FAUNALIA, festivals at Rome in honour of Faunus. They were celebrated on the 13th of February, or the ides of the month. On this same day occurred the slaughter of the Fabii. (Ovid, Fast., 2, 193, segg.) There was another festival of the same name, which was celebrated on the nones (5th) of December. (Horat., Od., 3, 18.) were usually mixed with certain quantities of pitch, | are paúσkw and paívw, “to bring forth into the light," aromatic herbs, sea-water, &c., which must have com- "to cause to appear." (Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 1, municated to them a taste that we, at least, should p. 51, not.-Spangenberg, l. c.) consider very unpalatable. Among the ancient, and especially the Greek wines, it was no uncommon thing for an age of more than 20 years to leave nothing in the vessel but a thick and bitter mixture, arising, no doubt, from the substances with which the wine had been medicated. We have an exception, however, to this, in the wine made in Italy during the consulship of Opimius, A.U.C. 633, which was to be met with in the time of Pliny, nearly 200 years after. This may have been owing to the peculiar qualities of that vintage, since we are informed that, in consequence of the great warmth of the summer in that year, all the productions of the earth attained an extraordinary degree of perfection. Vid. Cæcubus Ager. (Henderson's History of ancient and modern Wines, p. 81, seqq.) FALISCI, a people of Etruria. (Vid. Falerii.) FANNIA LEX, de Sumptibus, enacted A.U.C. 588. It limited the expenses of one day, at festivals, to 100 asses, whence the law is called by Lucilius Centussis; on ten other days every month to 30, and on all other days to 10 asses: also, that no other fowl should be served up except one hen, and that not fattened for the purpose. (Aul. Gell., 2, 24.-Macrob., Sat., 2, 13.) FANNIUS, an inferior poct, ridiculed by Horace (Sat., 1, 4, 21). It seems the legacy-hunters of the day carried his writings and bust to the library of the Palatine Apollo, a compliment only paid to productions of merit. The satirist remarks, that this was unasked for on the part of Fannius (ultro delatis capsis et imagine); an expression of double import, since ultro may also contain a sly allusion to the absence of all mental exertion on the part of the poet. (Schol. et Heindorf, ad Horat., l. c.) FANUM VACUNE, a temple of Vacuna, in the vicinity of Horace's Sabine villa. (Hor., Ep., 1, 10, 49.) It is supposed to have stood on the summit of Rocca Giovane. FARFARIS. Vid. Fabaris. FAUNA, a goddess of the Latins. According to the old Roman legends, by which all the Italian deities were originally mortals, she was the daughter of Picus, and the sister and wife of Faunus. One account makes her to have never left her bower, or let herself be seen of men; and to have been deified for this reason, becoming identical with the Bona Dea, and no man being allowed to enter her temple. (Macrob., 1, 12.) According to another tradition, she was not only remarkable for her modesty, but also for her extensive and varied knowledge. Having, however, on one occasion, made free with the contents of a jar of wine, she was beaten to death by her husband with myrtletwigs! Repenting, however, soon after of the deed, he bestowed on her divine honours. Hence, in the celebration of her sacred rites, myrtle boughs were carefully excluded; nor was any wine allowed to be brought, under that name, into her temple; but it was called "honey," and the vessel containing it also was termed mellarium (scil. vas), i. e., "a honey-jar." (Consult Macrob., Sat., 1, 12, and Spangenberg, de Vet. Lat. Relig. Domest., p. 64, where other versions of the story are given.) Fauna is said to have given oracles from her temple after death, which circumstance, according to some, affords an etymology for the name Fatua or Fatuella, which was often borne by her (from fari, "to declare"). A different explanation, however, is given in Macrobius (Labeo, ap. Macrob., Sat., 1, 12).