GAB FURII, a family which migrated from Medullia in Latium, and came to settle at Rome under Romulus, and was admitted among the patricians. Camil.us was of this family, and it was he who first raised it to distinction. (Plut., Vit. Camill.) FURINA, an early Latin goddess, whose name, in the time of Varro, was hardly known to a few. (Varro, L. L., 5, 3) There was a sacred grove of this goddess beyond the Tiber (in which Caius Gracchus was slain), and this, with the similitude of the name, led Cicero and others to identify Furina with the Furies. (Cic., N. D., 3, 18-Plut., Vit. C. Gracch., c. 17. -Martian, de Nupt., 2, 40.) The Furinalia were celebrated on the 25th July. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 540, seq.) by which their resemblance to hounds was expressed. | ilton, on an estate of Prince Borghese, known by the (Müller, Eumenid., p. 216, seq.) According to the name of Pantano dei Griffi. (Visconti, Monument more common mode of delineating the Furies, they Gabini, Roma, 1792.-Nibby, Viaggio Antiq., vol. 1, are represented as brandishing each a torch in one p. 235.) Gabii is said to have been one of the numerhand, and a scourge of snakes in the other.-For some ous colonies founded by Alba (Dion. Hal., 4, 53), and remarks on the term Erinnyes, consult that article. an obscure tradition represented it as the place in which Romulus and Remus were brought up. (Dion. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 196.) Hal., 1, 84-Plut, Vit. Rom.) The artful manner in which Tarquinius Superbus obtained possession of Gabii, after he had failed in the attempt by force of arms, is well known, as recorded by Livy (1, 58, seqq.-Dion. Hal., 4, 53). The treachery of Sextus Tarquinius did not remain unpunished; for, after the expulsion of his family from Rome, he fell at Gabii, a victim to his tyranny and oppression. (Liv., 1, 60.) According to the same historian, the Gauls received their final defeat from Camillus near this city (5, 49). This place suffered so much during the civil wars, that it became entirely ruined and deserted. We learn, however, from several monuments discovered in the from this state of ruin and desolation under Antoninus excavations already referred to, that Gabii was raised and Commodus, and that it became a thriving town. (Visconti, Monumenti Gabini.) In its more flourishing days, Juno seems to have been held in peculiar honour at Gabii, and the remains of her temple are The inhabisaid to be still visible on the site of that city. (Nibby, Viaggio Antiquario, vol. 1, p. 236.) tants of Gabii had a peculiar mode of folding or girding the toga, in order to give more freedom to the person when in motion. In this mode of wearing the toga, which was called the Cinctus Gabinus, or "Gabine Cincture," the lappet was thrown back over the left shoulder, and brought round under the right arm to the breast; so that it girded the individual, and made the toga shorter and closer. According to Servius (ad Virg., En, 7, 612), the inhabitants of Gabii, while engaged in sacrificing, were suddenly attacked by the enemy, whereupon, not having time to array themselves in arms, they tucked up their togas in this manner, and advanced to meet the foe. Virgil (En., 7, 612) represents the Roman consul thus arrayed when he opens the gates of the temple of Janus; and in this garb the Decii devoted themselves to death. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. 50.) FURIUS, M. Bibaculus, a Latin poet of Cremona, (Quintil., 10, 1, who wrote anals in Iambic verse. 96.) Horace ridicules him as a turgid and bombastic writer. (Sat., 2, 5, 39, seqq.) FUSCUS, ARISTIUS, a friend of Horace, as conspicuous for integrity as for learning and abilities. The poet addressed to him the 22d Ode of the First Book, and also the 10th Epistle, 1st Book. FUSIA LEX, I. passed A.U.C. 690, ordained that, in the Comitia Tributa, the different kinds of people in each tribe should vote separately, that thus the sentiments of each rank might be known.-II. Caninia, another, enacted A.U.C. 751, to check the manumission of slaves; limiting this manumission to a certain number, proportioned to the whole amount of slaves which one possessed; from two to ten, the half; from ten to thirty, the third; from thirty to a hundred, the fourth part; but not above a hundred, whatever was the number. (Heinecc., Antiq. Rom., 1, 7, 1.—Blair, on Slavery among the Romans, p. 174.) G. GABE, a city of Persia, in the province of Persis, placed by Ptolemy southeast of Pasargada, on the coincide confines of Carmania. Mannert makes with the modern Darahgherd. (Geogr., vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 530, seqq.)