in a portion of the south, and in all the east of Gaul, in upper Italy, in Illyria, and in central and western Spain. It is the eastern and southern provinces, however, of Gaul that bear the most evident marks of the passage of this tongue. It is only by the aid of a Gaelic glossary that we can discover the signification of geographical names, dignities, institutions, individuals, &c., belonging to the primitive population of this country. Still farther, the patois of the east and south of France at the present day swarms with words that are strangers to the Latin, and which are discovered to be taken from the Gaelic tongue. From these facts we may deduce the following inferences: 1. that the race which spoke Gaelic, in distant ages, occupied the British isles and Gaul, and that from this centre the language spread itself over many cantons of Italy, Spain, and Illyria. 2. That it preceded in Britain the race which spoke the Cymric.

3. Of the Cymric tongue.

connected by philologists with the Sanscrit, the an cient and sacred idiom of India.

Having completed our examination of the languages in question, we may deduce from this review of them the following historical inferences. 1. An Iberian population, distinct from the Gallic, inhabited several cantons in the south of Gaul, under the names of Aquitani and Ligures. 2. The Gallic population, properly so called, was divided into Galli and Cymri. 3. The Galli had preceded the Cymri on the soil of Britain, and probably also on that of Ganl. 4. The Galli and the Cymri formed two races, belonging to one and the same human family.

II. Proofs drawn from the Greek and Roman histo

rians.

1. Gallic Nations beyond the Alps. Cæsar acknowledges throughout the whole extent of Gaul, with the single exception of the province of Narbonne, three nations, "differing in language, institutions, and laws: the Aquitani, dwelling between the Pyrenees and the Garonne; the Belga, occupying the northern parts of the country, from the Rhine to the Marne and Seine; and the Galli, called also Cel

That part of Britain which is called the country or principality of Wales, is inhabited, as is well known, by a people who bear in their mother-tongue the name of Cymri or Kymri; and from the most distant period they have known no other. Authentic literary monuments attest that this language, the Cymraig or Cym-tæ, established in the central quarter of the land." ric, was cultivated with great éclat about the sixth He gives to these three communities, taken collectcentury of our era, not only within the actual limits of ively, the general name of Galli, which in this case the principality of Wales, but along the whole west- is nothing more than a mere geographical designation. ern coast of England, while the Anglo-Saxons, a Ger- Strabo adopts the division of Cæsar, but with an immanic population, occupied by conquest the centre and portant change. In place of limiting the Belgæ, as the east. An examination of the geographical and his- Cæsar does, to the course of the Scin, he adds to torical nomenclatures of Britain, anterior to the arrival them, under the name of paroceanites, or maritime of its German invaders, proves also, that, before this (aрwkɛavírov), all the tribes established between the epoch, the Cymric prevailed throughout the whole mouth of this river and that of the Loire, and known southern part of the island, where it had succeeded to in Gallic geography by the appellation of Armoricans, the Gaelic, which had been banished to the north. We which equally signifies "maritime," and of which the have already stated, that the Bas-Breton, or Armoric term paroceanites appears to be merely a Greek transtongue, spoken in a part of Brittany, was a Cymric lation. This arrangement of Strabo's merits the greatdialect. The intermixture of a great number of Latin er attention, not only because that great geographer and French words has altered, it is true, the aspect was well acquainted with the Roman authors who of this dialect; yet historical monuments bear full tes- had written upon Gaul, but also derived much infortimony to the fact, that, about the fifth century, it was mation from the travels of Posidonius, and the laalmost identically the same with that of the island of bours of the learned among the people of Massilia Britain, since the natives of this island, who fled to or Marseilles. These two opinions, however, relative Armorica to escape from the Anglo-Saxons, found in to the Belge, may be easily reconciled, as we shall see this latter country, it is said, a people who spoke the in the sequel. The geographers of a later period, Mesame language with themselves. (Adelung, Mithra-la, Pliny, Ptolemy, &c., either conform to the ethno dates, vol. 2, p. 157.) The names, moreover, drawn graphic division given by Casar, or to the one traced from geography and history, clearly show, that this by Augustus after the reduction of Gaul to a Roman idiom was spoken anterior to the fifth century in the province. In all this the Narbonnaise is not comprewhole of the west and north of Gaul. This tract of hended: now, we find in the ancient writers that it country then, as well as the southern portion of the contained, besides the Celta or Galli, Ligurians, stranisle of Britain, must have been anciently peopled by gers to the Gauls (Éτepoelveīç.—Strab., 137), and also the race that spoke the Cymric tongue. But what Phocean Greeks, who composed the population of is the generic name of this race? Is it the Armori- Massilia and its dependencies.-There existed then, can? Is it the Breton?—Armorican, which signifies in the indigenous population of Gaul, four different "maritime," is a local, not a generic, appellation; branches: 1. The Aquitani; 2. The Ligures; 3. while, on the other hand, Breton appears to have been The Galli or Celta; 4. The Belga.-We will connothing more than the name of a particular tribe. We sider each of these in succession. will adopt then, provisorily, as the true name of this race, that of Cymri, which from the sixth century has served to designate it in the isle of Britain.-As regards the two idioms of the Cymric and Gaelic, it may not be amiss to state the following general particulars. The basis of both is undoubtedly the same, and both spring from some common tongue. By the side, however, of this striking similitude in the roots and in the general system of the composition of words, we cannot fail to observe great discrepances in the grammatical structure, discrepances essential in their character, and which constitute two distinct languages, two separate tongues, though sisters to each other, and not two dialects of the same tongue. It should also be remarked, that the Gallic and the Cymric belong to that great family of languages, the source of which is