-There can be little doubt but that Fauna is identical not only with the Bona Dea, but with Terra, Tellus, and Ops; in other words, with the Earth personified. (Macrob., l. c.) The name appears to come from púw, pauw, connected with which FAUNI, certain deities of the country, represented as having the legs, feet, and ears of goats, and the rest of the body human. The peasants offered them a lamb or a kid with great solemnity. When the spring brought back new life to the fields, the vivid imagination of the ancient poets saw them animated by the presence of these frolic divinities, and hence, no doubt, the origin of their name, from the Greek púw or pavw ("to show forth," "to display to the view"), the Fauns being, if the expression be allowed, the rays of the genial spring-light personified. (Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 921.)—The Fauns of the Latin mythology are somewhat analogous to the Satyrs of the Greeks. There are points, however, in which the ancient artists made them differ as to appearance. The Fauns are generally represented as young and frolic of mien ; their faces are round, expressive of merriment, and not without an occasional mixture of mischief. The Satyrs, on the contrary, bear strong resemblance to different quadrupeds; their faces and figures partake of the ape, the ram, or the goat; they have sometimes goats' legs, but always either goats' or horses' tails. (Flaxman, Lectures on Sculpture, p. 152.) According to Lanzi, there is, in general, in the lower limbs of the Faun, more of the goat, in those of the Satyr more of the horse. (Vasi, p. 98, seqq. - Compare Visconti, Mus. Pio-Clement., vol. 3, p. 54, seq. Virg., G., 1, 10.-Ovid, Met., 6, 392.) FAUNUS, a rural deity of the ancient Latins, resemling the Grecian Pan, to whom he is not very dissimilar in name, and with whom he was often identified. (Ovid, Fast., 2, 424.-Id. ib., 4, 650.- Horat., Od., 1, 17, 1.) Indeed, some writers think that his worship was originally Pelasgic, and was brought by this race from Arcadia, the well-known centre of the worship of Pan. (Compare Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 3, p. 203.) Faunus was held to have the power of telling the future. (Ovid, l. c.-Virg., En., 7, 81, seq.) In later times he was mortalized, like all the other Italian gods, and was said to have been a just and brave king, greatly devoted to agriculture, the son of Picus and father of Latinus. (Virg., En., 7, 47.— Probus, Geor., 1, 10.) Like Pan, too, he was multiplied; and as there were Pans, so we also meet abundant mention of Fauns. (Vid. Fauni.) The poets gave to Faunus the same personal attributes as they did to the Fauns, making his shape half human, half that of a goat. As Fauna was nothing more than the Earth (Vid. Fauna), so Faunus appears to be the same with Tellumo. (Spangenberg, de Vet. Lat. Rel. Dom., p. 63.-Heyne, Excurs., 5, ad Æn., 7.—Ruperti, ad Juv., 8, 131.—Antias, ap. Arnob. adv. gent., 5, 1, p. 483.-Creuzer's Symbolik, vol. 3, p. 203.) FAVORĪNUS. Vid. Phavorinus. FAUSTA, I. daughter of Sylla, married Milo the friend of Cicero. She disgraced herself by a criminal affair with the historian Sallust. (Horat., Sat., 1, 2, 41.-Schol. Cruq. et Acr., ad loc.)-II. Daughter of Maximian, and wife of Constantine the Great. When her father wished her to join him in a plot for assassinating her husband, she discovered the whole affair to the latter. After exercising the most complete ascendancy over the mind of her husband, she was eventually put to death by him, on his discovering the falsity of a charge which she had made against Crispus, the son of Constantine by a previous marriage. (Amm. Mar cell, 14, 1.-Crevier, Hist. des Emp. Rom., vol. 6, p. 356.) | ceeded by Porcius Festus, and left Paul still in prison, in order to please the Jews. The latter, however, sent a deputation to Rome to accuse him of various malpractices, but he was screened from punishment by the influence of his brother Pallas with Nero, who had succeeded Claudius on the imperial throne. (Joseph., Ant. Jud., 20, 8.)-II. A native of Rome, who succeeded Dionysius the Calabrian as bishop of that city, A.D. 271, and suffered martyrdom in 275. He was suc FAUSTINA, I. Annia Galeria, daughter of Annius Verus, prefect of Rome. She married Antoninus before his adoption by Hadrian, and died in the third year of her husband's reign, 36 years of age. She was notorious for her licentiousness, and yet her husband appeared blind to her frailties, and after her death even accorded unto her divine honours. Her effigy appears on a large number of medals. (Dio Cass., 17, 30.-ceeded by Eutychianus, bishop of Luna. There is exCapitol., Vit. Anton. P., c. 3.)