-II. A city of Sogdiana, southwest of Cyreschata. D'Anville supposes it to be the modern Kauos; Mannert, on the contrary, is in favour of the modern Rabas, on the river Kressel, north of Samarcand. (Geogr., vol. 4. p. 460, 489.) Gaba was one of the first places to which the exploits of Alexander gave celebrity in this country. It is the same with the Gabaza of Curtius. (Quint. Curt., 8, 4, 1.) | GABINA, the name of Juno, worshipped at Gabii. (Virg., Æn., 7, 682.-Vid. Gabii, II) GABINIA LEX, I. de Comitiis, proposed by A. Gabinius, the tribune, A.U.C. 614. It required, that, in the public assemblies for electing magistrates, the votes should be given by ballots, and not viva voce. (Cic., de Leg., 3, 16.)-II. Another, brought forward by A. Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C. 685. It granted Pompey the power of carrying on the war against the pirates during three years, and of obliging all kings, governors, and states to supply him with all the necessaries he wanted, over all the Mediterranean Sea, and in the maritime provinces as far as 400 stadia from the sea. (Cic, pro Leg. Man, 17.-Dio Cass., 36, 7.)-III. Another, de Usura, by Aul. Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C. 685. It ordained that no action should be granted for the recovery of any money borrowed upon small interest to be lent upon larger. This was a usual practice at Rome, which obtained the name of versuram facere. Compare the remarks of Heineccius, Rom. Ant., 3, 15, 14, p. 548, ed. Haubold. GABI, I. a town of the Sabines, near the Via Salaria, and not far from Cures. Its site is now called Grotte di Torri, or simply Torri. (Galetti, Gabio, antica citta di Sabina, scoperta ov'è ora Torri, ovvero le Grotte di Tor ri, Roma, 4to, 1757.)-II. An ancient city of Latium, somewhat to the northwest of Tusculum, and beyond the little river Veresis, (Strabo, 239.) which correStrabo sponds, as is thought, to the modern l'Osa. GABINIUS, I. Aulus, the author of what were termed, mentions that it was on the Via Prænestina, and about 100 stadia from Rome. Dionysius of Halicarnassus from him, the Gabinian Laws, attached himself at first gives the same distance (4, 53); and Appian places it to Sylla, and afterward to Pompey. When tribune midway between Rome and Præneste. (Bell. Civ., 5, of the commons, B.C. 69, he proposed a law giving 23.) The Itineraries reckon twelve miles from Rome Pompey almost absolute control over the coasts of to this town. These data enabled Holstenius and Fa- the Mediterranean, together with the command of the sea itself, for the purpose of suppressing the Cilician bretti to fix the position of Gabii with sufficient accuracy at a place called l'Osteria del Pantano; and this pirates. The leading men in the state endeavoured, opinion was satisfactorily confirmed by the discoveries but in vain, to prevent the passage of this law. They made here in 1792, under the direction of Gavin Ham-succeeded, however, in thwarting Gabinius' wish to island Erythea, called by the inhabitants Juno's island. GETULIA, a country of Africa, south of Numidia, and now answering in some degree to Biledulgerid, or the region of locusts. Its situation and limits are not properly ascertained, and, indeed, do not seem to have been always the same. Isidorus (c. 9) gives a curious account of the origin of the Gætuli: "Gatuli Getæ dicuntur fuisse, qui ingenti agmine a locis suis navibus conscendentes loca Syrtium in Libya occupaverunt: et, quia ex Getis venerant, derivato nomine Gatuli cognominati sunt." This statement is very properly refuted by the president Des Brosses; but he himself assigns an etymology just as uncertain, namely, from the Phoenician term Geth, "a flock," on the supposition that they were a shepherd-race. (Flor., 4, 12-Mela, 1, 4.-Plin., 5, 1.--Id., 21, 13, &c.) go as one of Pompey's lieutenants, although the latter | appellation is a Grecian one. Near it lay the sma!! expressly asked for him as such. Gabinius very probably was recompensed by Pompey in some other way, since, according to Cicero, he was so needy at the time, and so corrupt in principle, that, had this law not been passed, he would have turned pirate himself. Having obtained the consulship, B.C. 58, he took part with Clodius against Cicero, and powerfully contributed to the exile of the latter. The next year he obtained the government of Syria. Judæa, which was comprised in this province, was at that period a scene of trouble, owing to the rival claims of Hyrcanus and Aristobulus to the throne. Gabinius defeated Aristobulus in a great battle near Jerusalem, and then wrote home to the senate, and claimed a thanksgiving for his victory. This was refused him, and he was ordered to return. Disobeying the authority of the senate, he continued in command, and acted in the most arbitrary and oppressive manner. He even had the hardihood to march into Egypt, thus violating a positive law by making war beyond