1. The Aquitani.

"The Aquitani," observes Strabo (189.—Id., 176), "differ essentially from the Gallic race, not only ir. language, but also in physical conformation: they resemble the Iberians more than they do the Gauls.” He adds, that the contrast afforded by two Gallie nations confined within the limits of Aquitania, made the distinctive features of the race we are considering the more apparent. According to Cæsar, the Aquitani had, besides a peculiar dialect, institutions of a peculiar and separate character. Now, historical facts show that these institutions bore, for the most part, the stamp of the Iberian character; that the national dress was Iberian; that there existed stronger ties of amity and alliance between the Aquitanian and Iberian tribes,

than between the former and the Gauls, who were separated from them merely by the Garonne; in fine, that their virtues and their vices were assimilated in the closest manner to that standard of good and evil qualities which appears to have constituted the moral type of the Iberian race. We find, then, a concordance between the proofs drawn from history and those deduced from an examination of languages: the Aquitani were, beyond doubt, an Iberian population.

2. Ligures.

upper Languedoc, are rendered conspicuous all of a sudden, and for the first time, by an expedition which they sent into Greece. (Justin, 24, 4.- Strabo, 187.) About the year 218, at the time of Hannibal's passage, the Volca Arecomici, inhabiting lower Languedoc, are also cited (Liv., 21, 26) as a numerous people, giving the law throughout all the surrounding country. It is, then, between 340 and 281 that we must place the arrival of the Volca and the conquest of Ibero-Liguria.-The manuscripts of Cæsar, in speaking of the Volcæ, have indifferently Volca or Volga. Ausonius (Clar. Urb. Narb., 9) informs us, that the primitive name of the Tectosages was Bolga; and Cicero (Pro M. Fonteio.-Dom. Boug., Rec. des Hist., &c., p. 656) calls them Belgæ. Saint Jerome relates, that the idiom of their colonies established in Galatia in Asia Minor, was still in his time the same with that of Trèves, the capital of the Belgæ, and Saint Jerome had travelled both in Gaul and the East. (Hieron., 1. 2, Comment. Epist. ad Galat., c. 3.) After this, it is hardly permitted us to doubt but that the Volca were Belge, or, rather, that these two names were one and the same; and the details of their history, for they played an important part in the affairs of Gaul, furnish numerous proofs in support of their Belgic origin. We must therefore separate this people from the Ligurian population, with which they have nothing in common. In conclusion, we infer, that the Ligures were Iberians; a second accordance of history with philological inductions.-We have therefore remaining only the Galli or Celta, and the Belgæ, as containing the elements of the Gallic population properly so called.

