this art. the Egyptians at a very early period. It consisted of brick, as appears from monuments, as far back as the year 1540 before our era, and of stone in B.C. 600.— Before concluding this head it may not be unimportart to remark, that the Greek orders of architecture, more especially the Doric and Corinthian, can all be traced to Egyptian originals. (Description de l'Egypte, 1. 1, 2, 3, &c.—Quatremere de Quincy, de l'Architecture Egyptienne-American Quarterly Rev., No 9, p. 1, seqq.-Wilkinson, vol. 2, p. 95, seqq.; vol. 3, p. 316, seqq.) ELIA, I. Gens, a celebrated Plebeian house, of which there were various branches, such as the Pati, Lamiæ, Tuberones, Gali, &c.—II. The wife of Sylla. (Plut. Vit. Syll.)-III. Patina, of the family of the Tuberos, and wife of the Emperor Claudius. She was repudiated, in order to make way for Messalina. (Sucton. Caud., 26.)-IV. Lex, a law proposed by the tribune Ælius Tubero, and enacted A.U.C. 559, for sending two colonies into Bruttium. (Liv., 34, 53.)—V. Another, commonly called Lex Elia et Fusia. These were, in fact, two separate laws, though they are sometimes joined by Cicero. The first (Lex Elia) was brought forward by the consul Q. Elius Pætus, A.U.C. 586, and ordained, that, when the comitia were to be held for passing laws, the magistrates, or the augurs by their authority, might take observations from the heavens, and, if the omens were unfavourable, might prevent or dissolve the assembly. And also, that any other magistrate of equal or greater authority than he who presided, might declare that he had heard thunder or seen lightning, and in this way put off the assembly to some other time.-The secondLex Furia or Fusia), proposed either by the consul Furius, or by one Fusius or Fufius, was passed A.U.C. 617, and ordained that it should not be lawful to enact laws on any dies fastus. VI. Sentia Lex, brought forward by the consuls Ælius and Sentius, and enacted A.U.C. 756. It ordained that no slave who had ever, for the sake of a crime, been bound, publicly whipped, tortured, or branded in the face, although freed by his master, should obtain the freedom of the city, but should always remain in the class of the dedititi, who were indeed free, but could not aspire to the advantages of Roman citizens. (Suet. Aug., 40.)-VII. A name given to various cities, either repaired or built by the Emperor Hadrian, whose family name was Ælius-VIII. Capitolina, a name given to Jerusalem by the Emperor Hadrian, when he rebuilt the city, from his own family title Ælius, and also from his erecting within that city a temple to Jupiter Capitolinus. (Vid. Hierosolyma.) cities. Such artificial mounds are still to be seen forming the basis of all the important ruins that exist. When we consider the remarkable skill exhibited by the Egyptians in the art of stone-cutting, manifested, too, at the most remote period to which we can trace them historically, we cannot but ascribe this characteristic taste to something in their original habits. The first necessities of their ancestors must have given this impulse to the national genius, and determined the character which their architecture manifests, down to the latest period of their existence, not merely as an independent nation, but as a separate people. In the same way that the Tyrians, and the inhabitants of Palestine, owed to their cedar forests their taste and skill in the workmanship of wood, the Egyptians derived from their original mode of life, from their abundant quarries, and from the facility they found in excavating the rocks into dwellings, the taste for the workmanship of stone which distinguishes them; and this taste explains the high degree of perfection they attained in In inquiring into the origin and principles of Egyptian architecture, certain prominent characters strike us at once that cannot be mistaken. The plans and great outlines of their buildings are remarkable for simplicity and sameness, however diversified they may be in decoration and ornament. Openings are extremely rare, and the interior of their temples is as dark as the primitive caverns themselves; so that, when within them, it is difficult to distinguish between an excavation and a building; the pillars are of enormous diameter, and resemble in their proportions the masses left to support the roofs of mines