yet were not these Helots, who in many districts lived entirely alone, united by despair for the sake of common protection, and did they not every year kindle a most bloody and determined war throughout the whole of Laconia? Such are the inextricable difficulties in which we are involved by giving credit to the received accounts: the solution of which is, in my opinion, to be found in the speech of Megillus the Spartan, in the laws of Plato, who is there celebrating the manner of inuring his countrymen to hardships. "There is also among us," he says, "what is called the crypteia (Kрvπтɛía), the pain of undergoing which is scarcely credible. It consists in going barefoot on stones, in enduring the privations of the camp, performing menial offices without a servant, and wandering night and day throughout the whole country." The same is more clearly expressed in another passage (6, p. 763, B), where the philosopher settles, that in his state sixty agronomi or phylarchs should each choose twelve young men from the age of twenty-five to thirty, and send them as guards in succession through the several districts, in order to inspect the fortresses, roads, and public buildings in the country; for which purpose they should have power to make free use of the slaves. During this time they were to live sparingly. to minister to their own wants, and range through the whole country in arms without intermission, both in winter and summer. These persons were to be called

on the Messenian war, drew a very dark picture of Sparta, and endeavoured at the end to rouse the feelings of his readers by a description of the fate which the conquered underwent. "The Helots," says he (ap. Athen., 14, p. 657, D.), " perform for the Spartans every ignominious service. They are compelled to wear a cap of dog's skin (κvvñ), to have a covering of sheep's skin (d100épa), and are severely beaten every year without having committed any fault, in order that they may never forget they are slaves. In addition to this, those among them who, either by their stature or their beauty, raise themselves above the condition of a slave, are condemned to death, and the masters who do not destroy the most manly of them are liable to punishment." The partiality and ignorance of this writer are evident from his very first statement. The Helots wore the leathern cap with a broad band, and the covering of sheep's skin, simply because it was the original dress of the natives, which, moreover, the Arcadians had retained from ancient usage. (Sophocles, Inachus, ap. Schol., Aristoph., av. 1203.-Valck., ad Theocrit. Adoniaz., p. 345.) Laertes, the father of Ulysses, when he assumed the character of a peasant, is also represented as wearing a cap of goat's skin. (Od., 24, 230.) The truth is, that the ancients made a distinction between town and country costume. Hence, when the tyrants of Sicyon wished to accustom the unemployed people, whose numbers they dreaded, to a country life, they forced them to wear the Kar-Kрνñтоí ог ȧyoрavóμot. Can it be supposed that Plawvákŋ, which had underneath a lining of fur. (Pollux, to would have here used the name of crypteia, if it 7, 4, 68.) Thus also Theognis describes the country- signified a secret murder of the Helots, or, rather, if men of Megara as clothed with dressed skins, and there were not an exact agreement in essentials bedwelling around the town like frightened deer. The tween the institution which he proposed and that in diphthera of the Helots, therefore, signified nothing existence at Sparta, although the latter was perhaps more humiliating and degrading than their employment one of greater hardship and severity? The youth of in agricultural labour. Now, since Myron purposely Sparta were also sent out under certain officers, partly misrepresented this circumstance, it is very probable for the purpose of training them to hardships, partly of that his other objections are founded in error; nor can inspecting the territory of Sparta, which was of conmisrepresentations of this political state, which was siderable extent, and who kept, we may suppose, a unknown to the later Greeks, and particularly to wri- strict watch upon the Helots, who, living by themters, have been uncommon. Plutarch, for example, selves, and entirely separated from their masters, must relates that the Helots were compelled to intoxicate have been for that reason more formidable to Sparta. themselves, and to perform indecent dances, as a We must allow that oppression and severity were not warning to the Spartan youth; but common sense is sufficiently provided against; only the aim of the cusopposed to so absurd a mode of education. Is it pos- tom was wholly different; though perhaps it was recksible that the Spartans should have so degraded the oned by Thucydides (4, 80) among those institutions men whom they appointed as tutors over their chil- which, as he says, were established for the purpose of dren? Female Helots also discharged the office of keeping a watch over the Helots. It is hardly necesnurse in the royal palaces, and doubtless obtained all sary to remark, that this established institution of the the affection with which the attendants of early youth crypteia was in no way connected with those measures were honoured in ancient times. It is, however, cer- to which Sparta thought herself compelled in hazardtain that the Doric laws did not bind servants to strict ous circumstances to resort. Thucydides leaves us temperance; and hence examples of drunkenness to guess the fate of the 2000 Helots, who, after havamong them might have served as a means of recom- ing been destined for the field, suddenly disappeared. mending sobriety. It was also an established regula. It was the curse of this bondage (which Plato terms tion, that the national songs and dances of Sparta were the hardest in Greece), that the slaves abandoned their forbidden to the Helots, who, on the other hand, had masters when they stood in greatest need of their assome extravagant and lascivious dances peculiar to sistance; and hence the Spartans were even compelled themselves, which may have given rise to the above to stipulate in treaties for aid against their own subreport. But are we not labouring in vain to soften the jects. (Thucyd., 1, 118.-Id., 5, 14.-Compare Arisbad impression of Myron's account, since the fearful tot., Pol., 2, 6, 2).—A more favourable side of the word crypteia is of itself sufficient to show the un- Spartan system of bondage is, that a legal way to libhappy fate of the Helots and the cruelty of their mas- erty and citizenship stood open to the Helots. The ters! By this word is generally understood a chase many intermediate steps seem to prove the existence of the Helots, annually undertaken at a fixed time by of a regular mode of transition from the one rank to the youth of Sparta, who either assassinated them by the other. The Helots who were esteemed worthy of night, or massacred them formally in open day, in or- an especial confidence were called ἀργεῖοι ; the ἀφέται der to lessen their numbers and weaken their power. were probably released from all service. The dεGTOOIsocrates speaks of this institution in a very confused tovaurat, who served in the fleets, resembled probamanner, and from mere report. Aristotle, however, bly the freedmen of Attica, who were called the outas well as Heraclides of Pontus, attribute it to Lycur- dwellers (oi xwpis olkovνTES). When they received gus, and represent it as a war which the Ephori them- their liberty, they also obtained permission to dwell selves, on entering upon their yearly office, proclaimed where they wished (Thucyd., 5, 34.—Id., 4, 80), and against the Helots. Thus it was a regularly legalized probably, at the same time, a portion of land was grantmassacre, and the more barbarous as its periodical ar-ed them without the lot of their former masters. Afwal could be foreseen by its unhappy victims. And ter they had been in possession of liberty for some

