coast of the Black Sea; but what he says about the | and the Danube were soon added to the empire; but, countries west of Greece, on the shores of the Medi- as the nations who inhabited the tracts north of that terranean, is a mixture of fable and truth, in which river had not given up a wandering life, they were the fabulous part prevails. It would seem that, in his enabled to elude the Roman yoke. The most image, these seas were not yet visited by his country-portant addition to the empire and to geographical men, and that he obtained his knowledge from the knowledge was the conquest of England during the Phoenicians, who had probably for some time sailed to first century after Christ, to which, in the following these regions, but who, according to the common poli- century, the south of Scotland was added. Nothing cy of trading nations, spread abroad false accounts of seems to have been added afterward. The Geogra these unknown countries, in order to deter other na-phy of Ptolemy contains a considerable number of tions from following their track, and participating in names of nations, places, and rivers in those counthe advantages of this distant commerce. It is proba- tries which were not subjected to the Romans. Probable, also, that the Phoenicians long excluded the Greeks bly they were obtained from natives and from Roman from the navigation of the Mediterranean; for when traders, who had ventured to penetrate beyond the the latter began to form settlements beyond their na- boundaries of the empire. But these brief notices tive country, they first occupied the shores of the Ege- are very vague, and in most cases it is very difficult to n, and afterward those of the Black Sea. As the determine what places and persons are indicated. European shores of this last-mentioned sea are not (Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 10, p. 79.)-II. A daughter well adapted for agriculture, except a comparatively of Agenor (called by some Phoenix) king of Phoenicia. small tract of the peninsula of Crimea, their early set- Jupiter, becoming enamoured of her, according to the tlements were mostly on the Asiatic coasts, and, con- old legend, changed himself into a beautiful white sequently, little addition was made by these colonies bull, and approached her, "breathing saffron from his to the geographical knowledge of Europe. But the mouth," as she was gathering flowers with her comnavigation of the Phoenicians was checked in the mid-panions in a mead near the seashore. Europa, dedle of the sixth century before Christ, apparently by lighted with the tameness and beauty of the animal, their being subjugated by the Persians. About this caressed him, crowned him with flowers, and at length time, also, the Greeks began to form settlements in ventured to mount on his back. The disguised god the southern parts of Italy and on the island of Sicily, immediately made off with his lovely burden, plunged and to navigate the Mediterranean Sea to its full ex- into the sea, and swam with Europa to the Island of tent. Accordingly, we find that, in the time of Herodo- Crete, landing not far from Gortyna. Here he retus (450 B.C.), not only the countries on each side of sumed his own form, and beneath a plane-tree caressthe Mediterranean, and the northern shores of the Blacked the trembling maid. The offspring of their union Sea, were pretty well known to the Greeks, but that, following the track of the Phoenicians, they ventured to pass the Columns of Hercules, and to sail as far as the Cassiterides, or Tin Islands, by which name the Scilly Isles and a part of Cornwall must be understood. It is even reported, that some of their navigators sailed through the English Channel and entered the North Sea, and perhaps even the Baltic. It must be observed, however, that Herodotus professes himself totally unacquainted with the islands called Cassiterides (3, 115), and Strabo (p. 104, &c.) expresses a very unfavourable opinion of the alleged northern voyages of Pytheas. Thus a considerable part of the coasts of Europe was discovered, while the interior remained almost unknown. When the Romans began their conquests, this deficiency was partly filled up. The conquest of Italy was followed by that of Spain and the southern parts of Gaul, and, not long afterward, Sicily, Greece, and Macedonia were added. Cæsar conquered Gaul and the countries west of the