ICARIUM MARE, a part of the Egean Sea near the

of Anacreon. Accordingly, it is probable that the poetry of Ibycus was first turned mainly to erotic sub-islands of Myconus and Gyarus. The ancient myjects during his residence in the court of the tyrant of thologists deduce the name from Icarus, who fell into Samos; and that his glowing love-songs, which formed it and was drowned. But compare remarks under the his chief title to fame in antiquity, were composed at article Icaria. this period. But that the poetical style of Ibycus re- ICARIUS, I. an Athenian, father of Erigone. Havsembled that of Stesichorus, is proved by the fact, that ing been taught by Bacchus the culture of the vine, the ancient critics often doubted to which of the two he gave some of the juice of the grape to certain shepa particular idea or expression belonged. (Compare herds, who, thinking themselves poisoned, killed him. Athenæus, 4, p. 172, d.-Schol. Ven. ad Il., 24, 259. When they came to their senses they buried him; and - Hesych., s. v. ẞpvaλíkтal. Schol. ad Aristoph. his daughter Erigone, being shown the spot by his Av., 1302.-Schol. Vratislav. ad Pind., Ol. 9, 128. faithful dog Mæra, hung herself through grief. (Apol-Etymol. Gud., s. v. άтεрπνоs, p. 98, 31.) The lod., 3, 14, 7.-Hygin., fab., 130.) Icarius was fametres of Ibycus also resemble those of Stesichorus, bled to have been changed after death into the conbeing in general dactylic series, connected together stellation Bootes, Erigone into Virgo, while Mæra beinto verses of different lengths, but sometimes so long came the star Canis. (Vid. Erigone.)-II. A son of that they are to be called systems rather than verses. Ebalus of Lacedæmon. He gave his daughter PeBesides these, Ibycus frequently used logaœdic verses nelope in marriage to Ulysses, king of Ithaca, but he of a soft or languid character; and, in general, his was so tenderly attached to her that he wished her rhythms are less stately and dignified, and more suited husband to settle at Lacedæmon. Ulysses refused; to the expression of passion, than those of Stesicho- and when he saw the earnest petitions of Icarius, he rus. Hence the effeminate poet Agathon is repre- told Penelope, as they were going to embark, that she sented by Aristophanes as appealing to Ibycus with might choose freely either to follow him to Ithaca or Anacreon and Alcæus, who had made music more to remain with her father. Penelope blushed in sisweet, and had worn many-coloured fillets (in the Ori-lence, and covered her head with her veil. Icarius, ental fashion), and led the Ionic dance. The subjects of the poems of Ibycus appear also to have had a strong affinity with those of Stesichorus; and so many particular accounts of mythological stories, especially relating to the heroic period, are cited from his poems, that it seems as if he too had written long poems on the Trojan war, the expedition of the Argonauts, and other similar subjects. The erotic poetry, however, of Ibycus is most celebrated, and those productions breathed a fervour of passion far exceeding that expressed in any similar pieces throughout the whole range of Grecian literature. The death of the poet ICĒNI, a people of Britain, north of the Trinobantes. is said to have been as follows: he was assailed and They inhabited what answers now to the counties of murdered by robbers, and at the moment of his death, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, and Huntingdon. This he implored some cranes that were flying over head nation is called by several different names, as Simeni to avenge his fate. Some time after, as the murder- by Ptolemy, Cenimagni by Caesar, &c. They at first ers were in the market-place, one of them observed submitted to the Roman power, but afterward revoltsome cranes in the air, and remarked to his coming in the reign of Claudius, were defeated in a great panions, αἱ Ιβύκου ἔκδικοι πάρεισιν! "Here are battle by Ostorius Scapula, the second Roman governthe avengers of Ibycus!" These words and the re- or of Britain, A.D. 50, and reduced to a state of subcent murder of Ibycus excited suspicion; the assas-jection. They again revolted under the command of sins were seized, and, being put to the torture, confessed their guilt. (Müller, Hist. Gr. Lit., p. 205, seqq.)

upon this, permitted his daughter to go to Ithaca, and immediately erected a temple to the goddess of modesty, on the spot where Penelope had covered her blushes with her veil.

