the Roman people; and, to enhance his own populari- | the end of the year, not more than ten candidates havty, Gracchus proposed to divide the treasure among ing started for the office of tribune, he was again electthe recipients of land under the new law, to enable ed. His second tribuneship was mostly employed in them to stock their farms; and to commit the man- passing laws respecting the colonies, in which matagement of the kingdom of Pergamus to the popular ter the aristocratical agent, Livius Drusus, outdid him; assembly. This brought matters to a greater pitch of and, having won the confidence of the people by his distrust than ever. Gracchus was accused by one apparent disinterestedness, ventured (being himself senator of aspiring to tyranny, and by another of hav-a tribune) to interpose his veto on one of Gracchus' ing violated the sanctity of the tribunitian office in de- measures. The appointment of Gracchus, soon after, posing Octavius. On this point Gracchus strove to to the office of commissioner for planting a colony near justify himself before the people, but his opponent Carthage took him away from the scenes of his popuseemed to have gained an advantage so great as to in- larity; and, soon after his return, a proposal was made duce him to postpone the assembly. When at last to repeal the very law which he had been engaged in he did make his defence, it rested, if Plutarch is cor- carrying out, relative to the colony in Africa. This rect, on false analogies, and on avoiding the question law was not his own measure, but that of one Rubriof the inviolability of a public officer. At this juncture us, another of the tribunes, and was one of those enactGracchus seems to have trembled for that popularity ments which had weaned from Gracchus the favour of which alone preserved him from impeachment; and, the people, it having been represented by his oppoest it should fail, endeavoured to secure his own re- nents as an impious act to build again the walls of Carelection to the office of tribune. The other party had thage, which Scipio had solemnly devoted to perpetual demurred as to his eligibility to the office two years desolation. Gracchus was now a private man, his in succession, and on the day of election this point second tribuneship having expired; but yet, as such, he occupied the assembly till nightfall. Next morning, opposed the proposition to repeal, and, unfortunately accompanied by a crowd of partisans, he went to the for himself, united with M. Fulvius Flaccus, one of Capitol; and, on hearing that the senate had deter- the commissioners of the agrarian law, and a man mined to oppose him by force, armed his followers whose character was respected by no party in the rewith staves, and prepared to clear the Capitol. At public. The reputation of Gracchus had already sufthis juncture, Scipio Nasica, having in vain called on fered from his connexion with Fulvius; and now he the consul to take measures for the safety of the state, took part with him in designs which can be considered issued from the temple of Faith, where the senate had as nothing less than treasonable. Charging the senassembled, followed by the whole nobility of Rome, ate with spreading false reports, in order to alarm the awed the mob into flight, seized their weapons, and at- religious scruples of the people, the two popular leadtacked all who fell in their way. About three hun-ers assembled a numerous body of their partisans, dred fell, and among the slain was Gracchus, who armed with daggers, and, being thus prepared for viowas killed by repeated blows on the head, B.C. 133. lence, they proceeded to the Capitol, where the people (Put., Vit. Tib. Gracch.)—III. Caius, was nine were to meet in order to decide on the repeal of the years younger than his brother Tiberius, and at his law of Rubrius. Here, before the business of the day death was left with Appius Claudius as commissioner was yet begun, a private citizen, who happened to be for carrying out the Agrarian law. By the death of engaged in offering a sacrifice, was murdered by the Appius, and of Tiberius' successor, Licinius Crassus, partisans of Fulvius and Gracchus, for some words or the commission became composed of Fulvius Flaccus, gestures which they regarded as insulting. This outPapirius Carbo, and himself; but he refrained from rage excited a general alarm; the assembly broke up taking any part in public affairs for more than ten in consternation; and the popular leaders, after trying years after the death of Tiberius. During this time in vain to gain a hearing