Rhine, together with the districts lying between the different arms by which that river enters the sea. His two expeditions into Britain made known also, in some measure, the nature of that island and the character of its inhabitants. Thus, in the course of little more than two hundred years, the interior of all those countries was discovered, the shores of which had been previously known. In the mean time, nothing was added to the knowledge of the coasts, the Greeks having lost their spirit of discovery by sea along with their liberty, and the Romans not being inclined to naval enterprise. After the establishment of imperial power at Rome, the conquests of the Romans went on at a much slower rate, and the boundaries of the empire soon became stationary. This circumstance must be chiefly attributed to the nature of the countries which were contiguous to those boundaries. The regions north of the Danube are mostly plains, and at that time were only inhabited by wandering nations, who could not be subjected to a regular government. Such, at least, are the countries extending between the Carpathian mountains and the Black Sea, and therefore the conquest of Dacia by Trajan was of short continuance and speedily abandoned. The countries between the Alps were Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Sarpedon. Asterius, king of Crete, espoused Europa subsequently, and reared her sons. (Apollod., 3, 1.-Hes., et Bacchyl., ap. Schol. ad Il., 12, 292.-Mosch., Id., 2.--Ovid, Met., 2, 833, seqq.-Id., Fast., 5, 605-Keightley's Mythology, p. 455.) The fable of Europa is made by the mythological expounders of the old school to rest on an historical basis. In this they are decidedly wrong. Instead of perceiving that this and other legends of mythology bear only an analogy to the truth, that they are false when understood literally, but frequently true when interpreted metaphorically, they have taken them as narratives of real facts, embellished by credulity or a poetical imagination, and, having struck out the wonders, they took the caput mortuum which remained for real history. Thus, in the present instance, the foundation of the story of Europa is said to have been, that a commander of a Cretan vessel, either himself named Taurus, or whose vessel bore that title, carried off the Phoenician princess Europa, daughter of Agenor, from the city of Tyre: others again make her to have been borne away by some Cretan merchants, whose ship had the emblem of a white bull, and who intended her as a prize for their king Asterius, who had assumed the name of Jupiter! (Consult Banier's Mythology, vol. 3, p. 400, seqq.) The truth is, however, that Europa was nothing more than the lunar divinity or the moon. In order to make this more apparent, let us review the whole ground of this singular fable. We find the legend of Jupiter and Europa known already to Homer (Il., 14, 321) and Hesiod. (Schol. ad Il., 12, 397.) The old genealogical poet Asius (Pausan., 7, 4), and the Logographers Pherecydes (ed. Sturz, p. 111) and Hellanicus (p. 65), found already, in their time, a rich fund of materials in this fabulous legend. What Apoilodorus, in particular, gives (3, 1), appears to have been taken from these writers. Antimachus and Anticlides are named as having written on this same subject (Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod., 2, 178), but more espe cially Eumclus (Schol. ad. Il., 6, 130) and Stesicho rus. (Schol. ad Eurip., Phan., v. 674.-Compare Fragm. Stesich., ed. Suchfort, p. 13.) Amid such a number of writers, it is no wonder if the topic proved the Memoirs of the Berlin Academy for 1818, p. 219, seqq.) In Euripides (Iph. in Taur., v. 627), the epithet evрwлóc occurs in the sense of "dark," and with this the explanation of Hesychius coincides: Evpúrn, xúpa tŋc đVOEWS, ǹ OKOTEIVÝ. The name Europe, then, will have been given by the Asiatics to the country which lay west of them, towards the evening (Ereb) sun, or the quarter of darkness. At what period this appellation was extended to the whole continent cannot now be ascertained (Ukert's Geogr., vol. 2, p. 210); as, however, Pherecydes already divided the earth into two hemispheres (Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod., 4, 1396), placing Europe in the north, and Asia, including Africa, in the south, we may suppose this arrangement to have been generally received