the feat, a new race on the part of new competitors took place. If any of the contending parties, through fear of extinguishing the torch by too violent a motion, relaxed his pace, the spectators used to strike him with the palms of their hands, in order to urge him on. (Pausan., 1, 30.-Schol. ad Aristoph., Ran., 131.) There are several beautiful allusions to this torch-race in the ancient writers, who usually compare it to the changing scenes and vicissitudes of life, the generations of men succeeding one another, and the passage from life to death. The most striking of these occurs in Lucretius (2, 75, seqq.—Compare Plato, Leg., 6, p. 776).

time, they appear to have been called Neodamodes | failed, he made way for the third. If none performed (Thucyd., 7, 58), the number of whom soon came near to that of the citizens. (Plut., Vit. Ages., 6.) The Mothones or Mothaces were Helots, who, being brought up together with the young Spartans, obtained freedom without the rights of citizenship. (Athenæus, 6, p. 271 E.)—The number of the Helots may be determined with sufficient accuracy from the account of the army at Platea. We find that there were present in this battle 5000 Spartans, 35,000 Helots, and 10,000 Perioeci. The whole number of Spartans that bore arms amounted on another occasion to 8000, which, according to the same proportion, would give 56,000 for the number of Helots capable of bearing arms, and for the whole population about 224,000. If, HEPHÆSTIADES, a name applied to the Lipari Islthen, the state of Sparta possessed 9000 lots (kλñpot), ands, from the Volcanic character of the group. The there were twenty male Helots to each, and there re-appellation is a Greek one, and comes from 'Hoαιoros mained 44,000 for the service of the state and of in- (Hephæstus), the Greek name for Vulcan, the god of dividuals. (Müller, Dorians, vol. 2, p. 30, seqq., Eng. fire. (Plin., 3, 9.—Vid. Lipara, Strongyle, and Æotrans.--vol. 2, p. 33, German work.) liæ Insulæ.)

HELVETII, a nation of Gaul, conquered by Cæsar. Their country is generally supposed to have answered to modern Switzerland; but ancient Helvetia was of less extent than modern Switzerland, being bounded on the north by the Rhenus and Lacus Brigantinus, or Lake of Constance; on the south by the Rhodanus and the Lacus Lemanus, or Lake of Geneva; and on the west by Mons Jura. (Cæs., B. G., 1, &c.—Tacit., Hist., 1, 67 et 69.)