-II. Annia, or the Younger, daughter of the preceding, married her cousin Marcus Aurelius, and died A.D. 176, in a village of Cappadocia, at the foot of Mount Taurus, on her husband's return from Syria. She is represented by Dio Cassius and Capitolinus as even more profligate in her conduct than her mother; and yet Marcus, in his Meditations (1, 17), extols her obedience, simplicity, and affection. Her daughter Lucilla married Lucius Verus, whom Marcus Aurelius associated with him in the empire, and her son Commodus succeeded his father as emperor. (Capitol., Vit. Ant. Phil., c. 19.) Marchand (Mercure de France, 1745) and Wieland have attempted to clear this princess of the imputations against her character. (Encyclop. Use. Knowledge, vol. 10, p. 209.) FAUSTITAS, a goddess among the Romans, supposed to preside over cattle, and the productions of the seasons generally. Faustitas is frequently equivalent to the Felicitas Temporum of the Roman medals. (Horat., Od., 4, 5, 17.) FAUSTULUS, the name of the shepherd who, in the old Roman legend, found Romulus and Remus getting suckled by the she-wolf. He took both the children to his home and brought them up. (Vid. Romulus, and Roma.) tant an epistle of Felix to Maximus, bishop of Alexandrea, against Paul of Samosata.-III. A bishop of Rome, the second of the name in the list of Popes, though some call him Felix III., on account of an anti-pope who assumed the title of Felix II. in the schism against Liberius (A.D. 355-66). He succeeded Simplicius A.D. 483. Felix had a dispute, upon questions of ecclesiastical supremacy, with Acacius, bishop of Constantinople, who was supported by the emperor and most of the eastern clergy, in consequence of which a schism ensued between the Greek and Latin churches. Felix died A.D. 492, and was succeeded by Gelasius I. He was canonized by the Romish church. (Consult Moreri, Dict. Hist., vol. 2, p. 503.) FELSINA, an Etrurian city in Gallia Cisalpina, afterward called Bononia, and now Bologna, Pliny (3, 15) makes it to have been the principal seat of the Tuscans; but this must be understood to apply only, with reference to the cities founded by that nation north of the Apennines. Bononia received a Roman colony 653 A.U.C. (Liv., 37, 57.-Vell. Paterc., 1, 15.) Frequent mention of this city is made in the civil wars. (Cic., Ep. ad Fam., 11, 13.-Id. ib., 12, 5. -Appian, 4, 2.) As it had suffered considerably during this period, it was restored and aggrandized by Augustus after the battle of Actium, and continued to rank high among the great cities of Italy. (Tacit., Hist., 2, 53.-Strabo, 216.-Pomp. Mel., 2, 4.-Cra mer's Ancient Italy, vol. 1, p. 88.) FELTRIA, a town of Italy, now Feltre, in the district of Venetia. It was the capital of the small community called Feltrini. FEBRUALIA, a feast at Rome of purification and atonement, in the month of February: it continued for 12 days. The month of February, which, together with January, was added by Numa to the ten months constituting the year of Romulus, derived its name from this general expiatory festival, the people being then purified (februati) from the sins of the whole year. (Ovid, Fast., 2, 19.) Some, however, deduce the name Februarius from the old Latin word fiber, mentioned by Varro (L. L., 4, 13), and meaning the "end" or "extremity" of anything, whence comes the term fimbria, "the hem or edge of a garment." In this sense, therefore, February will have been so called from its having been the last month in the earlier Roman" De Sacerdotiis et Magistratibus Romanorum," is year. (Nork, Etymol. Handwört., vol. 1, p. 338.) FELIX, M. ANTONIUS, I. a Roman governor of Judæa, who succeeded in office Cuianus, after the latter had been exiled for malversation. (Josephus, Ant. Jud., 20, 6.) He was the brother of the freedman Pallas, the favourite of Claudius. On reaching his government, A.D. 53, Felix became enamoured of the beautiful Drusilla, daughter of Agrippa, at that time inarried to Azizus, king of Emesa; and by dint of magnificent promises, and through the intervention of a reputed sorcerer named Simon, he succeeded in detaching her from her husband, and in making her his own wife. Josephus charges this governor (Ant. Jud., 20, 8) with having caused the assassination of the highpriest Jonathas, to whom, in a great measure, he owed his place. Felix, it