the boundaries of his own province. His object in passing into this country was to reinstate Ptolemy, which he successfully effected, after two victories over his rebellious subjects. The senate, highly incensed at his conduct, ordered him at last to return home and defend himself. Having obeyed this mandate, he was immediately accused of high treason. The interest of Casar and Pompey, however, obtained his acquittal. He was immediately after accused of extortion, and was less successful, notwithstanding the same powerful influence was exerted in his behalf; and even Cicero himself, yielding to the solicitations of Pompey, actually appeared as his advocate. Gabinius was condemned to perpetual banishment. After an exile of some years he was recalled by Cæsar, and remained thenceforth attached to the party of the latter. Sub-from his writings under various heads. The "Instisequently to the battle of Pharsalia, he was sent into Illyricum with some newly levied-legions, but his army was almost destroyed, in several encounters, by the barbarians, and he was compelled to shut himself up in Salona, where he died of a malady brought on by chagrin at his discomfiture. His death happened about A.U.C. 707. (Cic., pro Dom., 9.-Id., pro Leg. Man., 17.-Id., Phil., 14, 8.--Plut., Vit. Pomp. -Id., Vit. Cic., &c.)-II. A Roman general under Claudius, about A.D. 31, who gained some successes over the Germans. GABINUS Cinctus. Vid. Gabii. GAIUS (vid. remarks under Caius), one of the Roman classical jurists, whose works entitle him to a place among the great writers on law, such as Papinian, Paulus, and Ulpian. Nothing is known of the personal history of Gaius beyond the probable fact that he wrote under Antoninus Pius and Aurelius. His works were largely used in the compilation of the "Digest" or "Pandects," which contain extracts tutions" of Gaius were probably the earliest attempt to present a sketch of the Roman law in the form of an elementary text-book. This work continued in general use till the compilation of the Institutes of Justinian, which were not only mainly based on the Institutions of Gaius, but, like this earlier work, were divided into four books, with the same general distri|bution of the subject-matter as that adopted by him. The Institutions of Gaius appear to have been neglected after the promulgation of Justinian's compilation, and were finally lost. All that remained was the detached pieces collected in the Digest, and what GADES (ium), GADIS (is), and GADĪRA, a flourishing could be gathered from the "Breviarium Alaricicommercial city of Spain, at the mouth of one of the anum," as the code of the Visigoths is sometimes arms of the Bætis, now Cadiz. It was founded by called. But in 1816, Niebuhr discovered a manua Phoenician colony about 1500 B.C., according to script in the library of the chapter of Verona, which some; others, however, make its foundation coeval he ascertained to be a treatise on the Roman law, and with that of Utica, and this last to have been 287 which Savigny, founding his opinion on the specimens years before Carthage. Its name in Phoenician was published by Niebuhr, conjectured to be the InstituGaddir, and signified a hedge or limit, as it was thought tions of Gaius. This conjecture was soon fully conthat here were the western limits of the world. Thus firmed, though the MS. has no author's name on it. Pliny (4, 36) remarks, "Pani Gaddir, ita Punica lin- Göschen, Bekker, and Hollweg undertock to examgua septum significante,” and Solinus (c. 23), “ Quam ine and copy this MS., an edition of which appear. Tyru, a Rubro profecti mari, Erythream, Pani lingua ed at Berlin in 1820, by the first of these scholars. sua Gaddir, id est sepem, nominarunt."-The Greek To form some idea of the labour necessary to deci name is Túdetpa, and hence we have in Hesychius, pher this MS., and of the patient perseverance of Γάδειρα· τὰ περιφράγματα, Φοίνικες. (Compare the those who undertook this formidable task, the reader Hebrew form Gederah, which Gesenius defines a is referred to the report of Göschen to the Acadeplace surrounded with a wall, into which the shep-my of Berlin, Nov. 6th, 1817. A second examination herds drove their flocks by night, for security against of this MS. was made by Bluhme, and a new edition wild animals. Consult also Gesenius, Geschichte der Hebraischen Sprache und Schrift, p. 227.) It was situate on a small island of the same name, which was separated from the main land by a strait only one stadium wide. This island is said to have abounded at an early period with wild olive-trees, and to have been hence named Cotinusa (Kortvovga), not by the early inhabitants of the land, however, as some of the ancient writers thought, but by the Greeks; for the of the Institutions was published by Göschen, at Berlin, in 1824, which presents us with an exact copy of the MS., with all its deficiencies, and contains a most copious list of all the abbreviations used by the copyist of Gaius.