from the people, while they the provisions of his brother's law were being carried disclaimed the violence committed by their followers, out by Carbo and Flaccus; but he does not seem to had no other course left than to withdraw to their own have begun his career as an independent political homes. There they concerted plans of resistance, leader until the year 123 B.C., when, on his return which, however they might believe them to be justifrom Sardinia, where he had been for two years, he fied on the plea of self-defence, were rightly considwas elected tribune of the commons. His first actered by the bulk of the people as an open rebellion was to propose two laws, one of which, directed against the government of their country. The consul against the degraded tribune Octavius, disqualified all Opimius, exaggerating, perhaps, the alarm which he who had been thus degraded from holding any magis- felt from the late outrage, hastily summoned the sentracy; and the other, having in view Pompilius, a ate together; the body of the murdered man was exprominent opponent of the popular party, denounced posed to the view of the people, and the Capitol was the banishment of a Roman citizen without trial as a secured by break of day with an armed force. The violation of the Roman laws. The first was never senate, being informed by Opimius of the state of afcarried through; to the latter was added a third, by fairs, proceeded to invest him with absolute power to which Pompilius was banished from Italy, or, accord- act in defence of the commonwealth, in the usual form ing to technical phraseology, interdicted from fire and of a resolution, "that the consul should provide for the water. These measures of offence were followed by safety of the republic." At the same time Gracchus others, by which he aimed at establishing his own and Fulvius were summoned to appear before the sen. popularity. One of these was a poor-law, by which ate, to answer for the murder laid to their charge. In& monthly distribution of corn was made to the people stead of obeying, they occupied the Aventine Hill with at an almost nominal price. The effect of this law a body of their partisans in arms, and invited the slaves was to make the population of Rome paupers, and to to join them, promising them their freedom. Opimius, attract all Italy to partake of the bounty. Next came followed by the senators and the members of the equesorganic changes, as they would now be called; and trian order, who, with their dependants, had armed of these the most important was the transference of themselves by his directions, and accompanied by a the judicial power from the senators, wholly or in part, body of regular soldiers, advanced against the rebels, to the equestrian order. This measure, according to who had made two fruitless attempts at negotiation, Cicero, worked well; but, in taking his opinion, we by sending to the consul the son of Fulvius. In the must remember his partiality to the equites, and add to mean time the conduct of Caius Gracchus was that of this the fact that his eulogiums occur in an advocate's a man irresolute in the course which he pursued, and speech. (In Verr. Act., 1.) Gracchus now pos- with too much regard for his country to engage heartsessed unlimited power with the populace; and, at ily in the criminal attempt into which he had suffered himself to be drawn. He had left his house, it is said, | Ben Ledy, 3009; Ben More, 3903; Ben Laures, the in his ordinary dress; he had been urgent with Ful-chief summit, 4015, &c. vius to propose terms of accommodation to the senate; GRANICUS, a river of Mysia, in Asia Minor, which, and now, when the Aventine was attacked, he took according to Demetrius of Scepsis, had its source in personally no part in the action. The contest, indeed, Mount Cotylus, belonging to the chain of Ida. (Strab., was soon over; the rebels were presently dispersed; 602.) It flowed through the Adrastean plain, and Fulvius was dragged from the place to which he had emptied into the Propontis, to the west of Cyzicus. fled for refuge, and was put to death; while Gracchus, This stream, or, more correctly speaking, mountaia finding himself closely pursued, fled across the Tiber, torrent, is celebrated in history on account of the sigand, taking shelter in a grove sacred to the Furies nal victory gained on its banks by Alexander the Great more correctly, perhaps, to the goddess Furina), was over the Persian army, B.C. 334. (Arrian, Exp. Al., Killed, at his own desire, by a single servant who had 1, 13.