HEPHÆSTION, I. a grammarian of Alexandrea, one of the preceptors of the Emperor Verus (Capitol., Vit. Ver., c. 2), and who consequently flourished about the middle of the second century. He has left us a Treatise on Greek metres, entitled 'Eyxɛipídiov ñeρì μétpov, containing a large portion of all that we are acquainted with on this subject. The best edition is that of Gaisford, Oxon., 1810, 8vo. The English edi tor has joined to it the Chrestomathia of Proclus.-II. HELVII, a people of Gaul, north of the Arecomici, | A native of Thebes, whose age is uncertain. He wrote on the western bank of the Rhodanus. The mountain range of Cebenna (Cevennes) separated them from the Arverni. Their territory answers to what is now the Diocese of Viviers, and some traces of their capital, Alba Augusta, exist at the present day in the village of Alps. (Cas., B. G., 7, 7, seqq.-Lemaire, Ind. Geogr., ad Cæs., s. v.)

HENETI, a people of Paphlagonia, along the coast of the Euxine, of whom there was an old tradition that they had migrated to the north of Italy, near the mouths of the Padus or Po, where they became the forefathers of the Veneti. (Scymn., Ch., v. 388, seq. -Strab., 543-Id., 608.) Virgil makes Antenor to have led the colony from Asia, after the destruction of Troy, and to have settled near the little river Timavus, which flows into the head waters of the Adriatic. The whole legend, however, is purely fabulous. The Heneti never came to Italy, and the Veneti in the latter country were of northern, perhaps German, descent. (Vid. Veneti.) The whole question respecting the Heneti is discussed by Heyne. (Excurs., ad En., 1, 242.—Excurs., vii., de Timav. fluv.)

on astrological subjects. We have some parts of a work of his on the names and powers of the signs of the Zodiac ('Αποτελεσματικὰ περὶ τῆς ιδ' μορίων όνομacíaç kaì dvváμews). We have also some hexameters by him on the signs under which certain countries or certain cities are situated. They are part of a work entitled Περὶ τῶν καταρχῶν. The fragments on the signs of the zodiac are given by Camerarius in his astrological collection; the hexameters by Iriarte, Cat. Cod. MSS. Gr. Bibl. Matrit., vol. 1, p. 244. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 7, p. 47, seqq.)-III. A native of Macedonia, and intimate friend of Alexander the Great. He accompanied the latter in his eastern expedition, and held an important command under him. Alexander, in speaking of the intimacy that subsisted between them, used to say that Craterus was the friend of the king, but Hephæstion the friend of Alexander. After a long succession of faithful and arduous services, Hephæstion was seized with a fever at Ecbata na, B.C. 324, and died on the seventh day of his illness. His malady has been ascribed by some writers to excessive drinking; but the hardships which he had HENIŎCHI, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, near Col- undergone only a short time previous, and the conchis, who were said to have been descended from tinual change of climate, would be sufficient of themAmphytus and Telchius, the charioteers (nvíoxo) of selves to break down his strength. Alexander was Castor and Pollux. (Mela, 1, 19.-Id., 6, 5.-Strab., presiding at the games on the seventh day of Hephaes490.) This account is, of course, a mere fable, ari-tion's illness, and the stadium was full of spectators, sing out of some accidental resemblance between the true name of this people and the Greek term vloxou. The Heniochi are mentioned by the ancient writers as bold and skilful pirates. (Plin., 6, 4.-Mela, l. c.— Vell. Paterc., 2, 40.—Amm. Marcell., 22, 15.—Solin., c. 15.)

HEPHÆSTIA, I. one of the two principal towns in the island of Lemnos, the other being Myrina. (Herod., 7, 140.-Steph. Byz., s. v. 'Hoaioría).-II. A festival at Athens, celebrated annually, in honour of Vulcan ("Hoαιoros). On this occasion there was a race with torches, called ȧyov λauradovxos, from the altar of Prometheus in the Academia to the city gates. The competitors were young men, three in number, one of whom being chosen by lot to take his turn first, took a lighted torch in his hand and began his course. If the torch was extinguished before he arrived at the goal, he made way for the second competitor, and gave up the torch to him. If the second in like manner