-The Institutions of Gaius form one of the most valuable additions that have been made in modern times to our knowledge of the Roman law. The fourth book is particularly useful for the information which it contains on actions and the forms of proce dure. The style of Gaius, like that of all the classi- | Spain when Julius Vindex, the proconsul of Celtic cal Roman jurists, is perspicuous and yet concise. One of the most useful editions is that by Klenze and Böcking (Berlin, 1829), which contains the Institutions of Gaius and Justinian, so arranged as to present a parallelism, and to furnish a proof, if any yet were wanting, that the MS. of Verona is the genuine work of Gaius. (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 11, p. 34. - Consult Göschen, on the "Res Quotidiane" of Gaius, in the Zeitschrift für Geschichtliche Rechtwissenschaft, Berlin, 1815, and Hugo, Lehrbuch der Gesch. des Röm. Rechts.) Gaul, rose against Nero. Galba joined Vindex, and Otho, governor of Lusitania, followed his example. The assembled multitudes saluted Galba as emperor and Augustus; but he declared that he was only acting as the lieutenant of the senate and people of Rome, in order to put an end to the disgraceful tyranny of Nero. The prætorian guards soon after, having revolted against Nero, proclaimed Galba, and the senate acknowledged him as emperor. Galba hastened from Spain to Rome, where he began by calling to account those favourites of Nero who had enriched themselves GALANTHIS, a servant-maid of Alcmena, whose sa- by proscriptions and confiscations, and by the senseless gacity eased the sufferings of her mistress. When prodigality of that prince; but it was found that most Juno resolved to retard the birth of Hercules, and of them had already dissipated their ill-gotten wealth. hasten the labours of the wife of Sthenelus, she soli- Galba, or, rather, his confidants who governed him, cited the aid of Lucina, who immediately repaired to then proceeded against the purchasers of their property, the dwelling of Alcmena, and, in the form of an aged and confiscations became again the order of the day. female, sat near the door with her feet crossed and The new emperor, at the same time, exercised great fingers joined. In this posture she uttered some ma- parsimony in his administration, and endeavoured to gical words, which served to prolong the sufferings enforce a strict discipline among the soldiers, who had of Alcmena. Alcmena had already passed some days been used to the prodigality and license of the previous in the most excruciating torments, when Galanthis be- reign. Being past seventy years of age, Gaiba, on gan to suspect the jealousy of Juno; and concluded this and other accounts, soon became the object of that the female, who continued at the door always in popular dislike and ridicule, his favourites were hated, the same posture, was the instrument of the anger of and revolts against him broke out in various quarters, the goddess. Influenced by these suspicions, Galan- several of which were put down and punished severethis ran out of the house, and with a countenance ex-ly. Galba thought of strengthening himself by adoptpressive of joy, she informed the aged stranger that her mistress had just brought forth. Lucina, at these words, rose from her posture, and that instant Alcmena was safely delivered. The laugh which Galanthis raised upon this, made Lucina suspect that she had been deceived. She seized Galanthis by the hair, threw her on the ground, and transformed her into a weasel. (Ovid, Met., 9, 306, seqq.)-This whole fable is connected with a legend prevalent among the Thebans, that, when Alcmena was suffering from the pangs of parturition, a weasel (yaλ) ran by and terrified her by its sudden appearance, and that the terror thus excited eased her throes and produced a happy delivery. (Elian, V. H., 12, 5.) Hence the weasel was highly revered by the Thebans, and was called by them the nurse of Hercules. (Clem. Alex., Protr., p. 25, 6.) GALATE, the inhabitants of Galatia. (Vid. Galatia.) GALATEA and GALATHEA, a sea-nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was passionately loved by the Cyclops Polyphemus, whom she treated with disdain; while Acis, a shepherd of Sicily, enjoyed her unbounded affection. The union, however, of the two lovers was destroyed by the jealousy of Polyphemus, who crushed his rival with a fragment of rock, which he rolled on him from an overhanging height. Galatea was inconsolable for the loss of Acis, and as she could not restore him to life, she changed him into a stream. (Ovid, Met., 13, 789.