ICĂRUS, a son of Dædalus, who, with his father, fled with wings from Crete to escape the resentment of Minos. His flight being too high proved fatal to him; for the sun melted the wax which cemented his wings, and he fell into that part of the Ægean Sea which was called after his name. (Vid. Icarium Mare; and consult also remarks under the article Dædalus.)

the famous Boadicea, but were entirely defeated with great slaughter by Suetonius Paulinus, A.D. 61, and totally subjugated. Their capital was Venta Icenorum, now Caister, about three miles from Norwich. (Tacit., 12, 31.-Cœs., B. G., 5, 21.— Cellarii, Geogr. Ant., vol. 2, p. 339.)

ICHNÆ, I. a town of Macedonia, placed by Herodotus in Botiæa, and situated probably at the mouth of the Ludias. (Herod, 7, 123.-Compare Mela, 2, 3. -Plin., 4, 10.) From other authors, cited by Stephanus, it appears that the name was sometimes written Achne.-II. A city of Thessaly, near Phyllus, and in the district of Phthiotis. The goddess Themis was especially revered here. (Strab., 435.-Hom., Hymn. in Apoll, 94.)

ICARIA, an island of the Egean, near Samos, and, according to Strabo, eighty stadia due west from Ampelos, the western promontory of the latter. Pliny (4, 12) makes the distance greater, but he probably measures from the harbour at the western extremity. Mythology deduced the name of this island from Icarus, son of Dædalus, whose body was washed upon its shores after the unfortunate termination of his flight. Bochart, however, inclines towards a Phoenician derivation, and assigns, as the etymology of the name, I-caure, i. e., "insula piscium," the island of fish. In support of this explanation, he refers to Athenæus (1, 24), Stephanus Byzantinus, and others, according to whom one of the early Greek names of the island was Ichthyoessa ('Ix0vóɛooa), i. e., "abounding in fish." (Geogr. Sacr., 1, 8, sub fin.)-Icaria was of small extent, being long but narrow. In Strabo's time it was thinly inhabited, and the Samians used it principally for the pasturage of their cattle. The mod-ous speculations to prove that the name Ichnusa refers, ern name is Nicaria. The island at the present day is said to abound in timber, but to be otherwise steril: and to be inhabited by a few Greeks, very poor, and very proud of their pretended descent from the imperial line of Constantine. (Georgirenes, Descrip. de Samos, Nicaria, &c., p. 304.)

ICĂRIS and ICARIOTIS, a name given to Penelope, as daughter of Icarius.

ICHNUSA, an ancient name of Sardinia, which it received from its likeness to a human foot. 'Ixvovca, from ixvoç, vestigium. (Pausan., 10, 17.-Plin., 3, 7-Sil. Ital., 12, 881.) It was also called Sandaliotis, from its resemblance to a sandal (oavdáλtov). Ritter, however, indulges in some very learned and curi

not to the shape of the island, but to the establishment in it, at an early period, of the religion of the Sun. And, in support of this position, he avails himself very skilfully of the various accounts of the prints of human footsteps as found in different parts of the ancient world. (Vorhalle, p. 351, seqq.)

ICHTHYOPHAGI, a name given by the Greek geographers to several tribes of barbarians in different parts

of the ancient world, and which indicates a people | fourteenth century.-This place has been included in "living on fish." I. A people of Gedrosia, on the the domains of the Grand Seignior, under the name of coast of the Mare Erythræum.* (Plin., 6, 23.—Arrian, Konia, ever since the time of Bajazet, who finally ex6, 28.-1d., Ind., 26.)-II. A people in the northeast- tirpated the Ameers of Caramania. It is the residence ern part of Arabia Felix, along the coast of the Sinus of a pacha. Col. Leake gives the following account Persicus. III. A people of Trogloditica, according to of its present state: "The circumference of the walls Strabo, southwest of the island Tapozos; probably of Konia is between two and three miles, beyond which near the straits of Diræ, or Bab-el-Mandeb. Accord- are suburbs not much less populous than the town iting to the Peutinger Table, they dwelt between Albus self. The walls, strong and lofty, and flanked with Portus and Berenice. square towers, which at the gates are built close toICHTHYOPHAGORUM SINUS, a bay on the northeast-gether, are of the time of the Seljukian kings, who ern coast of Arabia Felix.