about the time of the Logographers. Now it is manifest, from what has just been stated, that the original mythus of Europa had no symbolical reference whatever to the continent of that name. Before, however, proceeding farther in the examination of this fable, it becomes important to consider the lineage assigned to the female in question. Homer (Il., 14, 321) names her as the daughter of Phoenix; so also Hesiod, Bacchylides sufficiently attractive to occupy the attention of many | thische Verbindung von Griechenland mit Asien,” in of the later Greek and Roman authors. Hence we find it reappearing, after some lapse of time, in Moschus (Idyll., 2), Lucian (Dial. Mar.-Opp., vol. 2, p. 125, ed. Bip.), and Achilles Tatius (de Am. Clit. et Leuc., 1, 1.-Compare also Anacreon, Od., 35.— Horat., Od., 3, 27.-Ovid, Met., 2, 833.-Id., Fast., 5, 605.-Germanici Arat. Phan, 533.)--The ancient writers themselves attempt an explanation of the fable, with which the mythological expounders of later days are in full accordance, as we have already observed. Thus Palaphatus (p. 72, ed. Fisch.) makes the individual who carried off Europa to have been called Taurus (compare Tzetzes, ad Lycophr., v. 1299, and Meursius, p. 250), and Julius Pollux says (Onomast., 1, 83) the ship in which she was carried away had a bull for its rapúonμov. If there be any ancient fable which requires, in its explanation, a careful separating of the earlier and original portions from what is of later addition, it is this of Europa. If we follow the narrative of Apollodorus, we will find the legend dividing itself into two distinct parts; the carrying off of Europa, and the search made for her by Cadmus, Cilix, &c. These two portions, however, are not necessarily connected with each other, as evidently ap-(Schol. Didymi, ed. Ald., 1521, p. 215), Asius (Paupears from the former of the two having alone been san., 7, 4), and Moschus (Idyll., 2, 40). With the handled by many writers.-What, now, were the ideas Logographers a discrepance presents itself. Some reentertained by the earlier mythologists on the subject gard her as a daughter of Agenor, others still as the of this fable? Homer, in the well-known passage (Il., offspring of Phoenix (Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod., 3, 1186): 14, 315) where he speaks of the reunion of Jupiter that the former of these two accounts, however, is the and Juno on Mount Ida, merely mentions the daugh- more commonly-received one, appears in the extracts ter of Phoenix as having been one of the objects of from the Logographers as made by Apollodorus (3, 1). Jupiter's love. This, most probably, was the earliest In the original mythus, therefore, Europa is the daughform of the legend; at least the bearing away of Eu-ter of Phoenix, in the later and altered legend she is ropa by that deity appears to have been a later addition. the child of Agenor. Phoenix now, according to the According to Acusilaus (ap. Apollod., 2, 5, 7), it was a custom observed in similar fables, of naming a land real bull that brought Europa to Crete; and, according after its first monarch, becomes the king of Phoenicia, to another authority, the animal was selected by Nep- and hence the leading idea involved in the legend, tune for this purpose, and was sent to Sidon by Jupiter, that Europa came from Phoenicia. Let us now turn for the purpose of carrying off the maiden (Nigidius, our attention more immediately to the being and perap. Schol. ad Germ. Arat. Phan., ed. Buhle, 2, p. son of Europa. The first passage that arrests our no55), for which service he was afterward placed among tice is one occurring in the treatise on the "Syrian the stars. (Eurip., Phryx. ap. Eratosth, cat. 14. Goddess," ascribed to Lucian (Opp., ed. Bip., vol. Theognis, Schol. ad Arat., p. 48, ed. Buhle.