—Virg., Æn., 9, 103.) GALATIA OF GALLOGRECIA, a country of Asia Minor, lying south of Paphlagonia, west of Pontus, and northeast of Phrygia. (Vid. Gallo-Græcia.) GALBA, I. Sergius, an orator anterior to Cicero. While holding the government of Spain, he treacherously murdered 30,000 Lusitanians. Having been accused for this by Cato the Censor, he was about to be condemned, when he wrought upon the feelings of the people by embracing before them his two sons, still quite young. This saved him. (Cic., Orat., 1, 53)-II. Servius Sulpitius, a celebrated Roman lawyer, father of the emperor.-III. Servius Sulpitius, born in the reign of Augustus, of a patrician family, served with distinction in Germany, was afterward proconsul, first in Africa, and subsequently in Hispania Tarraconensis, in which office he gained a reputation for justice and moderation. He was still in ing Piso Licinianus, a young patrician of considerable personal merit, as Cæsar and his successor; upon which Otho, who had expected to be the object of his choice, formed a conspiracy among the guards, who proclaimed him emperor. Galba, unable to walk, caused himself to be carried in a litter, hoping to suppress the mutiny; but, at the appearance of Otho's armed partisans, his followers left him, and even the litter-bearers threw the old man down and ran away. Some of the legionaries came up and put Galba to death after a reign of only seven months, counting from the time of Nero's death, A.D. 68. Galba was 72 years old when he was taken off. He was succeeded by Otho, but only for a short time, as Vitellius superseded him, and Vespasian soon after superseded Vitellius. (Sueton., Vit. Galb.-Tacit., Hist., 1, 4, seyq. -Dio Cass., 63, 29.-ld., 64, 1, seqq.) GALENUS, CLAUDIUS, a celebrated physician, born at Pergamus about 131 A.D. His father, an able architect and good mathematician, gave him a liberal education. His anatomical and medical studies were commenced under Satyrus, a celebrated anatomist; Stratonicus, a disciple of the Hippocratic school; and Æschrion, a follower of the Empirics. After the death of his father he travelled to Alexandrea, at that time the most famous school of medicine in the world. His studies were so zealously and successfully pursued, that he was publicly invited to return to his native country. At the age of 34 he settled himself at Rome, when his celebrity became so great from the success of his practice, and more especially from his great knowledge of anatomy, that he quickly drew upon himself the jealousy of all the Roman physicians. He became physician to the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. At the solicitation, also, of many philosophers and men of rank, he commenced a course of lectures on Anatomy; but the jealousy of his rivals quickly compelled him to discontinue them, and eventually to leave Rome entirely. Many particulars of his life may be gathered from his own writings; we are unacquainted, however, with the period of his return home, as well as that of his death. All that we can learn is merely that he was still living in the reign of Septimius Severus.— Galen was a most prolific writer. Though a portion of his works were lost by the conflagration of his dwelling, or have been destroyed by the lapse of time, still we have the following productions of his surviving and in print. 1. Eighty-two treatises, the genuineness of 66 which is now well established. 2. Eighteen of rather | Throughout, as the learned Mr. Harris has well redoubtful origin. 3. Nineteen fragments, more or less marked, he, in imitation of Aristotle, inculcates, with extensive in size. 4. Eighteen commentaries on the irresistible strength of argument, the great doctrine of works of Hippocrates. To these published works Final Causes, maintaining, in opposition to the Epimust be added thirty or forty treatises or parts of trea- cureans, that Means do not lead to Ends, but Ends to tises, which still exist in manuscript in the public li- Means. As to his Physiology, it is in general foundbraries of Europe. The number of works that are lost, ed upon careful dissection, accurate experiment, and among which were fifty that treated on medical subjects, philosophical induction; so that, in most instances is supposed to have been one hundred and sixty-eight.