and quarries. Nay, their hypostyle halls are almost similar in appearance to this kind of excavation; the portals, porticoes, and doors are enclosed in masses, in such a way as to present the appearance of the entrance of a cave; and the roofs of vast stones, lying horizontally, could have been imitated from no shelter erected in the open air. All the buildings yet existing between Denderah and Syene are constructed of a kind of sandstone, furnished in abundance by the quarries of the adjacent country. This stone is composed of quartzose grains, usually united by a calcareous cement. Its colours are grayish, yellowish, or even almost white; some have a slight tinge of rose colour, and others various veins of different shades of yellow. But when forming a part of the mass of a building, they produce an almost uniform effect of colour, namely, a light gray. One great advantage connected with this species of stone is the ease with which it can be wrought; and the mode of its aggregation, and the uniformity of its structure, so far from resisting, offer the greatest facilities for the ex- ELIANUS, I. a Greek writer, who flourished about ecution of hieroglyphic and symbolic sculptures. The the middle of the second century of our era. He comobelisks and statues, on the other hand, which adorned posed a treatise on military tactics, which he dedicathe approaches and entrances of the sandstone struc-ted to the Emperor Hadrian. The best edition is that tures, were made of a more costly and enduring sub of Arcerius and Meursius, Lugd. Bat., 1613, 4to.—II. stance, the granite of Syene, the Cataracts, and Ele- Claudius, a native of Præneste, who flourished during phantine. The most important of the rocks of this the reigns of Heliogabalus and Alexander Severus species is the rose-granite, remarkable for the beauty (218-235 A.D.). Although born in Italy, and of Latin of its colours, the large size of its crystals, its hardness parents and almost constantly residing within the limand durability. A part of the monuments which have its of his native country, he nevertheless acquired so been made of it have been preserved almost uninjured complete a knowledge of the language of Greece, that for many centuries. The mode of building among the Philostratus, if his testimony be worth quoting, makes Egyptians was very peculiar. They placed in their him worthy of being compared with the purest Atticists, columns rude stones upon each other, after merely while Suidas states that he obtained the appellations smoothing the surfaces of contact, and the figure of of Meλioboyyoç (“Honey-voiced"), and Mɛzíуhwoσos the column, with all its decorations, was finished after ("Honey-tongued"). He appears to have been a man it was set up. In their walls, the outer and inner of extensive reading and considerable information. His surfaces of the stones were also left unfinished, to be reduced to shape by one general process, after the whole mass had been erected. Of the private architecture of the Egyptians, but few remains have come down to us. It was composed chiefly of perishable materials, namely, of bricks dried in the sun; those burned in a kiln being rarely employed, except in damp situations. The arch appears to have been known to Various History," Пlokin loropía, in fourteen books, is a collection of extracts from different works, themes very probably which he composed for the purpose of exercising himself in the Grecian tongue, and which his heirs very indiscreetly gave to the world. These extracts may be regarded as the earliest on the list of Ana. The Various History of Elian evinces neither taste, judgment, nor powers of critical discrim ination. Its chief claim to attention rests on its having | Æmilius, A.U.C. 309, ordaining that the censors preserved from oblivion some fragments of authors, the should be elected as before, every five years, but that rest of whose works are lost. It is to be regretted that their power should continue only a year and a half. Elian, instead of giving these extracts in the language (Liv., 4, 24.—Id., 9, 33.)-II. Sumtuaria, vel cibaria, of the writers themselves, has thought fit to array them a sumptuary law, brought forward by M. Æmilius Lein a garb of his own. Ælian composed also a pretend-pidus, and enacted A.U.C. 675. It limited the kind and ed history of animals, Iɛpì Cowv idiótηtos, in seven- quantity of meats to be used at an entertainment. (Mateen books, each of which is subdivided into small chap-crob. Sat., 2, 13.