seems, wished to rid himself of one who was continually remonstrating with him about the oppression of his government. And yet the Roman governor proved in one instance of considerable benefit to those under his charge, by delivering them from the robbers who had previously infested their country. (Joseph.,.) It was before this Felix that St. Paul appeared at Cæsarea, on that memorable occasion when the startling subjects discussed by the apostle made the corrupt Roman tremble on his judgment-seat. (Acts, 24, 25.) Two years after, this Felix was suc FENESTELLA, a Roman historian, who lived in the time of Augustus. Pliny and Eusebius place his death in the sixth year of the reign of Tiberius, A.D. 21. Fenestella wrote an historical work entitled Annales, from which Asconius Pedianus has derived many materials in his Commentaries on Cicero's Orations. Of this work only fragments remain. Another production, sometimes attributed to him, but incorrectly. It is from the pen of Fiocchi (Floccus), a native of Florence, and was written at the commencement of the 14th century. Fenestella was seventy years old at the time of his death. (Voss., de Hist. Lat., 1, 19.Funcc. de Viril. æt. L. L., p. 2, c. 5, 8.- Madvig, de Ascon. Pedian., p. 64.) The fragments of Fenestella's Annals are given, among others, by Havercamp, in his edition of Sallust, vol. 2, p. 385. (Bähr, Gesch. Röm. Lat., vol. 1, p. 412.) FERALIA, a festival at Rome of the Dii Manes, on the 21st of February, but, according to Ovid, on the 17th. Festus derives the word from fero, on account of a repast carried to the sepulchres of relations and friends on that occasion, or from ferio, on account of the victims sacrificed. Vossius observes, that the Romans termed death fera, cruel, and that the word feralia might arise thence. (Compare, however, the remarks of Nork, Etymol., Handwöri., vol. 1, p. 341, s. v. feria) It continued for 11 days, during which time presents were carried to the graves of the deceased, marriages were forbidden, and the temples of the gods were shut. Friends and relations also kept, after the celebration, a feast of peace and love, for settling differences and quarrels among one another, if any such existed. It was universally believed that FER the manes of departed friends came and hovered over | FERENTINUM, I. a town of Etruria, southeast of FERENTUM, or, more properly, FoRENTUM, as Pliny (3, 11) writes it, a town of Apulia, about eight miles to the southeast of Venusia, and on the other side of Mount Vultur. It is now Forenza. (Horat., Od., 3, 4, 15.-Diod. Sic., 19, 65) FERETRIUS, an appellation of Jupiter among the Romans, who was so called from the feretrum, a frame supporting the spolia opima, dedicated to him by Romulus, after the defeat of the Caninenses, and the death of their king. This derivation, however, is opposed by some, who think it better to derive the term from the Latin ferire, to smite. This is the opinion of Plutarch, and he adds, that Romulus had prayed to Jupiter that he might have power to smite his adversary and kill him. (Liv., 1, 10.-Plut., Vit. Rom.) FERIE LATINÆ, the Latin Holydays. (Vid. Latium.) Mania and Mantus of the Etrurians. (Müller, Etrusk., FESCENNIA (iorum) or FESCENNIUM, a city of Etru- FESTUS, I. Sextus Pomponius (or, according to others, Pompeius), a grammarian, supposed to have lived during the latter half of the third century. He FERONIA, a goddess worshipped with great solem- made an abridgment, in alphabetical order, of the large This abridgmen nity by both the Sabines and Latins, but more espe- work of Verrius Flaccus, on the signification of Words cially the former. She is commonly ranked among ("De Verborum Significatione")." the rural divinities. Feronia had a temple at the foot has been divided by editors into 20 books, each o of Mount Soracte, and in her grove around this tem- which contains a letter. Festus has passed over ir ple great markets used to be held during the time of silence those words which Verrius had declared obso her festival. Her priests at this place used to walk lete, and he intended, it would seem, to have treater unhurt on burning coals. (Dion. Hal., 3, 32.-Strab., of them in a separate work. Sometimes he does no 226-Heyne, ad Virg., En., 7, 800.