-Hygin., 9, p. 87.) "There is in Phoenicia," says the writer, Poet. Astr., 21.) It is easy to perceive, that this "another large temple also, which is in the possession mythus loses all its meaning the moment this bull be- of the Sidonians, and which, as they say, is the tem comes the transformed Jupiter. (Compare Gruber's ple of Astarte. Astarte I suppose to be the same with Lexicon, 2, p. 9.) We find, it is true, that even as the moon. As, however, one of the priests told me, early a writer as Hesiod is acquainted with the meta- it was the temple of Europa, the sister of Cadmus. morphosis of Jupiter into a bull (Schol. ad Hom., Il., This daughter of King Agenor was honoured with a 12, 397, ed. Ald., 1521, p. 215), but this only shows temple after her disappearance; and they have a saat how early a period the addition to which we allude cred tradition (λóyov iɛpóv) respecting her, that, being was made to the original fable. The germe of that fa- very beautiful, she was beloved by Jupiter, who chanble, however, still remained, and was, in effect, simply ged himself into a bull and carried her away into Crete. this, Jove indulged his passion with Europa in Crete. I heard this also from other Phoenicians; and, moreover, The elucidation of the mythus mainly depends upon the Sidonian money has represented on it Europa sitthe clearing up of another question: what means the ting upon the back of a bull, that is, of Jupiter. They term Europa primitively, a land or a person? The do not all agree, however, in making the temple to be former of these interpretations can in no way whatever that of Europa." In the case of so early a worship as be the true one. Homer and Hesiod, to whom Eu- that connected with the Sidonian temple, it is no won ropa is known as the daughter of Phoenix, have no ac- der if the accounts of later days exhibit some discrepquaintance with Asia and Europe as parts of the world. ances. According to the more common statement, The Asian meadow or field ("Aotos λev) in Homer the temple was that of Astarte, whom the writer just (Iliad, 2, 461), is merely a small tract of land in quoted makes identical with the moon. Creuzer has the vicinity of the Cayster. The name of Asia only shown with great ability (Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 65), that began to be more extensively applied as the interior of the greater part of the Syro-Phoenician goddesses conLower Asia began to be better known to the Greeks. veyed the idea of the humid, receiving, fruit-yielding (Compare Hermann, ad Hymn. in Apoll., 250.) Eu- Earth, and the impregnated and in turn impregnating rope, as a land, is entirely unknown to Homer: the Moon. This last idea shows itself very clearly in the first traces of the name are found in the Hymn to attributes of the Phoenician Astarte. Not only is she Apollo (v. 250, seqq., and 290, seqq.), where it is used regarded by Lucian and others (Selden, de Dus Syr., in opposition to the Peloponnesus and the islands, and p. 244) as identical with Selene, but she is even seems to indicate the remaining portion of what was styled, on that account, the Queen of Heaven (Jerem., subsequently called Hellas. It is more than probable 7, 17); and the etymology given by Herodian, though that the appellation itself originated in Lower Asia. of no value in itself, yet is of importance to the presCompare the remarks of Buttmann, " Ueber die my-ent discussion as showing the union of idea with re the destroying attribute, that Diana is called TAYPO- situated on the river Rhodias (perhaps Ludias), of which Strabo also speaks. (Strabo, 327.) spect to Selene and Astarte. (oivikes dè 'Aorpoúpτην ὀνομάζουσι, σελήνην εἶναι θέλοντες. Herodian, 5, 6, 10.) This goddess had the principal seat of her worship in Sidon. (2 Kings, 23, 13.) As lunar goddess, Astarte had, among her other symbols, some of the attributes of the bull; she wore, says Sanchoniathon (ap. Euseb., Præp. Evang., 1, 10), the hide of a bull as an ornament for the head when she wandered over the earth. In all the physico-religious systems of Lower Asia there existed a great uniformity in the leading principles (Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 11, seqq.), and throughout a large portion of this country the worship of the moon was firmly established. Without stopping to discover any traces of this in the EUROPUS, a town of Macedonia, situate, according to Phrygian rites, or in those of the goddess of Comana, Pliny (4, 10), on the river Axius, and in the district it will be sufficient to refer to Artemis Tauropolos, who of Emathia. Ptolemy does not ascribe it to this diswould seem, in many respects, to have been the same trict, however, but to one which he calls Matia (p. 84). with the Phoenician Astarte. (Compare Creuzer, Sym-But, according to Pliny, there was another Europus, bolik, vol. 4, p. 199.