-Aul. Gell., 2, 24.) Pliny ascribes ters. This zoological compilation is full of absurd sto- this law to M. Scaurus (8, 57). ries, intermingled occasionally with interesting notices. EMILIA, 1. Gens, the name of a distinguished RoTo this same writer are also ascribed twenty epistles man family among the patricians, originally written on rural affairs ('Aypoikikai Ezioтodai) which possess AIMILIA. (Vid. Supplement.)-II. The third daughvery little interest. Elian led a life of celibacy, and ter of L. Æmilius Paullus, who fell in the battle of died at the age of 60 years or over. The best editions Canna. She was the wife of the elder Africanus, and of the Various History are, that of Gronovius, Amst., the mother of the celebrated Cornelia. She was of a 4to, 1731, 2 vols., and that of Kubnius, Lips., 8vo, mild disposition, and long survived her husband. Her 1780, 2 vols. The best edition of the History of Ani-property, which was large, was inherited by her adoptmals is that of F. Jacobs, Lips., 8vo, 1784.-III., IV. ed grandson Africanus the Younger, who gave it to his (Vid. Supplement.) own mother Papiria, who had been divorced by his own 217.) ELIUS, a name common to many Romans, and mark-father L. Æmilius.-III. Lepida. (Vid. Lepida, I.) ing also the plebeian house of the Eli. (Vid. Ælia, IV. A part of Italy, extending from Ariminum to I.) The most noted individuals that bore this name Placentia. It formed one of the later subdivisions of were, I. Publius, a quæstor, A.U.C. 346, the first year the country.-V. Via Lepidi, a Roman road. There that the plebeians were admitted to this office. (Liv., were two roads, in fact, of this name, both branch4, 54.)-II. C. Stalenus, a judge, who suffered him- ing off from Mediolanum (Milan) to the eastern and self to be corrupted by Statius Albius. (Cic. pro Sext., southern extremities of the province of Cisalpine Gaul; 81.)-III. Sextus Ælius Catus, an eminent Roman the one leading to Verona and Aquileia, the latter to awyer, who lived in the sixth century from the founda- Placentia and Ariminum. The same name, howevtion of the city. He filled in succession the offices of er, of Via Emilia Lepidi, was applied to both. They adile, consul, and censor, and gave his name to a part were made by M. Æmilius Lepidus, who was conof the Roman law. When Cneius Flavius, the clerk sul A.U.C. 567, in continuation of the Via Flaminof Appius Claudius Cæcus, had made known to the ia, which had been carried from Rome to Arimipeople the forms to be observed in prosecuting law-num.-VI. Via Scauri, a Roman road, a continuation suits, and the days upon which actions could be brought, of the Aurelian way, from Pisa to Dertona. (Strab., the patricians, irritated at this, contrived new forms of process, and, to prevent their being made public, ex- EMILIANUS, I. the second agnomen of P. Cornelius pressed them in writing by certain secret marks. Scipio Africanus the younger, which he received as These forms, however, were subsequently published being the son of Paulus Æmilius. His adoption by by Ælius Catus, and his book was named Jus Elia- the elder Africanus united the houses of the Scipios num, as that of Flavius was styled Jus Flavianum. and Æmilii-II. A native of Mauritania, who was govEnnius calls him, on account of his knowledge of the ernor of Pannonia and Mœsia under Hostilianus and civil law, egregie cordatus homo, "a remarkably wise Gallus. Some successes over the barbarians caused man." (Cic. de Orat., 1, 45.) Notwithstanding the him to be proclaimed emperor by his soldiers. Gallus opinions of Grotius and Bertrand, Elius must be re- marched against him, but was murdered, together with garded as the author of the work entitled Tripartita his son Volusianus, by his own soldiers, who went ln, which is so styled from its containing, 1st. The over to the side of Emilianus. The reign of the lattext of the law. 2d. Its interpretation. 