-Fabretti, In- coincide in the opinions of Verrius, and on these oc script., p. 452.) She had also a temple, grove, and casions he gives his own views of the subject matter fount near Anxur, and in this temple manumitted The abridgment of Festus is one of the most usefu slaves went through certain formalities to complete books we possess for acquiring an accurate knowledge It existed entir their freedom, such as cutting off and consecrating of the Latin tongue; it has experienced, however, ir the hair of their head, and putting on a pileus or cap. some respects, an unhappy lot. (Liv., 32, 1.-Serv. ad Virg., En., 7, 564.) Flowers down to the 8th century, when Paul Winifred con and first-fruits were the offerings to her, and the in-ceived the idea of making a small and meager extrac terpretation of her name given in Greek was Flowerbearing or Garland-loving, while some rendered it Persephone (Proserpina). Thus Dionysius of Halicarnassus remarks, iɛpóv kori... Dɛûç Þepwveías ὀνομαζομένης, ἣν οἱ μεταφράζοντες εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα γλῶσσαν οἱ μὲν ̓Ανθηφόρον, οἱ δὲ Φιλοστέφανον, οἱ dè Þeрσεpóvпν кahovσiv. (Dion. Hal., 3, 32, where for depoveías we must evidently read depovías, to suit the text in another part of Dionysius, 2, 49, as also the quantity given by the Latin poets.) Feronia was also said to have been called Juno Virgo (Serv. ad En., 7, 799); but this, according to Spangenberg, is a mere error, arising from the Sabine form of the name (Heronia) being confounded with the Greek ap(Spangenberg, de Vet. pellation for Juno (Hera). Lat. Rel. Dom., p. 48.) In the vicinity of the temple of Feronia, at Soracte, was another to the god Soanus, and the worship of these two divinities was connected, in a measure, by common ceremonies. Hence Müller compares these two divinities with the from it. This compilation henceforward sup] lanter Latinorum Veterum, vol. 2, 4to, Lips, 1832.-II. Porcius, governor of Judæa after Felix, whom the Jews solicited to condemn St. Paul or to order him up to Jerusalem. The apostle's appeal to Cæsar (the Emperor Nero) frustrated the intentions of both Festus and the Jews. (Acts, 25, 1, seqq.) FIBRENUS, a small stream of Latium, running into the Liris, and forming before its junction a small island. This island belonged to Cicero, and is the spot where the scene is laid of his dialogues with Atticus and his brother Quintus on legislation. He describes it in the opening of the book as the property and residence of his ancestors, who had lived there for many generations; he himself was born there, A.U.C. 646. The Fibrenus, in another passage of the second book, is mentioned as remarkable for the coldness of its waters. The river is now called Fiume della Posta: the island has taken the name of S. Domenico Abate. (Romanelli, vol. 3, p. 366, seqq.-Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 113.) FICULEA OF FICULNEA, a town of Latium, beyond Mount Sacer, to the north of Rome. Cicero had a villa there, and the road that led to the town was called Ficulnensis, afterward Nomentana Via. (Cic., Att., 12, 34.-Liv., 1, 38; 3, 52.) It is supposed by Nibby to have stood at Monte Gentile, about nine miles from Rome. (Delle Vie degli Antichi, p. 94.) FIRMUM, a city of Picenum, about five miles from the sea, below the river Tinna. It was called Firmum Picenum, and was so termed probably to distinguish it from some other city of the same name, now un known. (Mich. Catalani, Orig. e Antich. Fermane, pt. 2, p. 32.) It was colonized, as Velleius Paterculus informs us (1, 14), towards the beginning of the first Punic war. Ancient inscriptions give it the name of Colonia Augusta Firma. The modern town of Fermo is yet a place of some note in the Marca d'Ancona; and the Porto di Fermo answers to the Castellum Firmanorum of Pliny (3, 13.—Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 1, p. 283). FIRMUS OF FIRMIUS, one of those ephemeral Roman emperors known in history by the name of tyrants, because they were usurpers of empire under legitimate sovereigns. He was born in Seleucia in Syria, and owned extensive possessions in Egypt. Urged on by the impetuosity and love of change peculiar to the Egyptian Greeks, he seized upon Alexandrea, and assumed the title of Augustus, one of his objects being to aid the cause of Zenobia, who had already been conquered by Aurelian, but whose power was still not completely overthrown. Aurelian marched against Firmus with his usual rapidity, defeated him, took him prisoner, and inflicted on him the punishment of the cross. Firmus is described as having been of extraordinary stature and strength of body. His aspect was so forbidding that he obtained in derision the surname of Cyclops. (Vopisc., Vit. Firm.) FISCELLUS, that part of the chain of the Apennines which separates the Sabines from Picenum. (Plin., 3, 12.) Mount Fiscellus was reported by Varro to be the only spot in Italy in which wild goats were to be found. (Varro, R. R., 2, 1.) FLACCUS, I. a poet. (Vid. Valerius.)