-Plut., Vit. Alex., c. 24.) The Granicus is accompanied his flight. His head, together with that the river of Demotiko mentioned by Chishull (Travels of Fulvius, was cut off and carried to the consul, in in Turkey, p. 60), and not, as some maintain, the order to obtain the price which had been set upon both Ousvola. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 35, seq.) by a proclamation issued at the beginning of the en- GRATIAE, in Greek CHARITES (Xúpiтeç), are repregagement; and the bodies, as well as those of all who sented in classical mythology as three young and had perished on the same side, were thrown into the beautiful sisters, the attendants of Venus. Their river. In addition to this, the houses of Gracchus and names were Aglaia (Splendour), Euphrosyne (Joy), Fulvius were given up to plunder, their property was and Thalia (Pleasure). The Lacedæmonians had only confiscated, and even the wife of Gracchus was de-two, whom they called Kleta or Klyta, and Phaënne, prived of her own jointure. It is said that in this se- and a temple in honour of them existed in the time of dition there perished altogether of the partisans of the Pausanias, between Sparta and Amycle (3, 18; 9, popular leaders about 3000, partly in the action, and 35). Some poets name Pasithea as one of the Graces. partly by summary executions afterward, under the Nonnus gives their names as Pasithea, Peitho, and consul's orders.-The career of the two Gracchi was, Aglaia. (Dionys., 24, 263.)—The idea of the Graces in many respects, so similar, and the circumstances of was, according to some, a symbolical personification: their death bore so much resemblance to each other, Aglaia represented the harmony and splendour of the that it is not wonderful if historians should have com- creation; Euphrosyne, cheerfulness and mirth; and prehended both the brothers under one common judg-Thalia, feasts and dances. In short, they were an ment, and have pronounced in common their acquittal aesthetic conception of all that is beautiful and attractor their condemnation. But the conduct of Caius ad-ive in the physical as well as in the social world. Acmits of far less excuse than that of Tiberius; and his death was the deserved punishment of rebellion, while that of his brother was an unjustifiable murder. The character of Caius is by no means as stainless as his brother's; he was more of a popular leader, and much less of a patriot than Tiberius; the one was injured by power, but the other seems from the beginning to have aimed at little else. The elder brother was head of a party which owed its existence to his principles as a politician. The younger took the lead in that party when it had been regularly formed, and, in his eagerness to obtain that post, he regulated his conduct by his wishes. The death of Tiberius may, as we have already remarked, be justly called a murder; that of Caius, or that which he would have suffered had not the slave prevented it, was nothing more than an execution under martial law. (Plut., Vit. C. Gracch. -Encycl. Metropol., div. 3, vol. 2, p. 97, seqq.)—IV. Sempronius, a Roman nobleman, banished to Cercina, an island off the coast of Africa, for his adulterous intercourse with Julia, the daughter of Augustus. After an exile, of 14 years, he was put to death by a party of soldiers sent for that purpose by Tiberius. (Tacit., Ann., 1, 53.) GRADĪVUS, an appellation for Mars among the Ro- GRECIA, the country of Greece. (Vid. Hellas.) GRAMPIUS MONS, a mountain of Caledonia, forming one of a large range of mountains extending from east to west through almost the whole breadth of modern Scotland, from Loch Lomond to Stonehaven. The range is now called the Grampian Hills, and the name is derived from the Mons Grampius, which is mentioned by Tacitus as the spot where Galgacus waited the approach of Agricola, and where was fought the battle so fatal to the brave Caledonians. To the Grampian chain belong Ben Lomond, 3262 feet high; cording to Hesiod (Theog., 907), the Graces were the offspring of Jupiter and Eurynome the daughter of Ocean. Antimachus, on the other hand, made them the daughters of Helius and Egle. Some, again, called them the children of Bacchus and Venus. Their worship is said to have originated in Boeotia, and Orchomenus, in this country, was its chief seat. The introduction of this worship was ascribed to Eteocles, the son of the river Cephissus. The Graces were at all times, in the creed of Greece, the goddesses presiding over social enjoyment, the banquet, the dance, and all that tended to inspire gayety and cheerfulness. (Pind., Ol., 14, 7, seqq.) They are represented as dancing together, or else standing with their arms entwined. They were originally depicted as clothed, but afterward the artists represented them as nude. In the ordinary position of the Graces, two face the observer, while the central one has her look averted. This some fancifully explain as follows: on receiving gifts from friends we ought to be thrice thankful; first, when the gift is conferred; secondly, when away from the party who has conferred them; and, thirdly, when returning the favour! (Millin, Gall. Mythol., s. v.