3. Cella.

The Ligures, whom the Greeks call Ligyes, are designated by Strabo as strangers to Gaul. Sextus Avienus, whose labours were based upon documents which had been left by the Carthaginians, and who, consequently, must have been put in possession of much valuable matter connected with the ancient history of Iberia, places the primitive seats of the Iberi in the southwest of Spain, whence, after a long succession of conflicts, the invasion of the conquering Celts had compelled them to remove. (Avien., v. 132, seqq.) Stephanus of Byzantium also places in the southwest of Spain, near Tartessus, a city of the Ligures, which he calls Ligystiné (Ayvorivý). Thucydides subsequently shows us the Ligures, expelled from the southwestern part of the peninsula, arriving on the eastern borders of the Sicoris or Sègre, and driving away in their turn the nation of the Sicani. (Thucyd., 6, 2.) He does not give this as a simple tradition, but as an incontestible fact. Ephorus and Philistus of Syracuse held the same language in their writings, and Strabo believes that the Sicani were originally Iberians. The Sicani, driven from their country, forced their way through the eastern passes of the Pyrenees, traversed the Mediterranean shore of Gaul, and entered Italy. The Ligures must have followed them, since There is no necessity whatever for our demonstra. we find the latter nearly at the same time spread over ting the identity of the Celta and Galli; it is given, the whole Gallic and Italian coasts, from the Pyrenees as fully established, by all the ancient writers. The as far as the Arno. We know, by the unanimous tes- signification, however, of the term Celt is a subject timony of the ancient writers, that the west and the open to inquiry. Cæsar informs us (B. G., 1, 1), that centre of Spain had been conquered by the Celta or it is drawn from the language of the Gauls and, in Galli; but we are uninformed as to the period when fact, it does indeed belong to the present Gallic idiom, this took place. The movements of the Sicani and in which ceilt and ceiltach mean an inhabitant of the Ligures show us that the invasion was made by the forests." This signification leads to the presumption western passes of the Pyrenees, and that the Iberian that the name was a local one, and was applied either tribes, driven back on the eastern coast, began to move to a tribe, or to a confederation of tribes, occupying onward into Gaul and even Italy. They furnish us certain cantons; and that it consequently had a special also with an approximation to the date when this took and restricted meaning. Indeed, the great Gallic conplace the Sicani, expelled from Italy, as they had federations were for the most part local. The testibeen from Spain, seized upon the island of Sicily about mony of Strabo may be cited in support of this hythe year 1400 B.C. (Freret, Euvr. compl., vol. 4, p. pothesis. The geographer informs us, that the Gauls 200), which places the irruption of the Celta into Ibe- of the province of Narbonne were formerly called ria about the sixteenth century before the Christian Celta; and that the Greeks, particularly the Massiliera. Although, after what has been said, the Iberian ots, entering into commercial relations with them beorigin of the Ligures appears to be placed beyond the fore becoming acquainted with the other nations of reach of doubt, it must nevertheless be acknowledged, Gaul, erroneously took their name as the common apthat their manners did not bear so strong an Iberian pellation for the whole Gallic race. (Strab., 189.) stamp as those of the Aquitani: the reason would Some, and Ephorus among the rest, even extended it seem to be, that they did not preserve themselves beyond the limits of Gaul, and made of it a geographfrom foreign intermixture. History tells us of power- ical denomination for all the races of the West. ful Celtic tribes intermingled with them in Celto-Li- (Strab., 34.) Notwithstanding, however, these erroguria, between the Alps and the Rhone; at a still la-neous ideas, which throw much obscurity over the acter period, Ibero-Liguria, between the Rhone and counts of the Greek writers, many authors of this naSpain, was subjugated almost entirely by a people who tion speak of the Celta in the special and limited sense were total strangers to the Ligures, and who bore the which accords with the opinion of Strabo. Polybius name of Volca. The date of this invasion of the (3, 37) places them "around Narbo;" Diodorus SicuVolcæ into Ibero-Liguria (now Languedoc) cannot be lus (5, 32)," above Massilia, in the interior of the counfixed with any precision. The most ancient recitals, try, between the Alps and Pyrenees ;" Aristotle (Gen. whether mythological or historical, and the peripluses Anim., 2, 8), " above Iberia;" Dionysius Periegetes, down to that of Scylax, which appears to have been "beyond the sources of the Po" (v. 280). Finally, written about 350 B.C., make mention only of the Eustathius, in his commentary on the last-mentioned Ligures, Elesyces, Bebryces, and Sodes, in the whole writer, revives the vulgar error, which attributes to the canton; the Élesyces are even represented as a pow-whole of Gaul the name of a single canton. Vague erful nation, whose capital Narbo (now Narbonne) flourished in commerce and in arms. About the year 281, the Volca Tectosages, inhabiting what is now