-II. Verrius, a grammarian, tutor to the two grandsons of Augustus, and author of a work entitled "De Verhorum Significatione." (Vid. Festus, I.)-III. One of the names of Horace. (Vid. Horatius.) FLAMINIA VIA, one of the Roman roads. It was constructed by C. Flaminius when censor (A.U.C. 533, B.C. 221), and was carried, in the first instance, froin Rome to Narnia; whence it branched off in two directions, to Mevania and Spoletum, uniting, however, again at Fulginia. From this place it continued its course to Nuceria, and was there divided a second time, one branch striking off through Picenum to Ancona; whence it followed the coast to Fanum Fortunæ; here it met the other branch, which passed the Apennines more to the north, and descended upon the sea by the pass of Petra Pertusa and Forum Sempronii. These two roads, thus reunited, terminated at Ariminum. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 292.) FIDENÆ, a town of the Sabines, between four and five miles from Rome. It was at first a colony of Alba (Dion. Hal., 2, 54), but fell subsequently into the hands of the Etrurians, or more probably the people of Veii. Fidenæ, according to Dionysius (2, 23), was conquered by Romulus soon after the death of Tatius; he represents it as being at that period a large and populous town. It made several attempts to emancipate itself from the Roman yoke, sometimes with the aid of the Etruscans, at others in conjunction with the Sabines. Its last revolt occurred A.U.C. 329, when the dictator Æmilius Mamercus, after having vanquished the Fidenates in the field, stormed their city, which was abandoned to the licentiousness of his soldiery. (Liv., 4, 9.) From this time we hear only of Fidena as a deserted place, with a few country-seats in its vicinity. (Strabo, 226.-Cic., de Leg. Agr., 2, 25.-Horat., Epist., 1, 2, 7.) In the reign of Tiberius a terrible disaster occurred here by the fall of a wooden amphitheatre, during a show of gladiators, by which accident 50,000 persons, as Tacitus reports (Ann., 4, 62), or 20,000, according to Suetonius (Tib., 40), were killed or wounded. From the passage of Tacitus here cited, it appears that Fidena had risen again to the rank of a municipal town. (Compare Juvenal, 10, 99.) The distance of five miles, which ancient writers reckon between Rome and Fidene, and the remains of antiquity which are yet to be seen there, fix the site of this place near Castel Giubileo. (Nibby, Viaggio Antiq., vol. 1. p. 85.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 302.) FIDIUS DIUS, a Roman deity, whose name often occurs in adjurations. The expression Me dius fidius, which is found so frequently in the Roman classics, has been variously explained. Festus makes dius fidius FLAMININUS, TITUS QUINTIUS, was made consul B.C. to be put for Aòç filius, the son of Jupiter, i. e., Her- 198, before he was thirty years of age, and had the cules; he cites, at the same time, other opinions, as province of Macedonia assigned to him, with the charge that it is the same with swearing per divi fidem or per of continuing the war against Philip, which had now diurni temporis (i. e., diei) fidem. All these etymolo- lasted for two years, without any definite success on gies, however, are decidedly erroneous. A passage in the part of the Romans. In his first campaign he drove Plautus (Asin., 1, 1, 8) furnishes a safer guide, which Philip from the banks of the Aois, and, among other is as follows: "Per dium fidium quæris; jurato mihi important movements, succeeded in detaching the video necesse esse eloqui, quidquid roges." From this Achæans from the Macedonian alliance. In the folpassage we may fairly infer, that, in the phrase under lowing year Flamininus, being confirmed by the senate consideration, dius is the same