—where it has been departed from, subsequent experiThe instruction which Galen had received in the princi-ence has shown the correctness of its doctrines. Thus ples of the different sects of medical philosophy, had the distribution of the nerves into nerves of sensation given him an acquaintance with the various errors of and nerves of muscular motion, and the distinction beeach, and he speaks of them at all times in the lan-tween the characters of the cerebral and spinal nerves, guage of no measured contempt. The school which was although clearly pointed out by him, and acquiesced in founded by himself may justly merit the title of Eclec- by Oribasius, Theophilus, and Nemesius among his tic, for its doctrines were a mixture of the philosophy countrymen, and by Rhazes, Serapion, Avicenna, of Plato, of the physics and logic of Aristotle, and of Avenzoar, and Averrhoes among the Arabians; nay, the practical knowledge of Hippocrates. On many oc- though admitted by his modern rival Vesalius, were casions he expresses himself strongly on the superiority overlooked or denied by subsequent physiologists, unof theory to mere empiricism; but upon those matters til the doctrine was lately revived by an intelligent lecwhich do not admit of being objects of experience, such turer on anatomy in London. In the hands of several as the nature of the soul, he confesses his ignorance, English and French experimentalists, this theory has and his inability to give any plausible explanation. undergone different modifications; but I will venture 'Among the productions of Galen that are of a philo- to predict, that, when time has deprived it of the charm sophical character, may be enumerated the following: of novelty, the additions and alterations which have A treatise "On the best Doctrine" against Phavorinus; been made by modern hands upon the ancient doca dissertation "On the opinions of Hippocrates and trine, will be found to be rather blemishes than imPlato;" "a commentary on the Timæus of Plato," provements. With regard to the functions of the arand several pieces" On Dialectics." Galen has been teries and veins, Galen's views must be admitted to frequently censured for impiety; but his Demonstration be not very distinctly defined; but has the celebrated of Divine Wisdom from the structure of the human theory of Harvey removed all the difficulties, and clearbody, in his treatise "On the uses of the parts of the ed away all the obscurity, which hung over this imhuman body," is a sufficient refutation of this calum-portant department of physiology? Let the following ny. The following sketch of the professional character of this celebrated physician is given by Dr. Adams. Galen, to whom medicine, and every science allied to it, are under so great obligations, was a man skilled in all philosophy, a profound reasoner, an ardent admirer of truth, a worthy member of society, and a distinguished ornament of his profession. Though, according to his own account, unambitious of fame, he acquired a name which for fourteen centuries was above every other name in his profession, and even now stands pre-eminently illustrious. We shall give a hasty sketch of his merits in the different branches of medical science to which he directed his attention. Wisely judging that an acquaintance with the minute structure of the human body was an indispensable preparation to a knowledge of its derangements, he de-ing that he maintained; and a late French physiologist, voted himself ardently to the study of anatomy, in which his works evince that he was eminently skilled. In his Administrationes Anatomica particularly, almost every bone and process of bone, every twig of nerve, every ramification of blood vessel, every viscus, muscle, and gland, with which modern anatomists are acquainted, are described by him with a degree of minuteness which will surprise those who entertain a mean opinion of the Galenical anatomy. Vesalius, indeed, a zealot for human dissection in the days of the Emperor Charles the Fifth, strenuously attacks the accuracy of his anatomical descriptions; and as he was constantly on the lookout for mistakes, he is no doubt sometimes successful in attaining the object of his search; but, in other instances, while endeavouring to set Galen right, he only goes wrong himself. For example, he finds fault with Galen for saying that the fourth ventricle of the brain is lined by a membrane; but it is now well ascertained that here Galen was right, while his censurer was wrong. In fact, the justness of Vesalius' strictures has been too easily acquiesced in, although most of them had been previously rebutted by the learned Eustachius.