-Millin, Galerie Myth., vol. 1, pl. 34, Nr. 121.) It is curious to observe, moreover, that Artemis Tauropolos was worshipped on the shores EUROTAS, I. a river of Laconia, and the largest in of the Persian Gulf, the primitive seat of the Phoenician the Peloponnesus. It rises in Arcadia, near Asea, a race. (Eustath. ad Dionys. Perieg., 609.-Com- little to the southwest of Tegea, and, after running a pare Dupuis, Memoires de l'instit. nat., an. XII., short distance, disappears under ground. On the opLitt. et b. arts, vol. 5, p. 11.) Nor should we omit posite side of the mountains which separate Arcadia to notice, that, from the researches of Creuzer, the from Laconia, it reappears in the latter country, in worship of Diana Luna would appear to have extended the district of Belmina. It then traverses that provnot only along the Persian Gulf, but also in various parts ince, and passes by Sparta to Helos, near which town of middle Asia; and that the symbolical mode of rep- it empties into the sea. (Strabo, 342.-Dionys. Peresenting this goddess was a female figure riding on a rieg., v. 411.) The Eurotas flowed to the east of bull, with a crescent-shaped veil over her head. Such Sparta, as we are informed by Polybius; its stream is the way in which she appears on a medal of the Isl- was full and rapid, and could seldom be forded. Euand Icaria (Harduin, de Num. Antiq., p. 217), where rotas, the third king after Lelex, enlarged and reguthis worship also prevailed. (Strab., 638.) It is ex-lated its bed, drew a canal from it, drained the neightremely probable, that some early statue of Diana Luna, represented in precisely the same posture as the figure on the Icarian medal, gave rise to the mythus of the carrying away of Europa by a bull; and thus Europa belongs, as an imaginary personage, to the cycle of the lunar worship. To place this in a still clearer light, let us turn our attention to the testimony afforded by ancient works of art. Achilles Tatius (p. 10.-Compare Plin., 36, 10) saw, in the Sidonian temple of Astarte, among the sacred offerings, a painting which had for its subject the carrying off of Europa. The description of this differs only in some collateral points from that of a painting preserved to us in the tomb of the Nasonii, of which Belloir makes mention. (Pictura Antiquæ sepulchri Nasoniorum in via Flaminia. -Græv., Thes. Ant. Rom., vol. 12, p. 1059.) The scene is laid on the shore near Sidon: the bull hastens with his lovely burden over the waves, and the playmates of Europa stand lost in astonishment and grief. The bearing away of Europa is the subject also of many sculptured stones that have come down to us. (Consult Montfaucon, Ant. Expl., vol. 1, pl. 19, Nr. 4.-Gori, Museum. Florent., vol. 1, tab. 56, Nr. 9.Augustini Gemma, ed. Gron., tab. 185.-Gemme Antiche, p. 2, tab. 27.—Winckelmann, Catal. de Stosch., p. 57.-Thesaurus Brandenb., p. 195.)-Even the name Europa itself has reference to this female's identity with the moon. It is derived, most probably, from εúpúwų, “broad-visaged,” and alludes to the appearance of the moon when at its full. Her mother's name, moreover, is Tλɛpúσoa, "she that enlightens from afar." In Crete she subsequently marries 'Acrépioç, "the Starry," and gives birth to Minos, which connects her name with that of Pasiphaë (Пaoipún), "she that enlightens all."-The conclusion, then, to which we would come, is this, that the legend of Europa relates to the introduction of the lunar worship, by Phoenician colonists, into Crete. (Höck's Kreta, vol. 1, p. 83, seqq.)-The identity of Europa and the Moon is also recognised by Knight. (Inquiry into the Symb. Lang, &c.-Class. Journ., vol. 25, p. 247.) His words are as follows: "It is in the character of bouring country, and, from feelings of gratitude on the part of his subjects, had his name given to the stream. (Pausan., 3, 1.) The modern name is Basilipotamo (pronounced Vasilipotamo), and signifying the royal river, in allusion to certain petty princes, dependant upon the eastern emperors, who possessed a small kingdom in this quarter during the middle ages. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 8, p. 595.) Dodwell, however, states that the most common appellation for the Eurotas at the present day is Iri. (Class. Tour, vol. 2, p. 409.)