though they are, these designations appear clearly to specify the country situate between the Ligurian frontier to the east, the Garonne to the south, the plateau

of the Arvernian Mountains to the west, and the ocean to the north all this tract, and the coast likewise of the Mediterranean, so unproductive and arid at the present day, were for a long time covered with dense forests. (Liv., 5, 34.) Plutarch places also between the Alps and the Pyrenees, in the earliest ages, a people called Celtorii. (Vit. Camill.) This race is thought by some to have formed part of the league or confederation of the Celtæ, for tor signifies "elevated," and also "a mountain," and hence Čeltor is supposed to desiguals, moreover, as well as those of a local nature in nate an inhabitant of the woody mountains. Thus it would seem that the Celtic confederation, in the time of its greatest power, was subdivided into Celts of the plain and Celts of the mountain. Historians unanimously inform us, that it was the Celts who conquered the west and the centre of Spain; and, in fact, we find their name attached to great masses of the GalloIberian population, such as the Celt-Iberi, a mixture of Celts and Iberians, who occupied the centre of the peninsula; and the Celtici, who had seized upon the northwest. It is easy to perceive that the invasion must have commenced with the Gallic tribes nearest the Pyrenees. The Celtic confederation, however, did not alone accomplish this conquest; other Gallic tribes either accompanied or followed them: witness, for example, the people established in what is now Gallicia, and was anciently denominated Galloecia, and who, as is well known, belonged to the general Gallic race. Thus much for Spain.-As for upper Italy, though twice inundated by transalpine nations, it presents no trace of the name of Celt: no tribe, no territory, no river, recalls their peculiar appellation. Everywhere and on every occasion we meet merely with the general name of Gauls. The word Celta became known to the Romans only at a late period.-As to the assertion of Cæsar, that the Gauls were called in their own language Celta, is possible that the Roman commander, more occupied with combating the Gauls than studying their language and institutions, and finding, in effect, that the word Celt was Gallic, and recognised by the Gauls for one of their national denominations, may, without farther investigation, have concluded that the two terms were synonymous. It is possible, too, that the Gauls of the eastern and central sections may have adopted, in their commercial and political relations with the Greeks, a name by which the latter were accustomed to designate them; just as we see, in our own days, some of the tribes of America and Africa, accepting, under similar circumstances, appellations which are either quite inexact or else totally erroneous. From what has thus far been remarked, it would seem to follow, 1. That the name Celt had, among the Gauls, a limited and local application. 2. That the confederation of the tribes denominated Celtic dwelt in part among the Ligures, in part between the Cevennes and the Garonne, and along the Arvernian plateau and the ocean. 3. That the Celtic confederation exhausted its strength in the invasion and conquest of Spain, and took no share consequently in two successive invasions of Italy.

to have been comparatively recent in Gaul, when contrasted with that of the Celta, Ligures, &c. The Belgæ had established themselves in Britain on the southern coast of the island, in the midst of the Breton race, who were not of Gallic origin; for the Gallic race were by this time driven to the north, beyond the Frith of Forth. Neither Cæsar nor Tacitus has remarked any difference of origin or language between these Bretons and the Belgæ. The names of individthe cantons occupied by the two races, belong to one and the same language, the Cymric. In Gaul Cæsar has given the Seine and Marne as the southern limits of the Belga. Strabo adds to this Belgica another which he calls Paroceanite or Maritime, and which comprehends the tribes situate to the west, between the mouth of the Seine and that of the Loire, that is to say, the tribes which Cæsar and the other Roman writers call Armorican, from a Gaelic term which signifies "maritime." The testimony of Cæsar is undoubtedly hard to be contested in what relates to Gaul. On the other hand, however, Strabo was acquainted with the writings of the Massiliots, he had studied the works of Posidonius, that celebrated Greek, who had traversed Gaul, in the time of Marius, as a man of learning and a philosopher. There must, of necessity, have been a great many points of resemblance between the Armorican tribes and the Belge to induce Posidonius and Strabo to declare them members of one and the same race; and, on the other hand, there must have been some very marked differences which could lead Cæsar to make two distinct nations of them. An examination of historical facts shows us the Armorican tribes united in a sort of political and independent confederation, but, in the event of wars and general alliances, uniting themselves more willingly to the Belga than to the race of the Gauls. Again, a philological investigation proves that the same language was spoken in Belgica in the time of Cæsar as in that of Strabo. We may hence boldly conclude, that the Armoricans and the Belge were two communities or confederations of the same race, which had arrived in Gaul at two different periods: we may also infer still farther: 1. That the north and west of Gaul, and the south of Britain, were peopled by one and the same race, forming the second branch of the Gallic population properly so called: 2. That the language of this race was one, the fragments of which are preserved in two cantons of ancient Armorica and in the island of Britain: 3. That the generic name of the race is entirely unknown to us, as far as history is concerned ; but that philology gives it to us under the form of Cymri.