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seem to have taken considerable pains to exhibit the Greek inscriptions, and the remains of architecture and sculpture belonging to the ancient Iconium, which they made use of in building the walls. The town, suburbs, and gardens around are plentifully supplied with water from streams which flow from some hills to the westward, and which to the northeast join a lake varying in size according to the season of the year. In the town carpets are manufactured, and they tan and dye blue and yellow leather. Cotton, wool, hides, and a few of the other raw materials, which enrich the su

rope, are sent to Smyrna by the caravans." (Journal of a Tour in Asia Minor, p. 48.) Col. Leake travelled in this country in 1800. Mr. Browne, who passed through in 1802, says, that "the scanty population and shapeless mud-hovels of Konia, the abode of poverty and wretchedness, are strongly contrasted with what still remains of the spacious and lofty walls of the Greek city." (Walpole's Memoirs, &c., vol. 2, p. 121.) "The modern city," says Capt. Kinneir, "has an imposing appearance, from the number and size of the mosques, colleges, and other public buildings; but these stately edifices are crumbling into ruins, while the houses of the inhabitants consist of a mixture of small huts built of sun-dried brick, and wretched hovels thatched with reeds." The same traveller also gives an interesting description of the antiquities of the place. He makes the present number of inhabitants about 80,000, principally Turks, with only a small proportion of Christians.

ICONIUM, a very ancient city of Asia Minor, and during the Persian dominion the easternmost city of Phrygia. (Xen., Anah., 1, 2.) At a later period it became and continued the capital of Lycaonia. It was never a very important place: Strabo (568) calls it a Tolixvior," small city." Pliny, it is true, gives it the appellation of urbs celeberrima, but this merely refers to its being the head of a tetrarchy of fourteen cities. (Plin., 5, 27.) Strabo praises the activity of the inhabitants and the fruitfulness of the surrounding country, The Greeks, according to their wonted cus-perior industry and skill of the manufacturers of Eutom, brought their own mythology to bear on the name of this place, without at all caring for the fact that the city was called Iconium long before any of their nation had penetrated into inner Asia. They deduced the appellation from ɛikóviov (“a small image"), and then no difficulty presented itself as to the mode of explaining it. According to some, Prometheus and Minerva were ordered by Jupiter, in order to replenish the earth after the deluge of Deucalion, to make human forms of clay, and to inspire them with the breath of life by calling in the aid of the winds. The scene of this was the vicinity of Iconium, whence the place received its name. (Steph. Byz., s. v. 'Ikóviov.) This etymology, however, had but few supporters; another and a inore popular one prevailed, though of later date than the former, since Strabo and his contemporaries knew nothing of it. According to this last, Perseus here raised a column with an image of Medusa upon it, and hence the name of the place. (Eustath., Schol. in Dionys. Perieg., v. 856.) When Constantine the IDA, I. a chain of mountains in Troas, or, more Great found statues of Perseus and Andromeda at correctly speaking, a mountainous region, extending Iconium, and caused them to be transported to Con-in its greatest length from the promontory of Lectum stantinople, this discovery only served to confirm the previous tradition in the minds, not only of the neighbouring communities, but also of the Byzantines themselves. (Antiq. Constant., 1. 2 et 6.-Bandurii, Imp. Orient., vol. 1, p. 24, 106.) It created no difficulty whatever that the name of Iconium commenced, not with the diphthong Et, but the single I. Stephanus (1. c.) asserts, that the name ought to be written with the initial diphthong, and it is, in fact, so written by Eustathius and the Byzantine historians. (Eikóvtov -Chron. Alexandrin., Cedrenus.) Eckhel also cites medals on which this orthography is given; but other and earlier ones have the true form, and the grammarian Chœroboscus observes, that the first syllable of the name was pronounced short by Menander. (Cod. Barocc, 50, f. 134.)-The most interesting circumstances connected with the history of Iconium, are those which relate to St. Paul's preaching there, towards the commencement of his apostolical mission to the Gentiles. (Acts, 13, 51, scqq.)-Under the Byzantine emperors frequent mention is made of this city; but it had been wrested from them, first by the Saracens, and afterward by the Turks, who made it the capital of an empire, the sovereigns of which took the title of Sultans of Iconium. They were constantly engaged in hostilities with the Greek emperors and the crusaders, with various success; and they must be considered as having laid the foundation of the Ottoman power in Asia Minor, which commenced under Osman Oglou and his descendants, on the termination of the Iconian dynasty, towards the beginning of the