3d. The le-ter, however, was of short duration. Less than four gis actio, or the forms to be observed in going to law. months intervened between his victory and his fall. lius Catus, on receiving the consulship, became re- Valerian, one of the generals of Gallus, who had been markable for the austere simplicity of his manners, eat- sent by that emperor to bring the legions of Gaul and ing from earthen vessels, and refusing the silver ones Germany to his aid, met Emilianus in the plains of which the Etolian deputies offered him. When cen- Spoletum, where the latter, like Gallus, was murdered sor, with M. Cethegus, he assigned to the senate at by his own troops, who thereupon went over to Valethe public games separate seats from the people.-IV. rian. (Zosimus, 21, p. 25, seqq.—Aurel. Vict.—EuLucius, surnamed Lamia, the friend and defender of trop., 9, 6.)-III. A prefect of Egypt, in the reign of Cicero, was driven out of the city by Piso and Ga-Gallienus. He assumed the imperial purple, but was binius. (Cic. in Pis., 27.)-V. Gallus, a Roman defeated by Theodotus, a general of the emperor's, who knight, and the friend of Strabo, to whom Virgil dedi- sent him prisoner to Rome, where he was strangled. cated his tenth eclogue. (Vid. Gallus, III.)-VI. Seja- (Treb. Gall. Tr. Tyr., 22.—Euseb. Hist. Eccles., 7.) nus. (vid. Sejanus.)-VII. An engraver on precious-IV. Vid. Supplement. stones, who lived in the first century of our era. A gem exhibiting the head of Tiberius, engraved by him, is described by Bracci, tab. 2.-VIII. Promotus, an ancient physician. (Vid. Supplement.)-IX. Gordianus, an eminent lawyer, in the reign of Alexander Severus.-X. Serenianus, a lawyer, and pupil of Papinian. He flourished during the reign of Severus, and is highly praised by Lampricius. (Lampr. Vit. Sev.) EMILIUS, I. Censorinus, a cruel tyrant of Sicily. A person named Aruntius Paterculus having given him a brazen horse, intended as a means of torture, was the first that was made to suffer by it. Compare the story of Phalaris and his brazen bull. (Plut. de Fort. Rom., 315.)-II. L., three times consul, and the conqueror of the Volsci, A.U.C. 273. (Liv., 2, 42.)—III. Mamercus, once consul and three times dictator, obtained a triumph over the Fidenates, A.U.C. 329. (Liv. 4, 16.)-IV. Paulus, father of the celebrated Paulus Emilius. He was one of the consuls slain at Cannæ. (Liv., 23, 49.)-V. Paulus Macedonicus. (Vid. Paulus I.)-VI. Scaurus. (Vid. Scaurus.)-VII. Lepidus, twice consul, once Censor, and six times Pontifex Maximus. He was also Princeps Senatus, and EMILIA LEX, I. a law of the dictator Mamercus guardian to Ptolemy Epiphanes, in the name of the AELLO ('Aɛ22), one of the Harpies. (Vid. Harpyiæ.) Her name is derived from dɛλha, a tempest, the rapidity of her course being compared to a stormy wind. Compare Hesiod, Theog., 267, and Schol. ad Loc. EMATHIA. Vid. Emathia. MATHION. Vid Emathion. ENARIA an island off the coast of Campania, at the entrance of the Bay of Naples. Properly speaking, there are two islands, and hence the plural form of the name which the Greeks applied to them, ai Ilonkovoai (Pithecusa). This latter appellation, according to Pliny (3, 6), was not derived from the number of apes (TOKO) which the islands were supposed to contain, but from the earthen casks or barrels (πibúkiov, doliolum) which were made there. The Romans called the largest of the two islands Enaria, probably from the copper which they found in it. Enaria was a volcanic island, and Virgil (Æn., 9, 716) gives it the name of Inarime, in accordance with the old traditions which made the body of Typhoeus to have been placed under this island and the Phlegræan plain. Homer, however (I., 2, 783), describes Typhoeus as lying in Arima (eiv 'Apipois). The modern name of Enaria is Ischia. ENEA OF NEIA, a town of Macedonia, on the coast of the Sinus Thermaicus, northwest from Olynthus, and almost due south from Thessalonica. It was founded by a colony of Corinthians and Potidæans. The inhabitants themselves, however, affected to believe that Æneas was its founder, and consequently offered to him an annual sacrifice. Enea was a place of some importance in the war between the Macedonians and Romans. Soon afterward, however, it disappeared from history. (Scymnus, v. 627.—Liv., 40, 4, ani 44, 10.