-Galen's treatise De usu Partium' is replete with accurate anatomical descriptions, ingenious physiological theory, and sound theology, and in all these respects need not fear a comparison with our Paley's work on natural theology. declaration, by one of the most distinguished among the present physiologists of France, be taken as a test of the degree of precision which now prevails upon this subject: Il n'existe pas deux ouvrages de Physiologie, deux traités de Medicine, où la circulation soit decrite et considerée dans le même manière.' (Magendre, Jour. de Phys.) At all events, it is clear that Galen had the merit of establishing two important facts regarding the function of the arteries; first, that they contain blood, and not vapour or gas, as mentioned by Erasistratus; and, secondly, that it is the expansion or diastole of the artery which is the cause of the influx of the blood, and not the influx of the blood which is the cause of the expansion of the artery. The former of these facts Harvey himself does him the justice of allow Dumas, compliments him for having held the latter opinion, although it is at variance with Harvey's views respecting the circulation. In his work on the Natural Faculties he has expressed fully his sentiments upon a subject which is still far from being cleared up; but it is remarkable, that very lately a theory has been advanced, which corresponds, in a great degree, with the doctrine advocated by Galen. I allude to Dutrochet's famous theory of the Endosmose and Exosmose, which powers, if I mistake not, are but different names for the Attractive and Expulsive Faculties of Galen.-Operative Surgery is the department of his profession which is least indebted to him; and yet even here he has left some monuments of his boldness and ingenuity. He has described minutely an operation performed by him upon the chest of a young man, by which he perforated the breast-bone, and laid bare the heart, in order to give vent to a collection of matter seated in the thorax. The subject of Ulcers is handled by him very scientifically in his book De Methodo Medendi. Ít is to be remarked, that his definitions and divisions of ulcers are the same as those adopted by one of our best English writers on this subject, Mr. Benjamin Bell. His Commentaries on Hippocrates show his acquaintance with Fractures and Dislocations.-Of Hygiene, or the Art of Preserving Health, he treated at great length in a work consisting of six books. His treatise De Fac GAL ultate Alimentorum contains very important observa- the mountainous nature of the country, to maintain tions on the nature of aliments, and furnishes an ex- themselves against all invaders. Strabo enumerates position of his opinion on the subject of Dietetics. It among its inhabitants, Egyptians, Arabians, and Phœneed not fear a comparison with the work lately pub-nicians. (Strab., 760.) Lower Galilee, which conlished on Diet by Dr. Paris. I do not state this in dis- tained the tribes of Zebulon and Asher, was adjacent paragement of the latter, whom I esteem to be a very to the Sea of Tiberias or Lake of Gennesareth. Galjudicious authority, but to intimate my opinion that we ilee, according to Josephus, was very populous, conhave not advanced much in the knowledge of this tained 204 cities and towns, and paid 200 talents in branch since the time of Galen.-Of most diseases tribute. Its principal city was Cæsarea Philippi. The he has treated either fully or cursorily in some part or inhabitants of Galilæa were very industrious, and, beother of his works, but upon the whole he has given no ing bold and intrepid soldiers, they bravely resisted the comprehensive treatise upon the practice of physic. nations around them. The Jews of Judæa regarded His most complete treatises are those entitled De Cu- them with much contempt. Their language was a ratione, ad Glauconem, and the Ratio Curandi.-The corrupt and unpolished dialect of Syriac, with a mixMateria Medica and Pharmacy appear to have been the ture of other languages. It was probably this corrupt objects of his particular study, and both are handled by dialect that led to the detection of Peter as one of him in several of his works. Though his list of me- Christ's disciples. (Mark, 14, 70.) Our Saviour dicinal articles, taken from the vegetable kingdom, be was called a Galilean (Matt., 26, 69), because he was less numerous than that of Dioscorides, he has de- brought up at Nazareth, a city of Galilæa; and as his His apostles were mostly, if not all, natives of this provscribed more animal and mineral substances. treatise De Medicinis secundum locos contains a copi-ince, they also are called Galileans and "men of Galous list of pharmaceutical preparations; and that part ilee." (Acts, 1, 11.) This country was most honof it on Compositions for the Eyes might, I am con- oured by our Saviour's presence. To this part Jovinced, be consulted with advantage by the oculists of seph and Mary returned with him from Egypt; here the present day. Of all his works, none was long so he lived till he was thirty years of age, and was bapmuch studied and commented upon as the one entitled tized by John; hither he returned after his baptism Ars Medica, respecting which Kühn remarks: Est and temptation; and in this province was his place of is in Galeni libris, quem grata erga tantum virum pos-residence when he commenced his ministry. The teritas æstimavit longe maximi, quem omnes scholæ ex-population being very great, he had more opportuniplicabant, quem medici diurna nocturnaque manu ver- ties of doing good here than in any other portion; on sabant, quem legisse debebant ceu librum Galeni max- which account, probably, he made it his principal ime authenticum omnes, cujusque puncla debebant ex-abode. After his resurrection he directed his apostles plicare, speciminis causá prius, quam licentiam prax- to come to Galilee to converse with him. (Matt., cos medica exercendæ consequerentur.' Of a treatise 28, 7.