-Keightley's Mythology, p. 192.) GRATIANUS, I. eldest son of Valentinian I., succeeded, after his father's death, A.D. 375, to a share of the Western Empire, having for his portion Gaul, Spain, and Britain. His brother, Valentinian II., then an infant under five years of age, had Italy, Illyricum, and Africa, under the guardianship, however, of Gratianus, who was therefore, in reality, ruler of all the West. His uncle Valens had the empire of the East. Gratianus began his reign by punishing severely various prefects and other officers who had committed acts of oppression and cruelty during his father's reign. At the same time, through some insidious charges, Count Theodosius, father of Theodosius the Great, and one of the most illustrious men of his age, was beheaded at Carthage. In the year 378 Valens perished in the battle of Adrianople against the Goths, and Gratianus, who was hastening to his assistance, was hardly able to save Constantinople from falling into the hands of the enemy. In consequence of the death of his uncle, Gratianus, finding himself ruler of the whole Romar At a empire during the minority of his brother Valentinian, | Of his works there are extant, a panegyrical oration or called to him young Theodosius, who had distinguish- his master Origen upon leaving his school, a canonical ed himself in the Roman armies, but had retired into epistle, and some other treatises in Greek, the best Spain after his father's death. Gratianus appointed edition of which is that of Paris, fol., 1622.-II. Surhim his colleague, a choice equally creditable to both named NAZIANZENUS (of Nazianzus), a celebrated faand fortunate for the empire, and gave him the prov- ther of the church, was born in the early part of the inces of the East. Gratianus returned to Italy, and fourth century, at Arianzus, a village near the town of resided for some time at Mediolanum (Milan), where Nazianzus in Cappadocia, of which his father was he became intimate with St. Ambrose. He was bishop. He studied first at Cæsarea in Cappadocia, afobliged, however, soon after to hasten to Illyricum, terward at Alexandrea, and lastly at Athens, where he to the assistance of Theodosius, and he repelled the became the friend and companion of Basilius, and Goths, who were threatening Thrace. Thence he was where he also met Julian, afterward emperor. obliged to hasten to the banks of the Rhine, to fight subsequent period he joined Basilius, who had retired the Alemanni and other barbarians. Having returned to a solitude in Pontus during the reign of Julian. to Mediolanum in the year 381, he had to defend the When Basilius was made archbishop of Cæsarea, he frontiers of Italy from other tribes, who were advan-appointed his friend bishop of Zazime, a place of which cing on the side of Rhætia. Gratianus enacted sev- Gregory gives a dismal account, and which he soon eral wise laws, by one of which he checked mendicity, after left to join his father, and assist him in the adwhich had spread to an alarming extent in Italy. He ministration of the church of Nazianzus. He there also showed himself stern and unyielding towards the made himself known for his eloquence in the orations remains of the heathen worship. At Rome he over- which he addressed to his father's flock. These comthrew the altar of Victory, which had continued to positions are remarkable for a certain poetical turn of exist; he confiscated the property attached to it, as imagery, and for their mild, persuasive tone. Above all well as all that which belonged to the other priests things, he preaches peace and conciliation; peace to the and the vestals. He also refused to assume the title clergy, agitated by the spirit of controversy; peace to and insignia of Pontifex Maximus, a dignity till then the people of Nazianzus, distracted by sedition; peace considered as annexed to that of emperor. These to the imperial governor, who had come to chastise measures gave a final blow to the old worship of the the town, and whose wrath he endeavours to