4. Belga.

The Belge are unanimously acknowledged by the ancient writers as forming part of the Gallic race. The word Belge belongs to the Cymric idiom, in which, under the form Belgiaidd, the radical of which is Belg, it signifies "warlike." It would seem, then, that this was not a generic appellation, but a title of some military expedition, some armed confederation. It is a stranger to the present Gaelic dialect (for bolg, "a sack," has nothing to do with the present inquiry), but not to the national traditions of the Gaelic race, as still existing, in which the Bolg or Fir-Bolg play an important part, as conquerors come from the mouths of the Rhine into ancient Ireland. The name of Belga was unknown to the Greek writers; it appears, indeed,

2. Gallic Nations of Italy.

The most credible of the learned Romans who handled the subject of early Italian history, recognised two distinct conquests of upper Italy by nations which had migrated from ancient Gaul. The first of these inroads they carried back to the earliest periods in the history of the West; and they designated these first transalpine conquerors by the appellation of "Old Gauls," Veteres Galli, to distinguish them from the transalpine invaders who achieved the second conquest. This latter conquest, being the more recent of the two, is the better known. It commenced in the year 587 B.C., under the conduct of the Biturigan Bellovesus, and it was continued by the successive invasions of four other bands, during the space of sixty-six years.— First conquest. These Old Gauls, according to the ancient writers, were the ancestors of the Umbrians. Cornelius Bocchus, the freedman of Sylla, is cited by Solinus (c. 8) as having fully established this point. This was also the opinion maintained by Gnipho, the preceptor of Julius Caesar, and who, born in Cisalpine Gaul, had probably directed his careful attention to the history of his own nation. Isidorus likewise adopted

3. Gauls beyond the Rhine.

First branch.

