place. If the person named, dressed to Demonicus," the son of Hipponicus, who, however, denied that he was the richer of the two, with his brother Callias, belonged to the highest class then they exchanged estates. Isocrates, having acof Athenian citizens. It consists of moral precepts quired great riches, had twice to undergo this species for the conduct of life and the regulation of the de- of prosecution. The first time he was defended by portment of the young. Many critics have thought his adopted son Alphareus, and gained his cause; the that this piece, abounding with excellent morality, and second time he was attacked by a certain Lysimachus, resembling an epistle rather than a discourse, is not was unsuccessful in his defence, and compelled to the work of the Athenian Isocrates, but of one of two equip a trireme. The present discourse was delivered other orators of the same name, of whom mention is by Isocrates on this latter occasion. It has reached made by the ancient writers, namely, Isocrates of Apol- us in an imperfect state, but has been completed in lonia, or Heraclea in Pontus, who was a disciple of our own days by the discoveries of a modern scholar, the Athenian philosopher; and Isocrates the friend of Moustoxydes.-3. Iepì Tov (εvyovç. A pleading reDionysius of Halicarnassus. One thing is certain, specting a team of horses, pronounced for the son of that Harpocration cites a discourse of the Apollonian Alcibiades.-4. Трanešiтikós, a pleading against the Isocrates, under the title of Пapaiveσis прòs Anuóv- banker Pasion, pronounced by the son of Sopeus, who LKOV, and it is not probable that the master and his had confided a sum of money to his care. Pasion had disciple would have written exhortations addressed to denied the deposite.-5. Пapaɣpaḍiкòs πрòç Kaλλíμthe same individual. As regards the third Isocrates axov. An "actio translativa" against Callimachus.just mentioned, it is very doubtful whether he ever 6. Aiyivnτikós, a pleading pronounced at Ægina in a existed.-2. Пpòç Nikóкλeα, Discourse addressed to matter of succession.-7. Karà тov Aoxíтov, a pleadNicocles II., son of Evagoras, and prince of Salamis ing against Lochites for personal violence against a cerin Cyprus, on the art of reigning.-3. Nikoкλns, Nic- tain individual whose name is not given. We have ocles, a discourse composed for this prince, to be pro- only the second part of this discourse.-8. 'Auúpтvроç, nounced by him, and treating of the duties of subjects or Пpòç Evovvovv vrèр Nikiov, "Pleading for Nicias towards their sovereigns. Nicocles is said to have against Euthynus." The latter was a faithless depresented Isocrates, in return, with twenty talents. positary, who reckoned on the impossibility of proving This piece is sometimes cited under the name of the a certain deposite through want of witnesses to the Cyprian Discourse, Kúпpios hóуos. Five other dis- transaction. We have finally a discourse of Isocrates courses of Isocrates are of the deliberative kind. 1. against the Sophists (karà Twν σ0ḍiσtāv), which The Panegyric, of which we have already spoken.- must be placed in a class by itself. There was also a 2. Þiλiños, or Пpòç Þíλɩññov, “Discourse address-work on Rhetoric composed by him, more commonly ed to Philip of Macedon," to induce him to act as me- called a Téxvn, " Theory." Cicero states that he was diator between the Greek cities, and to make war unable to procure this work (De Invent., 2, 2): it is against Persia.-3. 'Apxidaμos, Archidamus. Under cited, however, by Quintilian (Inst. Or., 3, 1, et 14.) the name of this prince, who afterward ascended the -The best edition of the Greek text is that of Bekthrone of Sparta, the orator endeavours to persuade ker, forming part of his Oratores Attici. (Berol., the Lacedæmonians, after the battle of Mantinea, not 1822-1823, 8vo.-Oral. Att., vol. 2.) The two most to relinquish Messenia.-4. 'AрɛioлауITIKOÇ, Areopа- useful editions are, that of Lange, Hal., 1803, 8vo, giticus. One of the best discourses of Isocrates. In and that of Coray, Paris, 1807, 8vo, forming the secit he counsels the Athenians to re-establish the con- ond volume of the B162100ýêŋ 'Е2λŋviкý. This last stitution of Solon, as modified by Clisthenes.—5. IIɛpì is based upon a MS. brought from Italy to France, εipývns, novμμaxikós, "Of Peace," or, "Respecting which is the earliest one extant of our author. Cothe Allies." In this discourse, pronounced after the ray's edition is accompanied with very learned notes, commencement of the social war, Isocrates advises and may, upon the whole, be regarded as the edithe Athenians to make peace with the inhabitants of tio optima. The editions of Battie, Cantab., 1729, Chios, Rhodes, and Byzantium. We have also four 2 vols. 8vo, and of Auger, Paris, 1782, 3 vols. 8vo, discourses by this writer that fall under the head of are not remarkable, especially the latter, for a very acéloges (Eykwuαorikoí): viz., 1. Evayópaç, Evagoras. curate text. Auger's work abounds with typographiA funeral oration on Evagoras, king of Cyprus, and cal errors, and he is also charged with a careless colfather of Nicocles, who had been assassinated, Ol. lating of MSS. The best edition of the Panegyricus 101, 3.-2. Ehévns ¿ykóμiov, Eloge on Helen, a is that of Morus and Spohn, with the notes and addipiece full of pleasing digressions.-3. Bovσipis, Bu- tions of Baiter, Lips., 1831, 8vo. In the preface of siris. The Grecian mythology speaks of this son of this edition (p. xxxi), there are some very just remarks Neptune and Lysianassa, who reigned in Egypt, and on the Greek text of Bekker.-We have already alintroduced into that country human sacrifices. Her-luded to the completing of the oration IIepì avridóoews, cules delivered the earth from this monster. The sophist Polycrates had written on Busiris; Isocrates, who hated him because he had published an accusation of Socrates, wished, in treating of the same sub by Moustoxydes. This scholar found a perfect MS. of the discourse in question in the Ambrosian Library at Milan, and published an edition of the entire piece in 1812 at Milan. It is, however, very inaccurately |