disarm empire; and although the senators, who, for the most by appealing to the God of mercy. In an age of secpart, were still attached to it, sent him a deputation, tarian intolerance he showed himself tolerant. He had at the head of which was Symmachus, they could not suffered with his brethren from Arian persecution unobtain any mitigation of his decrees. In the year 383, der the reign of Valens; and after that emperor had a certain Maximus revolted in Britain, and was pro- taken by violence all the churches of Constantinople claimed emperor by the soldiers, to whom he promised from the orthodox or Nicæans, the inhabitants, who to re-establish the temples and the old religion of the had remained attached to that faith, looking about for empire. He invaded Gaul, where he found numerous a man of superior merit and of tried courage to be partisans. Gratianus, who was then, according to their bishop, applied to Gregory, who had left Nazian some, on the Rhine, advanced to meet him, but was zus after his father's death and had retired into Isauria. forsaken by most of his troops, and obliged to hasten Gregory came to Constantinople and took the directowards Italy. Orosius and others, however, state tion of a private chapel, which he named Anastasia, that the emperor received the news of the revolt while and whither his eloquence soon attracted a numerous in Italy, and that he hurried across the Alps with a congregation, to the great mortification of the Arians. small retinue as far as Lugdunum (Lyons). All, how- Theodosius having assumed the reins of government ever, agree in saying that he was seized at Lugdunum, and triumphed over his enemies, declared himself in and put to death by the partisans of Maximus. He favour of the orthodox communion, retook the churches was little more than 24 years of age, and had reigned which the Arians had seized, and came himself with about eight years. Historians agree in praising him soldiers to drive them from Santa Sophia, an act which for his justice and kindness, and his zeal for the pub- Gregory says looked like the taking of a citadel by ic good; and Ammianus Marcellinus, who is not lia- storm. Gregory being now recognised as metropolible to the charge of partiality towards the Christians, tan, did not retaliate upon the Arians for the past peradds, that, had he lived longer, he would have rivalled secutions, but endeavoured to reclaim them by mildhe best emperors of ancient Rome. (Le Beau, Bas-ness and persuasion. In the midst of the pomp of the Empire, vol. 2, p. 492, seqq. — Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 10, p. 365.) GRATIUS FALISCUs, a Latin poet, contemporary with Ovid, by whom he is once mentioned (Ep. ex Ponto, , ult. 33). He wrote a poem on hunting, entitled Cynegetica, of which we have 540 verses remaining. From the silence, however, preserved respecting him by the writers after his time, we may fairly infer that his poem remained in great obscurity, and was only rarely copied hence we have but one manuscript of it remaining. The production in question is not without merit; still, however, it is somewhat dry. The style is, in general, pure. The best edition is that of Wernsdorff, in the Poeta Latini Minores. (Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lit., vol. 1, p. 204.) GREGORIUS, I. surnamed THAUMATURGUS, or Wonler-worker, from the miracles which he pretended to erforin. Before his conversion to Christianity, he was known by the name of Theodorus. He was born at Neo-Cæsarea, and was a disciple of Origen, from whom he imbibed the principles of the Christian faith. He was afterward made bishop of his native city, and is said to have left only seventeen idolaters in his diorese, where he had found only seventeen Christians. imperial court he retained his former habits of simplicity and frugality. His conduct soon drew upon him the dislike of the courtiers and of the fanatical zealots. Theodosius convoked a council of all the bishops of the East, to regulate matters concerning the vacant or disputed sees, which had been for many years in possession of the Arians. The council at first acknowledged Gregory as archbishop, but soon after factions arose in the bosom of the assembly, which disputed his title to the see, and stigmatized his charity towards the now persecuted Arians as lukewarmness in the faith. Gregory, averse to strife, offered his resignation, which the emperor readily accepted. Having assembled the people and the fathers of the council, to the number of one hundred and fifty, in the church of St. Sophia, he delivered his