as deus or divus, and in his command as proconsul, before commencing hosfidius an adjective formed from fides. Hence dius fi-tilities afresh, held a conference with Philip on the coast dius," the god of honour," or "of good faith," will be the same as the Zeus Tiσrios of the Greeks; and, if we follow the authority of Varro, identical with the Sabine Sancus and Roman Hercules. (Varro, L. L., 4, 10.) FLAMINIUS, C. NEPOS, was consul A.U.C. 531 and 537 (B.C. 223 and 217). Having been sent this latter year against Hannibal, his impetuous character urged him to hazard the battle of the Lake Trasymenus, in which conflict he was slain, with the greater part of his army. (Liv., 22, 3.—Flor., 2, 6.-Val. Max., 1, 6.) of the Maliac Gulf, and allowed him to send ambassadors to Rome to negotiate a peace. These negotia tions, however, proving fruitless, Flamininus marched into Thessaly, where Philip had taken up a position, FLAMININUS. FLANATICUS SINUS, a gulf lying between Istria and Liburnia, in the Adriatic. It was also called Polaticus Sinus, from the town of Pola in its vicinity. The name Flanaticus was derived from the adjacent town of Flano. The modern appellation is the Gulf of Quarnaro. (Plin., 3, 19.) and totally defeated him in the battle of Cynoscepha- | ate by Cato, when censor, for having put to death a læ, in a spot broken by small hills, between Phere and Gallic prisoner to gratify a minion of his. (Plut., Vit. Larissa. The Macedonians lost 8000 killed and 5000 Flamin) prisoners. After granting peace to the Macedonian monarch on severe and humiliating terms, Flamininus was continued in his command for another year, B.C. 196, to see these conditions executed. In that year, at the meeting of the Isthmian Games, where multitudes had assembled from every part of Greece, FLANO, a town on the Illyrian side of the Sinus FlaFlamininus caused a crier to proclaim, "that the senate and people of Rome, and their commander Titus Quin-naticus, and giving name to the gulf. (Steph. Byz., 8. v.) The modern name is Fiannona. tius, having subdued Philip and the Macedonians, reFLEVUS, a canal intersecting the country of the Fristored the Corinthians, Phocians, Locrians, Euboeans, Thessalians, Achæans, &c., to their freedom and in-sii, made by Drusus. This in time expanded to such dependence, and to the enjoyment of their own laws." a degree as to form a considerable lake or lagune Bursts of acclamation followed this announcement, and whose issue to the sea was fortified by a castle bearthe crowd pressed forward to express their gratitude ing the same name. This lagune, having been, in progress of time, much increased by the sea, assumed the to Flamininus, whose conduct throughout these memorable transactions was marked by a wisdom, modera- name of Zuyder Zee, or the Southern Sea; and of tion, and liberality seldom found united in a victorious several channels which afford entrance to the ocean, Roman general. He was thus the means of protract that named Vlie indicates the genuine egress of the ing the independence of the Greek states for half a cen- Flevus. (Tacit., Ann., 2, 6; 4, 72.--Plin., 4, 15.tury longer. In the following year, B.C. 195, Flamini- Mela, 3, 2.) FLORA, the goddess of flowers. She was a very nus was intrusted with the war against Nabis, tyrant of Lacedæmon, who had treacherously seized on the city of ancient Italian deity, being one of those said to have Argos. The Roman commander marched into Laco- been worshipped by Tatius. Her festival was termed nia, and laid siege to Sparta, but he met with a brave Floralia, and was celebrated at the end of April and resistance, and at last agreed to grant peace to Nabis, beginning of May. It greatly degenerated, however, on condition that he should give up Argos and all the in the course of time, and became so offensive to other places which he had usurped, and restore their purity as not to bear the presence of virtuous characThe story of Cato the Censor in relation to lands to the descendants of the Messenians. His ters. motives for granting peace to Nabis were, he said, part- this festival, is well known. (Val. Max, 2, 10.) ly to prevent the destruction of one of the most illus- The Romans, who in general displayed very little eletrious of the Greek cities, and partly the great prepara-gance of imagination in the origins which they inventtions