-Consult, in relation to this country, the follong so celebrated, and now so little known, it is scarce-lowing parts of Scripture: Josh., 20, 7, and 21, 32.— ly safe to express an opinion, lest we should be reduced 1 Kings, 9, 11.-2 Kings, 15, 29.-1 Chron., 6, 76. to the alternative of either reproaching antiquity for want of sense, or modern times for want of discernment. At all events, however, we may venture to affirm, that, if the Doctrine of the Temperaments have GALLIA, an extensive and populous country of Euany foundation in nature, no one had ever studied them more attentively, or described them with greater precision, than Galen has done in this treatise.-In sev-rope, bounded on the west by the Atlantic, on the eral works he gives an elaborate system of the Arteri-north by the Insula Batavorum and part of the Rheal Pulses, which, as usual with his doctrines, was ta- nus or Rhine, on the east by the Rhenus and the Alps, ken up by all subsequent writers; and abridged expositions of it may be found in Philaretus, Paulus Egineta, Actuarius, Rhazes, and Avicenna. The reader may find some candid remarks upon it in Borden's Physiology, who, although an advocate for a new system, gives not an unfair statement of the system of Galen." The best edition of Galen is that of Kühn, 19 vols. 8vo, Lips., 1821-1830. GALERIUS, a Roman emperor. (Vid. Maximianus.) GALESUS, I. now Galeso, a river of Calabria, flowing into the bay of Tarentum. The poets have celebrated it for the shady groves in its neighbourhood, and the fine sheep which fed on its fertile banks, whose fleeces were said to be rendered soft by bathing in the stream. (Martial, Ep., 2, 43; 4, 28.-Virg., G., 4, 126. -Horat., Od., 2, 6, 10.)-II. A rich inhabitant of Latium, killed as he attempted to make a reconciliation between the Trojans and Rutulians, when Ascanius had killed the favourite stag of Tyrrheus, which was the prelude of all the enmities between the hostile nations. (Virg., Æn., 7, 535.) Isaiah, 9, 1.-Matt., 2, 22; 3, 13; 4, 12.-Luke, 4, 14.-John, 7, 41.-Acts, 5, 37, and 10, 37.)' GALLI, I. a warlike race of antiquity. (Vid. Gallia.)-II. A name borne by the priests of Cybele. (Vid. Cybele.) and on the south by the Pyrenees. The greatest breadth was 600 English miles, but much diminished towards each extremity, and its length was from 480 to 620 miles. It was therefore more extensive than modern France before the Revolution, though inferior to the kingdom under Napoleon, which was 650 miles long from east to west, and 560 broad from north to south. Gaul was originally divided among the three The Romans called the inhabitants of this great nations of the Belge, the Celta, and the Aquitani. country by one general name, Galli, while the Greeks styled them Celtæ. The Greeks called the country itself Galatia, Celtica (Kɛλrɩký), and Celto-Galatia; the last for distinction' sake from Galatia in Asia MiOf the three great nations of Gaul, the Celta nor. were the most extensive and indigenous, and the Belge the bravest. The Celta extended from the Sequana or Seine in the north, to the Garumna or Garonne in the south. Above the Celta lay the Belgæ, between the Seine and Lower Rhine. They were intermixed with Germanic tribes. The Aquitani lay between the GALILEA, a celebrated country of Palestine, form- Garonne and Pyrenees, and were intermingled with ing the northern division. Josephus (Bell. Jud., 3, 3) Spanish tribes. These three great divisions, however, divides it into Upper and Lower, and he states that were subsequently altered by Augustus, B.C. 27, who the limits of Galilee were, on the south, Samaris and extended Aquitania into Celtica as far as the Liger or Scythopolis to the flood of Jordan. It contained four Loire; the remainder of Celtica above the Liger was tribes, Issachar, Zebulon, Naphthali, and Asher; a called Gallia Lugdunensis, from the colony of Lug. part also of Dan, and part of Peræa, or the country dunum, Lyons; and the rest of Celtica towards the beyond Jordan. Upper Galilee was mountainous, Rhine was added to the Belga under the title of Beland was called Galilee of the Gentiles, from the hea-gica; lastly, the south of Gaul, which, from having then nations established there, who were enabled, by been the first provinces possessed by the Romans, had |