-II. A river of Thessaly, called also Titaresius, rising in Mount Titarus, a branch of Olympus, and falling into the Peneus, a little above the vale of Tempe. Its modern name is the Saranta Poros. Its having been called Eurotas as well as Titaresius is stated by various authorities. (Compare Strabo, Epit. 7, p. 329, and the author of the Sibylline verses, 3, p. 227.) Although, however, the Titaresius fell into the Peneus, the waters of the two rivers did not mingle; as those of the Peneus were clear and limpid, while those of the Titaresius were impregnated with a thick unctuous substance, which floated like oil on the surface. Hence the fabulous account of its being a branch of the infernal Styx. (Strabo, 441.-Hom., Il., 2, 751.- Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 369.) EURUS, a wind blowing from the southeast. It was sometimes called by the Latin writers Vulturnus. (Senec., Quest. Nat., 5, 16.) Those, however, who recognised only four winds, made Eurus the East wind, and attempted to confirm this opinion by a fictitious derivation of the name, making Eupos indicate άnò Tūs čw péwv, “blowing from the east," i. e., the point of the heavens where Aurora first appears. EURYALUS, a Trojan, son of Opheltius, and one of the followers of Æneas. Virgil has immortalized the inseparable friendship between him and Nisus. (Vid. Nisus.) EURYBATES, I. a herald of Agamemnon, in the Trojan war, who, with Talthybius, took Briseïs away from Achilles, under the orders of that monarch. (Hom., Il., 1, 320.)-II. A herald of Ulysses. (Hom., Il., 2, 184.) EURYBIADES, a Spartan, commander of the com- | mon, B. C. 470, in both a naval and land fight. bined Grecian fleet at the battles of Artemisium and Salamis. He was appointed to this office, although Sparta sent only ten ships, by the desire of the allies, who refused to obey an Athenian. (Herod., 8, 3.Bähr, ad loc.) An allusion to the famous scene between Eurybiades and Themistocles will be found under the latter article. (Vid. Themistocles.) The Persian ships were drawn up at the mouth of the river, to the number of 350, or, as some affirm, 600; but, on the first attack, they fled to the shore and were stranded. Cimon then landed his forces, and, after a severe engagement, routed the enemy, and took their camp and baggage. (Plut., Vit. Cim.—-Thucyd., 1, 100.) This signal victory annihilated the Persian navy. The Eurymedon is now the Capri-sou, and appears to have undergone considerable changes since ancient times, for the bar at the mouth is now so shallow as to be impassable to boats that draw more than one foot of water. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 281.) EURYPHON, a Cnidian physician, a contemporary of Hippocrates, but probably older in years, since he is deemed the author of the Cnidian aphorisms which are quoted by Hippocrates. (Galen, Comment. in Hipp. de victu acut., p. 43.) EURYSTHENES, a son of Aristodemus, who reigned conjointly with his twin-brother Procles at Sparta. It was not known which of the two was born first; the mother, who wished to see both her sons raised on the throne, refused to declare it; and they were both appointed kings of Sparta by order of the oracle of Delphi, B.C. 1102. After the death of the two brothers, the Lacedæmonians, who knew not to what family the right of seniority and succession belonged, permitted two kings to sit on the throne, one of each family. The descendants of Eurysthenes were called Eurysthenida, and those of Procles, Proclide. It was inconsistent with the laws of Sparta for two kings of the same family to ascend the throne together, yet that law was sometimes violated by oppression and tyranny. Eurysthenes had a son called Agis, who succeeded him. His descendants were called Agida. There sat on the throne of Sparta 31 kings of the family of Eurysthenes, and only 24 of the Proclide. The former were the more illustrious. (Herodot., 4, 147; 6, 52.— Pausan, 3, 1.-C. Nep., Vit. Ages.) EURYDICE, I. the wife of Amyntas, king of Macedonia. She had, by her husband Alexander, Perdiccas and Philip, and one daughter called Euryone, who was married to Ptolemy Alorites. A criminal partiality for her daughter's husband, to whom she offered her hand and the kingdom, made her conspire against Amyntas, who must have fallen a victim to her infidelity, had not Euryone discovered it. Amyntas forgave her. Alexander ascended the throne after his father's death, and perished by the ambition of his mother. Perdiccas, who succeeded him, shared his EURYPON, a king of Sparta, son of Sous. Accordfate; but Philip, who was the next in succession, se-ing to Pausanias (3, 7), his reign was so glorious a one, cured himself against all attempts from his mother, that his descendants were called from him Eurypontiand ascended the throne with peace and universal da, although the family belonged to the Proclida. satisfaction. Eurydice fled to Iphicrates, the Athe-Plutarch, however (Vit. Lycurg., c. 2), says that the nian general, for protection. The manner of her death change of name was owing to Eurypon's having relaxis unknown. (C. Nep., Vit. Iphicl., 3.)