to Zelea, and in breadth from the Hellespont to the neighbourhood of Adramyttium; so that it occupied by its ridges and ramifications the whole of the tract anciently called Phrygia Minor. Among a number of ridges or ranges and irregular masses of mountains of which it is composed, there are three ridges that are superior in point of elevation to the rest, and one of them eminently so. From their relative positions to each other, they may be compared collectively, in point of form, to the Greek Delta; the head or northeastern angle of which approaches the Hellespont, near the site of the ancient Dardanus; and the two lower angles approach the promontory of Lectum on the one hand, and Adramyttium on the other. The loftiest of these ridges is that which forms the right or eastern side of the A; extending southeastward between the Hellespont and the head of the gulf of Adramyttium, and terminating in the lofty summit of Gargarus, which overtops, in every distant view, the great body of Ida, like a dome over the body of a temple. The second ridge, forming the left of the A, runs parallel to the coast of the Egean Sea, from north to south, at the distance of six or seven miles. Its commencement in the north is, like that of Ida, near the Hellespont, and it extends far on towards the promontory of Lectum. In a general view from the west it appears to extend to the promontory itself; although, in reality, it is separated from it by a wide valley, through which flows the Touzla or Salt River. The third ridge, forming the basis of the A, extends along the southern coast of the Lesser Phrygia, from the summit of Mount Gargarus

and copper. (Clem. Alex., Strom., 1, p. 420.) The Chronicle of Paros places the date of this discovery under the reign of Pandion, king of Athens, that is to say, 1432 years before the Christian era. (Marm., Oxon. Epoch., 11.) Strabo informs us, that, according to some ancient writers, the Curetes and the Cory. bantes were the offspring of the Idæi Dactyli; that 100 men, the first inhabitants of Crete, were called by this latter name; that these begat nine Curetes, and that each one of these nine begat in his turn ten sons,

473, seqq.) Strabo remarks on this occasion, with great good sense, that early antiquity was accustomed to throw the garb of fable around many notions based in reality on the nature of things. An ingenious antiquary of modern times, struck by the truth of this remark, first calls our attention to the metrical sense of dákтuhos (finger), and then adds, with every appearance of reason, that the numbers 100, 9, and 10, applied to the Dactyli and the Curetes, belong probably to some arithmetical or physical theory. As to the name Dactyli itself, whether we must seek its etymology in the number of fingers on each hand, or else in the idea of measure, and, consequently, of cadence, equally derived from the movement of the fingers, and identical, besides, with the idea of number, still it is thought that, in forging iron by the aid of their hands and fingers, the Dactyli observed at first a species of dactylic rhythm, and that these forgers were the first that applied the dance to this same rhythm; from all which arose their peculiar name. (Jomard, sur le Système Métrique des anciens Egyptiens.-Descript. de l'Egypte, Antiquités, Memoires, vol. 1, p. 744, seqq.)

to the promontory of Lectum, diminishing in altitude as it proceeds towards the latter. Mr. Hawkins says that this ridge is not inferior in height to that which faces the plain of Troy. Herodotus, Xenophon, and Strabo evidently design by Ida the ridge towards Troy; or at least they exclude Gargarus. The former, in describing the march of Xerxes northward from Perganus, Thebes, and Antandros, to Ilium, makes the Persian monarch leave Ida "on his left hand" (7, 42), that is, to the west. Now the summit of Gargarus being little short of an English mile in al-named Idæi Dactyli like their grandfathers. (Strabo, titude, what should have induced Xerxes to lead his army over such a ridge, when he might have gone a straighter and smoother road by avoiding it, and when, after all, he must of necessity have crossed the western ridge also in order to arrive at Ilium?-Again, Xenophon says (Anab., 7), that in his way (southward) from Ilium through Antandros to Adramyttium, he crossed Mount Ida. Of course it must have been the western and southern ranges, as is done at present by those who travel from the Dardanelles to Adramyt or Adramyttium. Strabo unquestionably refers the ideas of Demetrius respecting the mountains of Cotylus (i. e., Gargarus) and its views to the Trojan Ida; never supposing that the lofty mountain over Antandros and Gargara was Cotylus, the highest point of Ida, whence Demetrius derives the fountains of the Scamander, the sepus, and the Granicus. Strabo concluded that all these rivers sprang from that chain of Ida. bordering on the Trojan plain which he had in view from the seacoast; and which, it appears, was the only Ida known to him. (Rennell's Observations on the Topography of Troy, p. 17, seqq.)—Ida was remarkable for its thick forests and excellent timber. Its name is thought to be derived from the circumstance of its being covered with woods, idŋoi karηpepns, as Herodotus says of a part of Media (1, 110). It was the source of many streams (Hom., Il., 12, 19), and on Ida also Paris adjudged to Venus the prize of beauty.-II. The highest and most celebrated mountain of Crete, rising nearly in the centre of the island. According to Strabo, it was 600 stadia in circuit, and around its base were many large and flourishing cities. (Strab., 475.-Compare Dionys. Perieg., v. 501.) The summit, named Panacra, was especially sacred to Jove. (Callim., Hymn. in Jov., 50.) Here Jove was fabled to have been educated by the Corybantes, who on that account were called Idæi. The modern name of the mountain is Psiloriti. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 381.)