when a messenger brought intelligence that Hephaestion's malady had assumed a very alarming character. The monarch hurried away, but his friend was dead before he arrived.-The following passage from Arrian affords some curious information on this subject, and shows also from what a mass of contradictory matter the historian had to select his facts.- -"Various writers have given various accounts of Alexander's sorrow on the occasion of Hephaestion's death. All agree that it was excessive; but his actions are differently described, as the writers were biased by affection or hostility to Hephaestion, or even to Alexander. Some, who have described his conduct as frantic and outrageous, regard all his extravagant deeds and words on the loss of his dearest friend as honourable to his feelings, while others deem them degrading, and unworthy of a king and of Alexander. Some write, that for the remainder of that day he lay lamenting upon the body of his friend, which he would not quit until he was

2. In Italy, Gaul, &c.

torn away by his companions; others, that he remain- | aclea, however, again arose from its ruins, and became ed there for a day and a night. Others, again, write, a flourishing city under the Etolians, who sometimes that he hanged the physician Glaucias; because, ac- held their general council within its walls. (Liv., 25, cording to one statement, he gave him wrong medi- 5.) It was taken by the Roman consul, Acilius Glacine; according to another, because he stood by, and brio, after a long and obstinate siege. (Liv., 37, 24. allowed his patient to fill himself with wine. I think-Polyb., 10, 42. — Plin., 4, 7.) Sir W. Gell ob it probable, that he cut off his hair in memory of the served the vestiges of this city on a high flat, on the dead, both for other reasons, and from emulation of roots of Mount Œta. (Itin., p. 241.) Achilles, whom from his childhood he had chosen for his model. But those who write that Alexander drove the hearse which conveyed the body, state what is in- VII. A city of Lucania in Italy, and situate between credible. Nor are they more entitled to belief who the Aciris and Siris. It was founded by the Tarensay that he destroyed the temple of Esculapius at tini after the destruction of the ancient city of Siris, Ecbatana. Almost all agree, however, that he or- which stood at the mouth of the latter river (B.C. 428). dered Hephæstion to be honoured with the minor re- This city is rendered remarkable in history, as having ligious ceremonies due to deified heroes. Some say been the seat of the general council of the Greek states. that he consulted Ammon, whether he might not sac- Antiquaries seem agreed in fixing its site at Policoro. rifice to Hephæstion as to a god, and that the answer (Strabo, 263.--Diod. Sic., 12, 36.)-VIII. A city of forbade him. All agree in the following facts: that for Campania, more commonly known by the name of three days he tasted no food, nor permitted any atten- Herculaneum.-IX. Caccabana, a city on the confines tion to his person, but lay down either lamenting or of Italy and Gaul, in Narbonensis Secunda. It was mournfully silent; that he ordered a funeral pile to be situate on the coast, to the south of Forum Julii.-X. constructed at an expense of 10,000 talents (some say Minoa, a city of Sicily on the southern coast, northeast more); that all his barbarian subjects were ordered to of Agrigentum, at the mouth of the river Camicus. It go into mourning; and that several of the king's com- was founded by Minos when he pursued Dædalus hither, panions, in order to pay their court, dedicated them- and was subsequently called Heraclea from Hercules, selves and their arms to the deceased." (Arrian, Exp. after his victory over Eryx : so at least said the fables Al., 7, 14.-Williams's Life of Alexander, p. 324.) of the day. Some authorities make the original name HEPHÆSTIUM, a name given to a region in the ex- to have been Macara, and Minos to have been, not the 'remity of Lycia, near Phaselis, from which fire issued founder, but the conqueror of the place. (Mela, 2, 7. when a burning torch was applied to the surface. This-Liv., 34, 35.-Cic., de Jur. Sic., c. 50.-Polyb., was owing to the naphtha with which the soil was im 1, 25.-Diod. Sic., 16, 11.) Among the ruins of the pregnated. (Seneca, Epist., 79.-Plin., 2, 106.-Com- present day stands a tower called Torre de Capo Br pare Photius, Cod., 73, p. 146.-Vid. Chimæra, and re-anco, a portion of which fell recently into the sea. marks under that article.)

HEPTAPYLOS, a surname of Thebes in Boeotia, from its seven gates.