farewell sermon, which is a fine specimen of pulpit eloquence. After recapitulating the tenour of his past life, his trials, the proofs of attachment he had given to the orthodox faith in the midst of dangers and persecution, he replies to the charge of not having avenged that persecution, upor those who were now persecuted in their turn, by observing, that to forego the opportunity of revenging ourselves upon a fallen enemy is the greatest of all tri GRUDI, a people of Gallia Belgica, to the northwest of, and tributary to, the Nervii. Traces of their name remain, according to D'Anville, in la terre de Groude, above l'Ecluse, towards the north, in a part of the country called Lat-Sand. Turpin de Crissé is wrong in making the country of the Grudii answer to that of Bruges. (Cæs., B. G., 5, 39.—Lemaire, Ind. Geogr. ad Cæs., p. 272.) GRYLLUS, a son of Xenophon, who killed Epaminondas, and was himself slain, at the battle of Mantinea, B.C. 363. His father was offering a sacrifice when he received the news of his death, and he threw down the garland which was on his head, but replaced it when he heard that the enemy's general had fallen by his hands. (Elian, V. H., 3, 3.)-Such is the common account. The variations of tradition, however, as to the hand by which Epaminondas fell, prove the importance which his contemporaries attached to that event. Among the claimants, besides the son of Xenophon, were a Spartan, and a Locrian of Amphissa. The Spartan's descendants became a privileged family. The Locrian's received heroic honours from the Phocians. But the Athenians, and the Thebans themselves, assigned the deed to Gryllus, and he was honoured by the Mantineans with a public funeral and statue, and by his fellow-citizens with a conspicuous place in a painting of the battle, representing him in the act of giving the mortal wound. Yet, as he served in the Athenian cavalry, it is difficult to understand how he could have encountered Epaminondas, who was at the head of the Theban infantry. (Thirlwall's Greece, vol. 5, p. 151.) umphs. He then pleads guilty to the charge of not|(Suidas, s. v.—. -Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 2, p. 442, keeping up the splendour of his office by a luxurious seqq.)-III. A bishop of Nyssa, in Cappadocia, the table and a magnificent retinue, saying that he was not brother of Basilius. He distinguished himself in the aware that the ministers of the sanctuary were to vie Arian controversy, and died A.D. 396.-IV. Corinin pomp with the consuls and commanders of armies. thius, archbishop of Corinth in the twelfth century. After rebuking the ambition and rivalry of his col- He is chiefly known by his work on dialects (IIɛp? leagues, which he compares to the factions of the cir- diaλékrov), the best edition of which is that of Schäfcus, he terminates by taking an affectionate leave of fer, Lips., 1811, 8vo. all those around him, and of the places dear to his memory. This valedictory address is a touching specimen of the pathetic style, dignified and unmixed with querulousness. The orator salutes for the last time the splendid temple in which he is speaking, and then turns towards his humble but beloved chapel of Anastasia, to the choirs of virgins and matrons, of widows and orphans, so often gathered there to hear his voice; and he mentions the short-hand writers who used to note down his words. He next bids farewell to kings and their palaces, and to the courtiers and servants of kings; faithful, I trust, to your master, but for the most part faithless towards God; farewell to the sovereign city, the friend of Christ, but yet open to correction and repentance; farewell to the Eastern and Western world, for whose sake I have striven, and for whose sake I am now slighted." He concludes with recommending his flock to the guardian angels of peace, in hopes of hearing from the place of his retirement that it is daily growing in wisdom and virtue. S. Gregorii Nazianzeni, Opera, Orat. 32, ed. Billy.) This oration was delivered in June, A.D. 381, and a few days after Gregory was on his way to his native Cappadocia. Arrived at Cæsarea, he delivered an impressive funeral oration to the memory of his friend Basilius, who had died there some time before, in which he recalls to mind their juvenile studies at Athens, their long intimacy, and the events of their checkered lives (Orat. 20). After paying this last tribute to the memory of his friend, he withdrew to his native Arianzus, where he spent the latter years of his life, far from the turmoil of courts and councils, busy in the cultivation