-II. A daugh-ed the strictness of kingly government, and inclined to ter of Antipater, and the wife of Ptolemy I. of Egypt, the interests of the people. (Consult Valckenaer, ad by whom she had several children. After the death Theocrit. Adoniaz., p. 271.) of Alexander the Great, she proceeded to Alexandrea for the purpose of rejoining her husband, and she brought with her Berenice, her niece, who proved the source of all her misfortunes. For Berenice inspired Ptolemy with so strong a passion, that he took her as his second wife, and allowed himself to be controlled entirely by her influence. Eurydice and her children retired to the court of Seleucus, king of Syria. One of her daughters subsequently married Agathocles, son of Lysimachus; and another, Demetrius Poliorcetes. Ptolemy Ceraunus, the eldest of her sons, seized upon the kingdom of Macedonia. Eurydice followed him to that country, and contributed to conciliate towards him the minds of the Macedonians, through the respect which they entertained for the memory of her father Antipater. Ptolemy Ceraunus having been slain, B.C. 280, in a battle against the Gauls, Macedonia was delivered up to the ravages of these barbarians, and Eurydice fled for protection to the city of Cassandrea. In order to attach the inhabitants more strongly to her interests, she gave them their freedom; and they, through gratitude, established a festival called after her Eurydicea. The rest of her history is not known. EURYSTHEUS, a king of Argos and Mycenæ, son of -III. Å daughter of Amyntas and Cynane. Her pre- Sthenelus and Nicippe the daughter of Pelops. Juno vious name was Adea, afterward changed to Eurydice. hastened his birth by two months, that he might come (Arrian, ap. Phot., cod., 92-vol. 1, p. 70, ed. Bekker.) into the world before Hercules, the son of Alcmena, She married Aridæus, the half-brother of Alexander, as the younger of the two was doomed by order of Juand for some time, through the aid of Cassander, de-piter to be subservient to the will of the other. (Vid. fended Macedonia against Polysperchon and Olympias. Having been forsaken, at length, by her own troops, she fell into the hands of Olympias, together with her husband. Both were put to death by that queen. (Justin, 14, 5.)-IV. Wife of Orpheus. As she fled before Aristaus she was bitten by a serpent in the grass, and died of the wound. Her disconsolate husband determined to descend to the lower world, to endeavour to procure her restoration to life. Pluto and Proserpina listened to his prayer; and Eurydice was allowed to return, on the express condition that Orpheus should not look back upon her till they were arrived in the regions of day. Fearing that she might not be following him, the anxious husband looked back, and thereby lost her. (Vid. Orpheus) EURYSTHENIDÆ. Vid. Eurysthenes. Alcmena.) The right thus obtained was cruelly exercised by Eurystheus, and led to the performance of the twelve celebrated labours of Hercules. The success of the hero in achieving these so alarmed Eurystheus, that he furnished himself with a brazen vessel, where he might secure himself a safe retreat in case of danger. Apollodorus says that it was a vessel of brass (πítlоv xahкovv, Apollod., 2, 5, 1), which he constructed secretly under ground. It appears, in fact, to have been a subterraneous chamber, covered within with plates of brass. The remains of the treasury of Atreus at Mycena indicate a building of a similar description, the nails which probably served to fasten plates of this metal to the walls still appearing. These nails consist of 88 parts of copper and 12 of tin. A similar exEURYMEDON, a river of Pamphylia, in Asia Minor, planation may be given of the brazen temple of Minerrising in the chain of Mount Taurus, and, after passing va at Sparta. Vid. Chalcicus. (Gell's Itinerary, the city of Aspendus, falling into the Mediterranean p. 33.) After Hercules had been translated to the below that place. (Scylax, p. 40-Mela, 1, 14.