-Strabo, epit. 7.) bearing away on his shoulders his aged parent Anchises. His wife Creusa, however, was lost in the hur ried flight. From this period the legends respecting Æneas differ. While, according to one tradition, of which there are traces even in the Homeric poems, he remained in Troas, and ruled over the remnant of the Trojan population, he wandered from his native land according to another account, and settled in Italy. This latter tradition is adopted by the Roman winers, who trace to him the origin of their nation, and it forms the basis of the Eneid, in which poem his various wanderings are related, until he is brought to the Italian shores. Following the account of Virgil and the poets from whom he has copied, as far as any remains of these last have come down to us, we find that Æneas, in the second year after the destruction of Troy, set sail, with a newly-constructed fleet of twenty vessels, from the Trojan shores, and visited, first Thrace, and then the island of Sicily. From this lat ter island he proceeded with his ships for Italy, in the seventh year of his wanderings, but was driven by a storm on the coast of Africa, near Carthage. After a residence of some time at the court of Dido, he set sail for Italy, and reached eventually, after many dangers and adventures, the harbour of Cuma. From Cuma he proceeded along the shore and entered the mouth of the Tiber. After a war with the neighbouring nations, in which he proved successful, and slew Turnus, the leader of the foe, Æneas received in marriage Lavinia, the daughter of King Latinus, and built the city of Lavinium. The Trojans and native inhabitants became one people, under the common name of Lati ni. The flourishing state of the new community excited, however, the jealousy of the neighbouring nations, and war was declared by them against the subjects of Eneas, Mezentius, king of Etruria, being placed at the head of the coalition. The arms of Eneas proved successful, but he lost his life in the conflict. According to another account, he was drowned during the action in the river Numicus. Divine honours were paid him after death by his sub ENEADE, I. the companions of Æneas, a name given them in Virgil. (Æn., 1, 157, &c.)-II. The descendants of Eneas, an appellation given by the poets to the whole Roman nation. Hence Venus is called by Lucretius (1, 1), Æneadûm genetrix. ENEAS, a celebrated Trojan warrior, son of Anchi-jects, and the Romans also in a later age regarded him ses and Venus, whose wanderings and adventures form the subject of Virgil's Æneid, and from whose final settlement in Italy the Romans traced their origin. He was born, according to the poets, on Mount Ida, or, as some legends stated, on the banks of the Simois, and was nurtured by the Dryads until he had reached his fifth year, when he was brought to Anchises. The remainder of his early life was spent under the care of his brother-in-law Alcathous, in the city of Dardanus, his father's place of residence, at the foot of Ida. He first took part in the Trojan war when Achilles had despoiled him of his flocks and herds. Priam, however, gave him a cold reception, either because the great Trojan families were at variance with each other, from the influence of ambitious feelings, or, what is more probable, because an oracle had declared, that Eneas and his posterity should rule over the Trojans. Hence, although he married Creusa, the daughter of Priam, he never lived, according to Homer (I., 13, 460), on very friendly terms with that monarch. Eneas was regarded as the bravest and boldest of the Trojan leaders after Hector, and is even brought by Homer in contact with Achilles. (I., 20, 175, seqq.) He was also conspicuous for his piety and justice, and was therefore the only Trojan whom the otherwise angry Neptune protected in the fight. The posthomeric bards assign him a conspicuous part in the scenes that took place on the capture of Troy, and Virgil, taking these for his guides, has done the same in his neid. Eneas fought manfully in the midst of the blazing tity until all was lost, and then retired with a large number of the inhabitants, accompanied by their wives and children, to the neighbouring mountains of Ida. It was on this occasion that he signalized his piety, by as one of the Dii Indigetes. The tale of Æneas and although, as the author was of the school of Plato, ENEIS, the celebrated epic poem of Virgil, commemorating the wanderings of Æneas after the fall of Troy, and his final settlement in Italy. (Vid. Virgilius) ENESIDEMUS, a philosopher, born at Gnossus in Crete, but who lived