of his garden and in writing GRYNEUM OF GRYNEA, one of the twelve cities of poetry, a favourite occupation with him from his youth. Eolis, situate on the coast of Lydia, near the northGregory died A.D. 389. Most of his poems are reli- ern confines, and northwest of Cuma or Cyme. It gious meditations. Occasionally the poet attempts to was celebrated for the worship of Apollo, who thence dive into the mysterious destiny of man, and some-derived the surname of Gryneus. (Virg., Eclog., 6, times appears lost in uncertainty and doubt as to the object of human existence; but he recovers himself to do homage to the Almighty wisdom whose secrets will become revealed in another sphere. The adept in the philosophy of ancient Greece is here seen striving with the submissive Christian convert. St. Jerome and Suidas say that Gregory wrote no less than thirty thou- GRYPHES, more correctly GRYPES (Tрvrés), griffons, sand lines of poetry. Some of his poems were pub- certain animals which, according to Herodotus (3, lished in the edition of his works by the Abbé de 116), guarded the gold found in the vicinity of the Billy, Paris, 1609-11, which contains also his orations Arimaspians, a Scythian race, from the attempts of and epistles; twenty more poems, under the title of that people to possess themselves of it. (Vid. Ari"Carmina Cygnea." were afterward published by Tol- maspi.) Herodotus makes only a passing allusion to lius, in his "Insignia Itinerarii Italici," 4to, Utrecht, the contests between the griffons and Arimaspians, 1696; and Muratori discovered, and published in his because probably he attached little, if any, belief to it. "Anecdota Græca," Padua, 1709, a number of Grego- Ctesias, however, is more diffuse. (Ind., § 12.-Comry's epigrams. Of his orations some few turn upon pare Elian, N. A., 4, 27.-Plin., 7, 2.) The quesdogmas, especially on that of the Trinity, but most of tion respecting the Arimaspians has already been disthem are upon morality. He is a soberer writer than cussed. (Vid. Arimaspi.) With regard to the grifhis successor Chrysostom, and has more of the calm, fons, much diversity of opinion prevails among modern impressive eloquence of conviction. He and his friend scholars. Von Veltheim thinks the story refers to the Basilius brought the oratorical arts of ancient Greece washing of gold in the desert of Cobi. He supposes into the service of Christian preaching, and one of this to have been done by slaves for the monarchs of Gregory's greatest complaints against Julian is, that northern India, and the spot to have been carefully that emperor had forbidden Christians the study of guarded by armed men and fierce dogs, the most alarmGreek literature. In his two orations against Julian ing tales having been at the same time spread concern. he somewhat departs from his usual style, and assumed ing these regions, in order to keep off adventurers. that of a powerful invective in reply to the panegyrics (Von den goldgrabenden Ameisen und Greifen der Alof Libanius, Eunapius, and other admirers of that em-ten.-Vermischte Aufs., vol. 2, p. 267, seqq.) Wahl peror. Gregory of Nazianzus has been styled the takes the griffons to be a nation in the northeastern Theologian of the Eastern Church:" he might, with part of Upper Asia, and identical with the Rhipai. He as much truth, be styled its most poetical writer. assigns them for a habitation the range of Mount Altai, 66 72.-Æn., 4, 345.) The temple of the god was remarkable for its size, and for the beauty of the white marble of which it was built. (Strabo, 622.) Kruse makes the site of the ancient place correspond with the modern Clisselik. (Bischoff und Möller, Wörterb. der Geogr., p. 577.) and regards them as having practised mining in Up- his fellow-shepherds, who used to assemble once a GYARUS, a small island of the Archipelago, classed by Stephanus of Byzantium among the Sporades, but belonging rather to the Cyclades. It lay southwest of Andros, off the coast of Attica. So wretched and poor was this barren rock, being inhabited only by a few fishermen, that they deputed one of their number to GYMNOSOPHISTE (Tvμvoσogiotaí), or "naked wise wait upon Augustus, then at Corinth, after the battle men," a name given by the Greek writers to a certain of Actium, to petition that their taxes, which amount- class of Indian ascetics belonging to the caste of the ed to 150 drachmæ (about 25 dollars), might be dimin- Brahmins, and who, in accordance with the prevalent ished, as they were unable to raise more than 100. belief, thought that, by subjecting the body to suffer(Strab., 485.) This island became subsequently no-ings and privations, and by withdrawing from all intertorious, as the spot to which criminals or suspected course with mankind, they could effect a reunion of persons were banished by order of the Roman em- the spiritual nature of man with the divine essence. perors. (Juv., Sat., 1, "3.