ut (Orig., 9, 2); as did also Solinus and Servius. The lovesus and Elitovius; and the enumeration of the Greek writers also followed in the same train, with tribes which formed this expedition, such as they are few exceptions, notwithstanding an etymology very given by Polybius, proves, in fact, that the first wave popular in Greece, which made the word Umbrian belonged to the Gallic population.-Every one has (Ombrian) to be derived from 'Oubpoç, "a shower," heard of the famous combat between T. Manlius Tor"rain," because the nation in question had, according quatus and a Gaul of gigantic stature. True or false, to some, escaped from a deluge. The Umbrians were the incident was very popular at Rome: it became a regarded as one of the most ancient nations of Italy.subject for the painter's skill; and the head of the Gaul, (Plin., 2, 14.-Florus, 1, 17.) After long and bloody making horrible grimaces, figured as a sign for a bankconflicts, they drove the Siculi from the country around er's shop in the Roman forum. This sign, rounded the Po. Now, as the Siculi passed into Sicily about into the form of a buckler, bore the name of Scutum 1364 B.C., the Umbrian invasion may have taken Cimbricum. It existed at Rome in the year of the city place in the course of the 15th century. They be- 586, and 168 before our era. (Compare Remesius, p. came a very powerful race, and their sway extended 342.) The word Cimbricum is here employed as syfrom the upper to the lower sea, as far south as the nonymous with Gallicum.-At a later period, when the mouths of the Tiber and Trento. The Etrurian power invasion of the Cimbri from the north renewed in Italy eventually put an end to their wide-spread dominion. the terror of this name, the victorious commander of The words Umbri, Ombri, and Ombrici, by which the Rome caused a buckler to be adorned with this ancient Romans and the Greeks designated this people, would device. The shield of Marius, according to Cicero (de seem to have been nothing else but the Gaelic Ambra Or., 2, 66), had depicted on it a Gaul, with cheeks or Amhra, which signifies" valiant," "noble ;" and to hanging down, and projecting tongue.-The term Cimhave been appropriated to itself as a military title by bri, then, designated one of the branches of the Gallic some invading horde.-The geographical division es- population, and this branch had colonies in Gallia Cistablished by the Umbrians is not only in conformity padana: we have ascertained, however, the previous with the customs of the Gallic race, but belongs to existence of Gallic colonies in Gallia Transpadana : their very language. Umbria was divided into three the Gallic population, then, of Italy was divided into provinces: Oll-Ombria, or High Umbria," which two distinct branches, the Galli and the Cimbri or comprised the mountainous country between the Apen- Kimbri. nines and the Ionian Sea: Is- Ombria, or "Low Umbria," which embraced the country around the Po: and Vil-Ombria, or "Umbria along the shore," which last, at a later period, became Etruria. Although the We have spoken of a double series of emigrations, Etrurian influence produced a rapid change in the tan- commenced B.C. 587, under the conduct of Bellovesus guage, religion, and social order of the Umbrians, and Sigovesus. Livy informs us, that the expedition there still were preserved among the mountaineers of of Sigovesus set out from Celtica, and that its leader Oll-Ombria some remarkable traces of the character was a nephew of the Biturigan Ambigatus, who reignand customs of the Gauls: for example, the gæsum or ed over the whole country; which means that Sigovegais, a weapon both in its invention and name pointing sus and his followers were Gauls. The same historian to a Gallic origin, was always the national javelin of adds, that they directed their course towards the Herthe Umbrian peasant. (Liv., 9, 36.) The Umbrians, cynian forest (5, 34). This designation is a very vague who had been dispersed by the Etrurian conquerors, one; but we know from Trogus Pompeius, who, being were received as brothers on the banks of the Saône born in Gaul, drew his information from more exact and among the Helvetian tribes, where they perpetu- and precise traditions, that these Gauls established ated their name of Insubres (Isombres). Insubres," themselves in Pannonia and Illyria. (Justin, 24, 4.) observes Livy," pagus duorum" (5, 23). Others Ancient historians and geographers show us, in fact, found a hospitable reception among the Ligurians of a multitude of Gallic or Gallo-Illyrian communities the Maritime Alps (Plin., 3, 17, seqq.), and carried spread between the Danube, the Adriatic, and the fronthither their name of Ambrones. This alone can ex- tiers of Epirus, Macedonia, and Thrace. Among the plain a point which has occasioned much perplexity to number of these are the Carni, inhabiting the Alpes historians, and has given rise to numerous contradic- Carnica, to the east of the great Alpine chain (comtory theories; how, namely, a tribe of Alpine Ligurians, pare the Celtic Carn, "a rock"); the Taurisci, a and another of Helvetii, warring against each other purely Gallic race (compare the Celtic Taur or Tor, under the respective banners of the Romans and the "elevated,"" a mountain."-Strabo, 293); the Iapodes Cimbri, found, to their great astonishment, that they had (Strabo, 313), a Gallo-Illyrian race occupying the valeach the same name and the same war-cry. (Plut., leys of Carinthia and Stiria; the Scordisci, dwelling Vit. Mar.)-From what has been said, it would seem around Mount Scordus, whose power was feared even to result, that upper Italy was conquered in the 15th by the Romans. The frequent recurrence of termicentury before our era by a confederation of Gallic nations in dunn, mag, dur, &c., the names of mounttribes bearing the name of Ambra or Ambrones.-Sec-ains, such as Alpius and Albius; the country called ond conquest. The first invasion had been made en masse, with something of order, and by a single confederation; the second was successive and tumultuous. During the space of sixty-six years, Gaul poured her population upon Italy by the Maritime, the Graian, and the Pennine Alps. If we bear in mind that, about the same epoch (B.C. 587), an emigration not less considerable took place from Gaul to Illyria, under the conduct of Sigovesus, we cannot but believe that these great movements were the result of causes far more serious than those mentioned by Livy (5, 34). Gaul, in fact, presents at this period the aspect of a country deeply agitated by some violent commotion.-But of what elements were these bands composed, which descended from the Alps to seize upon upper Italy? Livy makes them to have come from Celtica, that is, from the domains of the Gauls, the forces conducted by Bel