at Alexandrea. He flourished, very probably, a short period subsequent to Cicero. nesidemus revived the scepticism which had been silenced in the Academy, with the view of making it aid in re-introducing the doctrines of Heraclitus. For, in order to show that everything has its contrary, we must first prove that opposite appearances are presented in one and the same thing to each individual. To strengthen, therefore, the cause of scepticism, he extended its limits to the utmost, admitting and defending the ten Topics attributed to Pyrrho, to justify a suspense of all positive opinion. He wrote eight books on the doctrines of Pyrrho (Ivþówvíwv λóyoi ý), of which extracts are to be found in Photius, cod. 212. (Tennemann, Gesch. Phil., ed. Wendt, p. 196.) possessions of relics which Eneas was reported to have saved. Long after the original natives of Italy had overcome them, Tyrrhenians may have visited Samothrace; Herodotus may there have heard Crestonians and Placianians conversing together; and Lavinians and Gergithians may have met there, and accounted for their affinity by the story of Eneas. "We have," the Lavinians may have said, "the same language and religion with you, and we have clay images at home, just like these here." "Then," may the others have replied, "you must be descended from Æneas and his followers, who saved the relics in Troy, and sailed, our fathers say, away to the west with them." And it requires but a small knowledge of human nature to perceive how easily such reasoning as this would be embraced and propagated. (Niebuhr's Rom. Hist., 2d ed., vol. 1, p. 150, seqq., Cambridge transl.-Foreign Quarterly Review, No. 4, p. 533)-II. Silvius, a son of Æneas and Lavinia, said to have derived his name from the circumstance of his having been brought up in the woods (in silvis), whither his mother had retired on the death of Æneas. (Vid. Lavinia.) Virgil follows the account which makes him the founder of the Alban line of kings. (En., 6, 766.) According to others, he was the son and successor of Ascanius. Others again give a different statement. (Compare Liv., 1, 3.-Aurel. Vict., 16, 17-Dion. Hal., 1, 70.-Ovid, Fast., 4, 41, and consult Heyne, ad Virg., l. c.)—III. An ancient writer, surnamed Tacticus. By some he is supposed to have flourished about 148 B C.; others, however, make him anterior to Alexander the Great. Casaubon suspects that he is the same with Æneas of Stymphalus, who, according to Xenophon (Hist. Gr., 7, 3), was commander of the Arcadians at the time of the battle of Mantinea, about 360 B.C. (Compare Sax. Onom., 1, p. 73.) of his writings on the military art (Erparnyika Biblia) there remains to us a single book, entitled Τακτικόν τε καὶ Πολιορκητικὸν ὑπόμνημα, &c. This work is not only of great value on account of the number of technical terms which it contains, but serves also to elucidate various points of antiquity, and makes mention of facts which cannot elsewhere be found. The best edition is that of Orellius, Lips., 1818, 8vo, published as a supplement to Schweighauser's edition of Polybius.-IV. A native of Gaza, a disciple of Hierocles, who flourished during the latter part of the 5th century of our era, or about 480 A.C. He abjured paganism, and was an eyewitness of the persecution which Huneric, king of the Vandals, instituted against the Christians, 484 A.C. Although a Chris- ENOBARBUS, or AHENOBARBUS, the surname of L. tian, he professed Platonism. We have a dialogue of Domitius. When Castor and Pollux acquainted him his remaining, entitled Ocóopaorog, which treats of with a victory, he discredited them; upon which they the immortality of the soul and the resurrection of the touched his chin and beard, which instantly became of body. The interlocutors are Egyptus an Alexan- a copper colour, whence the surname given to himself drean, Axitheus a Syrian, and Theophrastus an Athe- and his descendants. This fabulous story is told by nian. Eneas exhibits and illustrates the Christian Plutarch, in his life of Paulus Æmilius (c. 25); by doctrines in the person of Axitheus, and Theophras- Suetonius, in his biography of Nero (c. 1), that empertus conducts the argument for the heathen schools, or being descended from Enobarbus; by Livy (45, while Ægyptus now and then interrupts the grave dis-1); and by Dionysius of Halicarnassus (6, 13). Many cussion by a specimen of Alexandrean levity. Eneas of the descendants of Enobarbus are said to have been defends the immortality of the soul and the resurrec-marked by beards of a reddish hue. (Sueton., I. c.) tion of the body against the philosophers who deny it. The victory mentioned above was that at the Lake RoHe explains how the soul, although created, may be- gillus. For an account of the members of this family, come immortal, and proves that the world, being ma- vid. Supplement. terial, must perish. In conducting this chain of argu- ENOS, a city on the coast of Thrace, at the mouth ment, he mingles the Platonic doctrine of the Logos of the estuary formed by the river Hebrus; and where and Anima mundi with that of the Christian Trinity. it communicates by a narrow passage with the sea. He then refutes the objections urged against the res- Scymnus of Chios ascribes its foundation to Mytilene. urrection of the body: this leads him to speak of holy (Scymn., v. 696.-Compare Eustath., ad Dionys. Pemen who have restored dead bodies to life, and to re- rieg., v. 538, and Gail, ad Scymn., 1. c.) Stephanus late as an eyewitness the miracle of the confessors, Byzantinus, however, makes Cuma to have been the who, after having had their tongues cut out, were still parent-city. Apollodorus (2, 5, 9) and Strabo (319) able to speak distinctly. This piece is entitled to inform us, that its more ancient name was Poltyobria high praise for the excellence of the design, and the ("City of Poltys"), from a Thracian leader. The adgeneral ability with which the argument is sustained; [jacent country was occupied by the Cicones, whom ENIANES, or Enienes, a Thessalian tribe, apparently of great antiquity, but of uncertain origin, whose frequent migrations have been alluded to by more than one writer of antiquity, but by none more than Plutarch in his Greek Questions. He states them to have occupied, in the first instance, the Dotian plain (compare Gell's Itinerary, p. 242); after which they wandered to the borders of Epirus, and finally settled in the upper valley of the Sperchius. Their antiquity and importance are attested by the fact of their belonging to the Amphictyonic council. (Pausan., 10, 8.-Harpocrat., s. v. 'AμÕIKтÚOVEÇ.—Herod., 7, 198.) At a later period we find them joining other Grecian states against Macedonia, in the confederacy which gave rise to the Lamiac war. (Diod: Sic., 17, 111.) But in Strabo's time they had nearly disappeared, having been almost exterminated, as that author reports, by the Etolians and Athamanes, upon whose territories they bordered. (Strabo, 427.) Their principal town was Hypata, on the river Sperchius. ENIOCHI. vid. Heniochi. Homer enumerates among the allies of the Trojans. Virgil supposes neas to have landed on this coast after quitting Troy, and to have discovered here the tomb of the murdered Polydorus (En., 3, 22, seqq.): he also intimates that he founded a city in this quarter, which was named after himself. Pliny (4, 11) like-mea, would seem, from the remark of the scholiast on wise states, that the tomb of Polydorus was at Enos. But it is certain, that, according to Homer (Il., 4, 520), the city was called Enos before the siege of Troy. Enos first makes its appearance in history about the time of the Persian war. It fell under the power of Xerxes, and, after his expulsion from Greece, was always tributary to that state which chanced to have the ascendency by sea. The Romans declared it a free city. This place is often mentioned by the Byzantine writers. The modern town, or, rather, village of Eno occupies the site of the ancient city, but the harbour is now a mere marsh. The climate of Enos, it seems, was peculiarly ungenial, since it was observed by an ancient writer, that it was cold there during eight months of the year, and that a severe frost prevailed for the other four. (Athenæus, 8, 44-vol. 3, p. 295, ed. Schweigh.)-II. A small town in Thessaly, near Mount Ossa, situate on a river of the same name. (Steph. Byz., s. v. Alvoç.) ENUS. Vid. Enus. Rochette, Col. Gr., vol. 2, p. 26, calls this "un canton olus (Hesiod, fragm., v. 75.