- skies, Eurystheus persecuted his children, and threat Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 2, p. 124.) Near it the ened with war Ceyx, king of Trachis, at whose court Persians were defeated by the Athenians under Ci-they had taken shelter. They thereupon fled to Ath EUS ens, and received protection from the inhabitants, who refused to deliver them up to Eurystheus. A war ensued, in which Eurystheus and his five sons were slain, the former by the hand of Hyllus, son of Hercules. The head of the monarch was sent to Alcmena, who dug out the eyes with a weaving-shuttle. (Apollod., 2, 8, 1, where for Kepkiσ we are to read kepkidt.) Other accounts of his end, however, are given by other writers. (Eurip, Heraclid., 928, seqq. - Compare Isocr., Paneg., 15.) EURYTIS (idos), a patronymic of Iole, daughter of Eurytus. (Ovid, Met., 9, 395.) EURYTUS, a monarch of Echalia, who taught Hercules the use of the bow. (Apollod., 2, 4, 9.-Heyne, ad loc.) He offered his daughter Iole to him who should surpass himself and his sons in archery. Hercules conquered, but Eurytus refused to give his daughter to the hero, who therefore put him and his sons to death, and led away Iole captive. (Apollod., 2, 6, 1.-Id., 2, 7, 7.) thors, whether philosophers, historians, or divines, of EUSEBIUS PAMPHILI, I. one of the most distinguished among the earlier Christian writers, and the friend of Constantine, was born in Palestine, probably at Cæsarea, about 264 A.D. He pursued his studies at Anti-sisted of synchronistic tables, giving, by periods of ten och, and is believed to have received holy orders from Agapius, bishop of Cæsarea. After having been ordained presbyter, he set up a school in his native city, and formed an intimate acquaintance with Pamphilus, bishop of Cæsarea, who suffered martyrdom under Galerius, A.D. 309, and in memory of whose friendship he added to his name the term Pamphili, i. e., “(the friend) of Pamphilus." After the martyrdom of his friend he removed to Tyre, and thence to Egypt, where he himself was imprisoned. On his return from Egypt, he succeeded Agapius in the see of Cæsarea, A.D. 315. In common with many other bishops of Palestine, he at first espoused the cause of Arius; but at the council of Nice, in 325, where the Emperor Constantine assigned to Eusebius the office of opening the session of the assembly, the opinions of the heresiarch were condemned. He is said, however, to have raised some objections to the words "consubstantial with the Father," as applied to the Son in the Nicene creed. His intimacy with his namesake Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia, who openly espoused the cause of Arius, led him also to favour the same, and to use his influence with the emperor for the purpose of reinstating Arius in the church, in defiance of the opposition of Athanasius. The party to which he attached himself were called Eusebians, from their leader Eusebius of Nicomedia, and they seem to have acted in a great degree through hostility towards Athanasius and his supporters, as they did not, as yet, openly advocate the objectionable tenets of Arius, who had himself apparently submitted to the decrees of the council of Nice. Eusebius afterward, in 330, assisted at the council of Antioch, where the Arians triumphed, and he was present at the council of Tyre in 335, and joined those bishops who censured the proceedings of Athanasius, the great champion of orthodoxy. Eusebius was deputed by this council to defend before Constantine the judgment which they had passed against Athanasius; and he appears to have used his influence with the emperor to have Athanasius banished. The part which he took in this unfortunate controversy caused him to be stigmatized as an Arian, though it appears that he fully admitted the divinity of Christ; and all that his accusers can prove is, that he believed there was a certain subordination among the persons of the Trinity. He was much in favour with Constantine, with whom he maintained an epistolary correspondence, many specimens of which he has inserted in his life of that prince. He died soon after his imperial patron, in 339 or 340. Eusebius was one of the most learned men of his time. "It appears from his works," says Tillemont, "that he had read all sorts of Greek au |