Albania; in fine, a great number of Gallic words, found even at the present day in the Albanian tongue, are so many proofs of the Gauls having at one time or other taken up their residence in this country.

Second branch.

Historical testimonies, remounting to the time of Alexander the Great, attest the existence of a people called Cimmerii or Cimbri, on the borders of the Northern Ocean, in the present peninsula of Jutland. In the first place, critics acknowledge the identity of the names Cimmerii and Cimbri, conformed as they are, the one to the genius of the Greek, the other to that of the Latin tongue. (Strabo, 203.) The most ancient writer that makes mention of the Cimbri is Philemon: according to him, they called their ocean MoriMarusa, i. e., "Dead Sea," as far as the promontory

Cimbri and one of the races that dwelt in Gaul, it was more likely the race of which the Belgæ formed a part than any of the Gallic ones. A remark of Tacitus sheds a new light on the subject. He states, that the Estii, a community dwelling in the vicinity of the Cimbri, on the shores of the Baltic, and in all probability belonging to the Cimbric race, spoke a language approximating closely to the insular Breton ("lingua Britannica propior," Tac., Germ., c. 45). Now we have seen that the language of the Bretons was also that of the Belge and of the Armoric tribes.—All the ancient historians attribute to a Gallic army the invasion of Greece, in the years 279 and 280 B.C. Appian (Bell. Illyr., 4) calls these Gauls Cimbri.-Again, the Gallic nations, whether pure, or intermingled with Sarmatian and German tribes, were numerous on the

the most famous of all, that of the Bastarnæ (Tac., Germ., c. 46.—Plin., 4, 12.—Liv., 34, 26.—Id., 30, 50, seqq.-Polyb., excerpt., leg. 62), intermingled probably with Sarmatians, dwelt between the Black Sea and the Carpathian Mountains. Mithradates, wishing to form a powerful league against Rome, addressed himself to this powerful nation. "He sent," says Justin (38, 3), "ambassadors to the Cimbri, Sarmatæ, and Bastarna." It is evident, that the Cimbri of Jutland cannot here be meant, separated as they were from the King of Pontus by the whole extent of the Continent of Europe, but those Cimbri who dwelt in the vicinity of the Bastarne and Sarmatæ, and on whom had been reflected the glory gained by their brethren in Gaul and in Noricum. The existence of Cimbric nations, extending at various intervals from the lower Danube as far as the Elbe, would seem to establish the fact, that all the country between the Pontus Euxinus and the Ocean, following the courses of the rivers, was possessed by the race of the Cimbri anterior to the increase and development of the Germanic race.