IDEA, the surname of Cybele, because she was worshipped on Mount Ida. (Lucr., 2, 611.)

IDEI DACTYLI, priests of Cybele, who, according to Ephorus (ap. Diod. Sic., 5, 64.- Fragm., ed. Marx, p. 176), were so called from Ida, the mountain of Phrygia, where they had their abode. The poets and mythologists vary much in their accounts of this class of individuals. Some make them to have been the sons of Jupiter and the nymph Ida; others confound them with the Curetes or Corybantes; while others, again, make the Curetes their offspring. The same diversity of opinion exists as to their number. Some make them to have been only five (Pausan., 5, 7), and hence they suppose them to have been called Dactyli, from the analogy between their number and that of the fingers (dúkruλoi) on each hand. Others make the number much larger. Pherecydes, one of the early Grecian historians, spoke of 20 Idæi Dactyli placed on the right, and of 32 on the left, all children of Ida, all workers in iron, and, moreover, expert in sorcery. (Schol. ad Apoll. Rh., 1, 1129.-Pherecyd., fragm., ed Sturz., p. 146.) Hellanicus pretended that the Dactyli on the right were occupied with breaking the charm formed by those on the left. In one thing all the ancient authorities agree, namely, that the Idai Dactyli first taught mankind the art of working iron

IDALIUM, a height and grove of Cyprus, near the promontory of Pedalium. It was the favourite abode of Venus, hence called Idalia, and here, too, Adonis was killed by the tooth of the boar. Virgil speaks of this hill or mountain under the name of Idalium (En, 1, 681), and shortly after makes mention of the groves of Idalia (1, 693). By this last is meant the entire region ('Idaλía xúpa.-Heyne, ad Virg., l. c.). On another occasion (En., 10, 86), he speaks of a city named Idalium. (Compare Theocritus, 15, 101. Toλywç Tε кai 'Idúhov.-Steph. Byz., s. v.) The city or town of Idalium is passed over in silence by the an cient geographical writers. It is first referred to by the later scholiasts. (Serv., ad Virg., Æn., 1, 681. Schol. ad Theocrit., 15, 101.) It no doubt existed from an early period, but was too insignificant to excite attention. D'Anville is inclined to make the modern Dalin correspond to the ancient grove and city. Idalium is said to signify literally, the place of the goddess," in the Phoenician tongue. (Bochurt, Geogr. Sacr., lib. 1, c. 3, p. 356.-Compare Gale's Court of the Gentiles, as cited by Clarke, Travels, vol. 4, p. 36, Lond. ed., 1817.)

IDAS, a son of Aphareus, famous for his valour. He was among the Argonauts, and married Marpessa, the daughter of Evenus, king of Ætolia. Mar pessa was carried away by Apollo, and Idas pursued him, and obliged him to restore her. (Vid. Marpessa.) According to Apollodorus, Idas, with his brother Lynceus, associated with Pollux and Castor to carry away some flocks; but, when they had obtained a sufficient quantity of plunder, they refused to divide it into equal shares. This provoked the sons of Leda; Lynceus was killed by Castor, and Idas, to revenge his brother's death, immediately slew Castor, and in his turn perished by the hand of Pǝllux. According to Pausanias, the quarrel between the sons of Leda and those of Aphareus arose from a different cause. Idas and Lynceus, as they say, were going to celebrate their nuptials with Phoebe and Hilara, the two daughters of Leucippus; but Castor and Pollux, who had been invited to partake the common festivity, carried off the brides, and Idas and Lynceus

fell in the attempt to recover their wives. (Hygin., ] sonth, and including even a portion of that country, fab., 14, 100, &c.—Ovid, Fast., 5, 700.-Pausan., which was taken possession of by the Edomites or Idu4, 2; 5, 18.-Apollod., 3, 11, 2.)