HERA ("Hpa), the name of Juno among the Greeks. (Vid. Juno)

HERACLEA, a name given to more than forty towns in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the islands of the Mediterranean. They are supposed to have derived this appellation from the Greek name of Hercules, 'HpaKλns, and to have either been built in honour of him, or placed under his protection. The most famous of these places were:

1. In Greece.

3. In Asia, Egypt, &c.

XI. Pontica ('Hрákλɛia Пóvтov, Ptol.), a city on the coast of Bithynia, about twelve stadia from the river Lycus. It was founded by a colony of Megare ans, strengthened by some Tanagreans from Boeotia. the numbers of the former, however, so predominated, that the city was in general considered as Doric. (Arrian, Peripl., p. 14.-Müller, Dorians, vol. 1, p. 140, Eng. transl.) This place was famed for its naval power and its consequence among the Asiatic states, and a sketch of its history is presented to us in the Fragments of Memnon, collected by Photius. (Cod., 214.) Memnon composed a history of the tyrants I. A city of Elis, near the centre of the province, to who reigned at Heraclea during a space of eighty-four the southeast of Pisa, near the confluence of the Cy-years; but we have only now the abridgment of Photherus and Alpheus.-II. A city of Acarnania, on the tius, which is confirmed by incidental notices containshore of the Ionian Sea, and opposite the island of ed in Aristotle. (Polit., 6, 5.)—Some traces of the Carnus-III. A city of Epirus, on the confines of ancient name are still apparent in the modern Erekli. Athamania and Molossis, and near the sources of the (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 205.)—XII. A city Aras. IV. Lyncestis, a town of Macedonia, at the of Eolis, at the entrance of the Gulf of Adramyttium, foot of the Candavian Mountains, on the confines of opposite Mytilene.-XIII. A city in southern Æolis, Illyria. Its ruins still retain the name of Erekli. on the seacoast, near Cumæ.-XIV. A city of Caria, (French Strabo, vol. 3, p. 102.) Mention is made on the seacoast, near the mouth of the river Latmus, of this town in Cæsar. (B. Civ., 3, 79.-Compare between Miletus and Priene. (Ptol., 5, 10.) It was Ptol., p. 83-Strabo, 322.)-V. Sintica, the prin- called, for distinction' sake from other places of the cipal town of the Sinti in Thrace. (Livy, 45, 29.) same name, Heraclea Latini. The site corresponds We are informed by Livy (40, 24), that Demetrius, nearly with the village of Oufa Bafi. (Cramer's Asia the son of Philip, was here imprisoned and murdered. Minor, vol. 1, p. 393.)-XV. A city of Syria, in the Mannert thinks it the same with the Heraclea built by district of Cyrrhestica, northwest of Hierapolis, and Amyntas, the brother of Philip. The Table Itinerary northeast of Beroa, near the confines of Comagene. assigns a distance of fifty miles between Philippi and -XVI. A city of Lower Egypt, situate in the Delta, Heraclea Sintica: we know also from Hierocles (p. to the northeast of the Canopic mouth of the Nile.639), that it was situated near the Strymon, as he XVII. or Heracleopolis Magna, a city of Egypt, in terms it Heraclea Strymonis.—VI. Trachinia, a town the Heracleotic nome, of which it was the capital. of Thessaly, founded by the Lacedæmonians, and a The ichneumon was worshipped here. (Strab., 812.) colony from Trachis, about 426 B.C., in the sixth year -XVIII. or Heracleopolis Parva, a city of Egypt, of the Peloponnesian war. (Thucyd., 3, 92.) It was southwest of Pelusium, within the limits of the Delta. distant about sixty stadia from Thermopyla, and twen-The ruins are now called Delbom. (Bischoff und ty from the sea. Jason, tyrant of Phera, took pos- Möller, Wörterb. der Geogr., s. v.) session of this city at one period, and caused the walls HERACLEUM, I. a town of Macedonia, half way beto be pulled down. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 6, 4, 27.) Her-tween Dium and Tempe. (Liv., 44, 8.) It corro