Rubeas; beyond this they styled it Cronium. (Plin., 4, 13.) These two names are easily explained by the Cymric language: mar there signifies "sea;" marw, "to die;" marwsis, “death ;" and crunn, “congealed," "frozen :" in Gaelic, croin has the same force: Murchroinn is "the frozen sea." (Adelung, älteste Gesch. der Teutschen, p. 48.-Toland's several pieces, pt. 1, p. 150.)-Ephorus, who lived about the same period, knew the Cimbri, and gives them the name of Celts; but in his geographical system, this very vague denomination designates at the same time a Gaul and an inhabitant of Western Europe. (Strabo, 203.) When, between the years 113 and 101 before our era, a deluge of Cimbri poured its desolating fury on Gaul, Spain, and Italy, the belief was general, that they came from the extremities of the West, from the frozen regions bordering on the Northern Ocean, from the Cim-northern bank of the lower Danube and in the vicinity: bric Chersonese, from the shores of the Cimbric Thetis. (Florus, 3, 3.—Polyan., 8, 10.—Ammian. Marcell., 31, 5.-Claudian, Bell. Get., v. 638.-Plut., Vit. Mar.) In the time of Augustus, the Cimbri occupied a portion of Jutland, and they acknowledged themselves to be the descendants of those who, in a preceding age, had committed so many ravages. Alarmed at the conquests of the Romans beyond the Rhine, and supposing that their object was to inflict vengeance upon them for the inroad of their ancestors, they sent an embassy to the emperor to supplicate for pardon. (Strabo, 292.) Strabo and Mela (3, 3) place these Cimbri to the north of the Elbe. Tacitus found them there in his own time. (Germ., c. 37.) Pliny gives a much more extensive signification to this name of Cimbri; he would seem to make it a generic term. He not only, for example, recognises the Cimbri of the present Jutland, but he speaks also of the Mediterranean Cimbri (4, 3) in the vicinity of the Rhine, comprehending, under this common appellation, various tribes which in other writers bear widely different names. These Cimbri, inhabiting Jutland and the countries round about, were generally regarded as Proofs drawn from National Traditions. Gauls, that is to say, as belonging to one of the two There are few persons at the present day who races which then held possession of Gaul. Cicero, in have not heard of those curious monuments, as well speaking of the great invasion of Cimbri, says in many in prose as in verse, which compose the literature places that Marius had conquered the Gauls. In like of the Welsh or Cymri, and which go back, almost manner. Sallust (Bell. Jug., c. 114) makes Cæpio, who without interruption, from the 16th to the 6th cenwas defeated by the Cimbri, to have been so by Gauls. tury of our era: a literature not less remarkable for Most of the subsequent writers hold the same lan- the originality of its forms, than for the light which guage: finally, the Cimbric buckler of Marius bore the it throws upon the early history of the Cymri. Configure of a Gaul. To this we may add, that Ceso-rix, tested at first with the greatest obstinacy by a spirit Boio-rix, &cs, names of chieftains in the Cimbric ar- of criticism alike superficial and contemptuous, the my, are to all appearance Gallic appellations.-When authenticity of these ancient records is now eswe read the details of this terrible invasion, we are tablished beyond the possibility of doubt. (Consult struck with the promptitude and facility with which Myeyrian, Archæology of Wales. - Turner, Authenthe Cimbri and Belga came to an understanding and ticity of the ancient British poems, &c.) From the arranged matters among themselves, while all the ca- national traditions detailed in these early effusions, the Jamities of the inroad appear to have fallen on central following results may be established. 1. The duality and southern Gaul. Cæsar informs us, that the Belge of the two races is recognised by the Triads: the vigorously sustained the first shock of the invaders, and Gwyddelad (Gauls) who inhabit Alben are regarded arrested the torrent on their frontiers. This may all as a stranger and hostile people. (Trioeddynys Pryhave been so; but we see them almost immediately dain, n. 41.-Archeol. of Wales, vol. 2.)-2. The after entering into an agreement with each other. The identity of the Armorican Belge with the Cymric BritBelga cede to the invaders one of their fortresses, ons is also recognised; the Armorican tribes are there Aduaticum, in which to deposite their baggage; and the designated as deriving their origin from the primitive Cimbri, on their part, leave as a guard for their bag- race of the Cymri, and holding communication with gage, which contained all their riches, a body of only them by the aid of one and the same language. (Trisix thousand men, and continue on their way; they oed., 5.)-3. The Triads make the race of the Cymri must have been well assured, then, of the fidelity of the to have come from that part of the land of Haf (the Belge. After the overthrow of the Cimbri in Italy, country of summer or of the south) called Deffrobathe garrison of Aduaticum still remain in possession of ni, and where at present is Constantinople. (These the fortress and its territory, and become a Belgic tribe. words, "and where at present is Constantinople," apWhen the Cimbri wish to attack the province of Nar-pear to be the addition of some copyist; still they are bonne, they make an alliance with the Volca Tecto- not without value, as being founded on the traditions sages, a Belgic colony, while their proposals are re- of the country.) "They arrived at the foggy sea" jected by the other Gallic tribes. These facts, and many others that might be adduced, prove, that if there were a community of origin and language between the

(the German Ocean), "and proceeded thence to Britain and the country of Lydau" (Armorica), “where they settled." (Trioedd., n. 4) The bard Taliessin