-Apollod., 1, 9, 3), although the Spartans claimed him as a descendant of the royal line of Laconia, and a son of Cynortas. (Apollod., 1, 9, 3.) Besides these sons of Eolus, respecting whose origin the ancient mythographers in gener ÆŎLES, or Æolii, one of the main branches of the great Hellenic race (vid. Hellenes), who are said to have derived their name from Eolus, the eldest son of Hellen. The father reigned over Phthiotis, and particularly over the city and district then called Hellas. To these dominions Eolus succeeded, and his brothers Dorus and Xuthus were compelled to look for settlements elsewhere. (Strabo, 383.-Conon, Narrat., 27-Pausan., 7, 1.-Herod., 1, 56.) According to Apollodorus (1, 7, 2), Œolus ruled over all Thessaly; this, however, is contradicted by the authority of Herodotus, from whom it appears (1, 56) that the Dorians held Histiæotis under their sway. From Eolus, the Hellenes, in Hellas properly so called, and the Phthiotic Pelasgi, who became blended with them into one common race, received the appellation of Æolians. (Compare Herod., 1, 57-Id., 7, 95.) The sons and later descendants of Eolus spread the name of Eolia beyond these primitive seats of the Eolic tribe.al agree, and who spread the Eolic race over middle Cretheus, the eldest son of Æolus, reigned at first over Greece, there are also mentioned, as sons of Æothe territories of his parents, Phthiotis and Hellas; lus, Cercaphus (Demetrius Sceps., ap. Strab., 9, subsequently, however, he led a colony to Iolcos p. 438), whose son founded Ormenium, on the Si(Apollod., 1, 9, 11), and from this latter place, Pheres, nus Pagasæus (Steph. Byz., s. v. 'Iwλkóç), and Macedhis son, colonized Pheræ, on the Anaurus. (Apollod., nus or Macedo (Hellanicus, ap. Const. Porph. Them., 1, 9, 14.) Magnes, the second son of Æolus, found- 2, 2.-Eustath., ad Dionys. Perieg., v. 427), whose ed Magnesia (Apollod., 1, 9, 6), and his own sons Poly- descent from Thyia, a daughter of Deucalion, is alluded dectes and Dictys led a colony to Seriphus. Another to by Hesiod (Hes., ap. Const. Porph. Them., 2, 2). son, Pierus, settled in Pieria. (Apollod., l. c.) Sisy- The posterity of Eolus spread the dominion and name phus, the third son of Eolus, founded Corinth (Apol- of the Eolic race still farther. Etolus, who was lod., 1, 9, 13), whose Eolic population, previous to the compelled to fly from the court of his father Endymion irruption of the Dorians into the Peloponnesus, is ac- (a son-in-law of Eolus) at Elis, retired to the land of knowledged even by Thucydides (4, 42). Athamas the Curetes, and gave name to Etolia. (Vid. Acarled an Eolic colony into Boeotia (Apollod., 1, 9, 1), and, nania.) His sons Pleuron and Calydon founded there as Pausanias informs us, to Orchomenus, and to the two cities, called after them, and established two petty district where Haliartus and Coronea were afterward principalities. (Apollod., 1, 7, 7.) Epeus, another son built. (Pausan., 9, 34.-Compare the scholiast on Apol- of Endymion, gave to the Eleans the name of Epei lonius Rhodius, 2, 1190, who calls the Orchomenians (Pausan., 5, 1, 1), while Pæon, the third son, settled, ÚπOLкOL TV Оcoσahov.) Hence Apollodorus calls with his Eolian followers, on the banks of the Axius, Orchomenus an Æolic city, although it existed long and gave to the united race of Æolians and Pelasgi in before this, in the time of Ogyges, under the name of this quarter, the name of Pæonians. In the Trojan war, Athenæ. (Steph. Byz., s. v. 'A0 val.) Thucydides these Pæonians fought on the side of the Trojans (Hom. mentions the Æolic origin of the Boeotians (Thucyd., 3, Il., 2, 848); whence we may infer, that, although the 2.-Id., 7, 57), and we see from Pausanias (9, 22), that tribes around the Axius were Hellenized, yet the Pethe language of the Boeotians was more Æolic than Do- lasgic population still retained the numerical superiorric. The name of Athamas may be traced in that of ity. During this time Pelops had taken possession of the Athamantian field, between Mount Acræphnium Pisa, and had driven the Epei from Olympia. (Pauand the sea (Pausan., 9, 24), and which was called af- san., 5, 1, 1.) Eleus, however, the son-in-law of Enter the Athamantian field, in the primitive Eolic set- dymion, had received the kingdom in place of the fugitlements in Thessaly, where Athamas had killed his tive Etolus, and from him the Epei were now called own son. (Etym. Mag., s. v. 'Aðaμávτiov.—Raoul- | Elei, or, according to the Æolic mode of writing, Falei, |