which Antiochus, king of Syria, was then making ed for their deities, said that Flora had been a courteon the coast of Asia. Livy suggests, as another prob- san, who, having acquired immense wealth (at Rome able reason, that Flamininus wished to terminate the in the early days of the republic !), left it to the Ro(Plut., Quast. Rom., 35. war himself, and not to give time to a new consul to man people, on condition of their always celebrating supersede him and reap the honours of the victory. her birthday with feasts. The senate confirmed the peace with Nabis, and in the-Lactant., 1, 24.) Flora being an ancient, original following year, 194 B.C., Flamininus, having settled Latin deity, was addressed by the honorific title of the affairs of Greece, prepared to return to Italy. Mater, "Mother." (Cic. in Verr., 5, 14.-Lucret., Having repaired to Corinth, where deputations from all 5, 738.--Keightley, ad Ov., Fast., 5, 183, seqq.—Id., the Grecian cities had assembled, he took a friendly Mythology, p. 540.)-II. A name assumed by a courleave of them, withdrew his garrisons from all their tesan at Rome. (Plut., Vit. Pomp.) cities, and left them to the enjoyment of their own freedom. On returning to Italy, both he and his solFLORENTIA, a town of Etruria, on the river Arnus, diers were received with great demonstrations of joy, and the senate decreed him a triumph for three days. now Florence, or, as the Italians call the name, Firenze. Before the car of Flamininus, in the celebration of this It has no pretensions to a foundation of great antiquitriumph, appeared, among the hostages, Demetrius son ty, as we find no mention made of it before the time of Philip, and Armenes son of Nabis, and in the rear of Cæsar, by whom Frontinus says it was colonized; followed the Roman prisoners, who had been sold as unless we think, with Cluverius, that the town called slaves to the Greeks by Hannibal during the second Fluentia by Florus (1, 2), and mentioned with many Punic war, and whose liberation Flamininus had ob- other distinguished cities, as having severely suffertained from the gratitude of the Grecian states. The ed in the civil wars of Sylla and Marius, might be However that may be, we find Achæans alone are said to have liberated 1200, for identified with it. whom they paid 100 talents as compensation-money distinct mention made of Florentia in the reign of Tito their masters. Altogether, there was never, per- berius; when, as Tacitus informs us, the inhabitants haps, a Roman triumph so satisfactory as this to all of that city petitioned that the waters of the Clanis, a parties, and so little offensive to the feelings of human-river which was very injurious from its perpetual inity. In the year 183 B.C., Flamininus was sent to Prusias, king of Bithynia, upon the ungracious mission of demanding the person of Hannibal, then in his old age, and a refugee at the court of Prusias. The monFLORUS, I. L. ANNEUS, a Latin historian, born, acarch was prevailed upon to violate the claims of hospitality, but the Carthaginian prevented his treachery cording to the common opinion, in Spain, but, as others by destroying himself with poison. In the year 168 maintain, in Gaul, and who wrote in the reign of TraB.C., Flamininus was made augur, in the room of C. jan. He was still living in the time of Hadrian, and Claudius deceased. (Liv., 45, 44) After this he is is perhaps the same individual to whom, according to no longer mentioned in history. (Plut., Vit. Flamin.) Spartianus, this emperor addressed some sportive ver-II. Lucius, brother of the preceding, commanded the ses. By some critics also he is regarded as the auRoman fleet during the first campaign of Quintius, and thor of the Pervigilium Veneris. A modern philoloscoured the coasts of Euboea, Corinth, and other dis-gist, Titze, has attempted to prove that the historian, tricts at that time allied or subject to the King of Florus lived in the time of Augustus, and that he is Macedonia. He was afterward expelled from the sen-identical with the Lucius Junius Florus to whom Hor FLORALIA, games in honour of Flora at Rome. (Vid. Flora.) undations, might be carried off into the Arnus. (Tac., Ann., 1, 79.-Compare Plin., 3, 5.) At a later period this city was destroyed by Totila, and rebuilt by Charlemagne. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 183.) |