sponds to the modern Litochoi. (Cramer's Ancient and motives for the fabrication may be conceived still Greece, vol. 1, p. 206.)-II. A promontory of Pontus, more easily than the truth of the fact; for such facts now Tscherschembi. There was a harbour near it, in the early history of Greece were undoubtedly much called also Heracleum. (Arrian, Peripl., p. 16.)-less common than such fictions. It is much less probIII. A place on the coast of Colchis, near the mouth able, that the origin of the Dorian tribes, as of all simof the river Cianesus. (Plin., 6, 5.)-IV. A city on ilar political forms which a nation has assumed in the the northern coast of Crete; north of Cnosus, and earliest period of existence, should have been distinctly properly its harbour. The modern Cartero seems to remembered, than that it should have been forgotten, correspond to it. (Strabo, 476.—Plin., 4, 12.)—V. and have been then attributed to imaginary persons. A city of Pontus, 360 stadia from the mouth of the (Thirlwall's History of Greece, vol. 1, p. 255, seqq.) Iris, and forty stadia west of the Thermodon.. (Arri- -The theory of Müller, which is referred to in the an, Peripl.)-VI. A city on the eastern coast of the preceding remarks, makes the Heraclide to have been Chersonesus Taurica, now Arabat. (Ptolemy.)—VII. hereditary princes of the Doric race, descended from Promontorium, a promontory of Sarmatia Asiatica, on a Dorian Hercules; and it attempts to show, that the the Pontus Euxinus, near the country of the Hen- story of the Heraclide being descended from the Ariochi. give Hercules, who performed the commands of Eurystheus, was not invented until after the conquest of the Peloponnesus. (Muller's Dorians vol. 1, p. 57, Eng. transl.-But consult remarks under the article Doris.) HERACLIDES, a name common to numerous individ

uals:

1. Magistrates, &c.

I. A Greek, minister of Seuthes, king of Thrace, who promised, and afterward refused, succours to the ten thousand during their retreat. (Xen., Anab., 7, 3, 15.)-II. A governor of Delphi, B.C. 360. The temple was pillaged by the Phocians during his magistracy. (Puusan., 10, 2.)—III. A Syracusan of high birth, who united himself to Dion for the purpose of overthrowing the younger Dionysius. He was appointed admiral through the influence of Dion, but abused his power in corrupting the people, and in encouraging a spirit of mutiny and dissatisfaction. After various instances of lenity and forgiveness on the part of Dion towards this individual, the friends of the former, finding that, as long as Heraclides existed, his turbulent and factious spirit would produce disorder in the state, broke into his house and put him to death. (Plut Vit. Dion.)-IV. An individual who governed Syracuse along with Agathocles and Sosicrates, B.C. 317. diers. (Justin, 22, 5.)—VI. The murderer of Cotys, I. (Demosth., contr. Arist.)—VII. Commander of the garrison sent to Athens by Demetrius, after his capture of that city.-VIII. A native of Tarentum, minister of Philip V. of Macedon. He drew down upon himself the hatred of the people by his wicked conduct, and was finally disgraced.—IX. A young Syracusan of high birth, who brought on the naval conflict in which the Syracusans were completely victorious over, the Athenians, B.C. 414. (Plut., Vit. Nic.)

HERACLĪDÆ, a name given in ancient history to a powerful Achæan race or family, the fabled descendants of Hercules. According to the unanimous account of the ancient writers, the children of Hercules, after the death of that hero, being persecuted by Eurystheus, took refuge in Attica, and there defeated and slew the tyrant. When their enemy had fallen, they resumed possession of their birthright in the Peloponnesus; but they had not long enjoyed the fruits of their victory, before a pestilence, in which they recognised the finger of Heaven, drove them again into exile. Attica again afforded them a retreat. When their hopes had revived, an ambiguous oracle encouraged them to believe, that, after they had reaped their third harvest, they should find a prosperous passage through the isthmus into the land of their fathers. But, at the entrance of the Peloponnesus, they were met by the united forces of the Achæans, Ionians, and Arcadians. Their leader Hyllus, the eldest son of Hercules, proposed to decide the quarrel by single combat; and Echemus, king of Tegea, was selected by the Peloponnesian confederates as their champion. Hyllus fell; and the Heraclidae were bound by the terms of the agreement to abandon their enterprise for a hundred years. Yet both Cleodæus, son of Hyllus, and his grandson Aristomachus, renewed his attempt with no better fortune. After Aristomachus had fail---V. A son of Agathocles, slain by his father's solen in battle, the ambiguous oracle was explained to his sons Aristodemus, Temenus, and Cresphontes; and they were assured, that the time, the third generation, had now come, when they should accomplish their return; not, however, as they had expected, over the guarded isthmus, but across the mouth of the western gulf, where the opposite shores are parted by a channel only a few furlongs broad. Thus encouraged, with the aid of the Dorians, Etolians, and Locrians, they crossed the straits, vanquished Tisamenus, son of Orestes, and divided the fairest portion of the Peloponnesus among them. (Vid. Doris.)-The belief that the Dorians were led to the conquest of the Pelopon- X. Surnamed Ponticus, a native of Heraclea Ponnesus by princes of Achæan blood, the rightful heirs tica, and not, as some maintain, of Sinope, was of rich of its ancient kings, has the authority of all antiquity parentage. Having travelled into Greece for the puron its side. It had become current so early as the pose of devoting himself to the study of philosophy, days of Hesiod; and it was received not only among he became one of the auditors of Speusippus; or, acthe Dorians themselves, but among foreign nations. cording to Suidas, of Plato himself. He afterward atThe protection afforded by the Athenians to the Her-tached himself to Aristotle, and Diogenes Laertius aclide against Eurystheus, continued to the latest times to be one of the favourite themes of the Attic poets and orators; and the precise district that had been assigned for the abode of the exiles was pointed out by tradition. The weak and unsettled state of the Dorians, in the earliest periods of their history, renders it probable that they were always willing to receive foreigners among them, who came recommended by illustrious birth, wealth, or merit. Nevertheless, possible as this is, the truth of the story has been questioned, on grounds that are certainly not light or arbitrary, if they do not outweigh all that has been alleged in its support. What is said to have happened might have been invented, and the occasion