-Id., Sat., 10, 70.-Tacit., Most of these ascetics dispensed almost entirely with 3, 68.) The modern name is Ghioura. (Cramer's the use of clothes, and many of them went entirely Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 412.) naked. Hence the name applied to them by the Greeks. It is expressly commanded in the laws of Manu (6, 2, 3), that a Brahmin, when his children have attained maturity, should retire from the world, and take refuge in a forest. He is required to spend his time in studying the Vedas and in performing penances, for the purpose of "uniting his soul with the divine spirit." (Manu, 6, 29.) Many of these hermits appear in former times to have studied the abstract sciences with great success; and they have always been considered by the orthodox Hindus as the wisest and holiest of mankind. (Consult the Bhagavad Gitâ, a philosophical poem, forming an episode to the Mahabharata, which has been translated into English by Wilkins, Lond., 1787, and into Latin by Schlegel, who also edited the Sanscrit text, Bonn, 1823.) The Gymnosophists often burned themselves alive, as Calanus did in the presence of Alexander. (Arrian, Exp. Al., 7, 18.---Plut., Vit. Alex., c. 65, seqq.--Diod. Sic., 17, 107.) GYAS, I. one of the companions of Eneas, who distinguished himself at the games exhibited after the death of Anchises in Sicily. (Virg., Æn., 5, 118.)II. A Rutulian, son of Melampus, killed by Eneas in Italy. (Id., 10, 318.) GYGES (Tuyns), more correctly GYES (Túng), a son of Cœlus and Terra, represented as having a hundred hands. He, with his brothers, made war against the gods, and was afterward punished in Tartarus. (Vid. Cottus.) GYGES, a Lydian, to whom Candaules, king of the country, showed his wife with her person exposed. The latter was so incensed, although she concealed her anger at the time, that, calling Gyges afterward into her presence, she gave him his choice either to submit to instant death, or to slay her husband. Gyges chose the latter alternative, married the queen, and ascended the vacant throne, about 718 years before the Christian era. He was the first of the Mermnada who reigned in Lydia. He reigned 38 years, and distinguished himself by the presents which he made to the oracle of Delphi. (Herodot., 1, 8, seqq.) The wife of Candaules above mentioned was called Nyssia according to Hephaestion.-The story of Rosamund, queen of the Lombards, as related by Gibbon, bears an exact resemblance to this of Candaules. (Compare Schlosser, Weltgeschichte, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 82.)-Plato relates a curious legend respecting this Gyges, which differs essentially from the account given by Herodotus. He makes him to have been originally one of the shepherds of Candaules, and to have descended into a chasm, formed by heavy rains and an earthquake in the quarter where he was pasturing his flocks. In this chasm he discovered many wonderful things, and particularly a brazen horse having doors in it, through which he looked, and saw within a corpse of more than mortal size, having a golden ring on its finger. This ring he took off and reascended to the surface of the earth. Attending, after this, a meeting of GYNDES, now Zeindeh, a river of Assyria, falling into the Tigris. When Cyrus marched against Babylon, his army was stopped by this river, in which one of the sacred horses was drowned. This so irritated the monarch, that he ordered the river to be divided into 360 different channels by his army, so that after this division it hardly reached the knee. (Herod., 1, 189.) This portrait of Cyrus seems a little overcharged. The hatred which the Greeks bore the Persians is sufficiently known. The motive of Cyrus for thus treating the Gyndes could not be such as is described by Herodotus. That which happened to the sacred horse might make him apprehend a similar fate for the rest of his army, and compel him to divert the river into a great number of canals in order to render it fordable. The Gyndes, at the present day, has reassumed its course to the Tigris, and its entrance into that river is called Foum-el-Saleh, or the river of peace, in Arabic. The name given it by the Turks in the place whence it issues, is Kara-Sou, or the black river. |