2. Philosophers, Authors, &c.

ranks him among the Peripatetics. Following the example of this last-mentioned school, he piqued himself on a great variety of knowledge; he wrote on subjects of all kinds, and even composed a tragedy, which he published under the name of Thespis. He was always attired with much elegance, which made the Athenians change his name, in sport, from Ilovτikós to ПoμжIKÓS ("Ostentatious"). Diogenes Laertius informs us, that he had reared a domestic serpent in secret, and, when about to die, besought his friends to conceal his body, and let the serpent occupy its place. The artifice, however, was discovered; the serpent, having become alarmed at some noise made in the house, fled from it before the philosopher had breathed his last

This story, however, is entitled to little, if any credit, exhibit a broken and concise style, hinting at rather as well as another related by the same Suidas, of the than explaining his opinions, which are often conveyed Pythia's having been bribed by Heraclides, and having, in mythical and half oracular images. On this acin consequence, directed the people of Heraclea, during count he well compares himself to the Sibyl, "who," a period of famine, to present a crown of gold to him, he says, "speaking with inspired mouth, smileless, inand to decree him funeral honours after death. We ornate, and unperfumed, pierces through centuries by have remaining of this writer some portions of a work the power of the gods." According to Heraclitus, the of his on the constitutions of various states (Tepi Io- end of wisdom is to discover the ground and principle ALTE), which Coray thinks is an abridgment of Aris- of all things. This principle, which is an eternal. totle's larger work on this subject. These extracts, ever-living unity, and pervades and is in all phenomwhich have several times been appended to editions of ena, he called fire. By this term, however, Heraclivarious history and to other collections, were given tus understood, not the elemental fire or flame, which separately with a Latin translation, another in German, he held to be the very excess of fire, but a warm and and with notes, by Köhler, Hala, 1804, 8vo. The dry vapour; which, therefore, as air, is not distinct best edition, however, is that of Coray, which follows from the soul or vital energy, and which, as guiding Elian in the first volume of the Bibliotheca Græca, and directing the mundane development, is endued Paris, 1805, 8vo. We have also, under the name of with wisdom and intelligence. This supreme and perHeraclides, a treatise on the Allegories of Homer fect force of life is obviously without limit to its ac('Aλnуopikai 'Ounpikai). It is not, however, by the tivity; consequently, nothing that it forms can remain individual of whom we have just been speaking; but fixed; all is constantly in a process of formation. is merely an extract from the Stoic doctrines on this This he has thus figuratively expressed: "No one subject. The latest edition of this work is that of has ever been twice on the same stream." Nay, the Schow, Götting., 1782, 8vo. A new and more correct passenger himself is without identity: On the same edition was expected from Hase, based on a MS. more stream we do and we do not embark; for we are and complete than any preceding one, and which he had we are not."-The vitality of the rational fire has in it discovered in the Royal Library at Paris; but none has a tendency to contraries, whereby it is made to pass ever appeared. (Biogr. Univ., vol. 20, p. 214.)—XI. from gratification to want, and from want to gratificaA native of Tarentum, celebrated for his medical tion, and in fixed periods it alternates between a swifter knowledge. He wrote on the Materia Medica, on poi- and a slower flux. Now these opposite tendencies sons, and on the virtues of plants. His works are meet together in determinate order, and, by the inelost. (Fabr., Bibl. Gr., vol. 13, p. 77. -- Compare quality or equality of the forces, occasion the phenomSchweigh., ad Athen. Ind. Auct., vol. 9, p. 121, seqq.) ena of life and death. The quietude of death, howHe appears to have flourished about the 126th Olym- ever, is a mere semblance, which exists only for the piad, or B.C. 276. We have a dissertation on this senses of man. For man, in his folly, forms a truth writer by Kühn (Opusc. Acad., Lips., 8vo, vol. 2, p. of his own, whereas it is only the universal reason that 150, seqq.).-XII. A native of Cyme in Æolis, whose is really cognizant of the truth. Lastly, the rational work on the Persians (IIɛpotka) is mentioned in principle, which governs the whole moral and physical Athenæus (2, p. 48, c.-Id., 4, p. 145, a.-0 -Consult world, is also the law of the individual; whatever, Schweigh., ad Athen. Ind. Auct., vol. 9, p. 120.)- therefore, is, is the wisest and the best-and "it is not XIII. Surnamed Ponticus Junior, a writer who flour- for man's welfare that his wishes should be fulfilledished during the first century of our era. (Athen., 14, sickness makes health pleasant, as hunger does gratip. 649, c.- -Schweigh., ad loc.)-XIV. A Macedonian fication, and labour rest."-The physical doctrines of painter, who lived at the time of the overthrow of the Heraclitus form no inconsiderable portion of the eclecMacedonian empire. He at first painted ships. On tic system of the later Stoics; and, in times still more the defeat and captivity of Perses he retired to Athens, recent, there is much in the theories of Schelling and according to Pliny, which would be 168 B.C. The Hegel that presents a striking though general resemsame writer also states, that he attained to a degree of blance thereto.-According to the ancient writers, reputation, but was yet entitled to only a cursory men- neither critics nor philosophers were able to explain tion. (Plin., 35, 11.)-XV. An Ephesian sculptor, his productions, on account of their extreme obscurity; son of Agasias, who made, in conjunction with Harina- and they remained in the temple of Diana at Ephesus, tius, the statue of Mars now in the Paris Museum. His where he himself had deposited them, for the use of age is uncertain. (Clarac, Descr. des Antiques du the learned, until they were made public by Crates, or, as Tatian relates the matter (adv. Græc., p. 143), till the poet Euripides, who frequented the temple of Diana, committing the doctrines and precepts of Heraclitus to memory, accurately repeated them. From the fragments of this work, as preserved by Sextus Empiricus, it appears to have been written in prose, which makes Tatian's account less credible. Heraclitus is said to have eventually shunned intercourse with the world, and devoted himself to retirement and meditation. His place of residence was a mountainous retreat, and his food the produce of the earth. This diet and mode of life at length occasioned a dropsy, for which he could obtain no relief by medical advice. It seems that the philosopher, who was always fond of enigmatical language, proposed the following question to the physicians: "Is it possible to bring dryness out of moisture?" and upon their answering in the negative, in place of stating his case more plainly to thein, he turned his own physician, and attempted to effect a cure by placing himself in the sun, and causing a slave to cover his body with the dung of cattle. The experiment proved, as may easily be imagined, to be anything but a successful one. The fragments of Heraclitus have been collected from Plutarch, Sto

Musée Royal, nr. 411, p. 173.)

HERACLITUS, a native of Ephesus, was surnamed "the Naturalist" (ó ovσikós), and belongs to the dynamical school of the Ionian philosophy. He is said to have been born about 500 B.C., and, according to Aristotle, died in the sixtieth year of his age. The title he assumed of "self-taught" (avтodidakтoç), refutes at once the claims of the various masters whom he is said to have had, and the distinguished position that he held in political life attests the wealth and lustre of his descent. The gloomy haughtiness and melancholy of his temperament led him to despise all human pursuits, and he expressed unqualified contempt as well for the political sagacity of his fellow-citizens as for the speculations of all other philosophers, which had mere learning, and not wisdom, for their object. It is utterly untrue, therefore, though commonly related of him, that he was continually shedding tears on account of the vices and follies of mankind, and the story is as little entitled to sober belief as that of the perpetually-laughing Democritus. Of the work of Heraclitus "On Nature" (ɛpi ovoɛws), the difficulty of which obtained for him the surname of σKOTELOS, or "the obscure," many fragments are still extant, and