in connexion with various other parts of early Grecian history, the remarkable fact of the introduction of the Budda-worship into Greece along with the germes of civilization. The analogy between the root of the name Budúvn (Bōd), and that of the Hindu Budda (Bud), is sufficiently obvious. Ritter's work, however (Vorhalle Europäischer Völkergeschichten vor Herodotus, um den Kaukasus und an den Gestaden des Pontus, Berlin, 1820, 8vo), ought to be carefully perused in order to do justice to his learned and elaborate arguments. His object is to show, that the stream of civ rope from the remote India, by pursuing a route through the vast regions of Scythia, and coming down into Europe by the shores of the Euxine. DODONAEUS, a surname of Jupiter from Dodona. (Consult Homer, Il., 16, 233.—Zɛv ŭva, Awdwvałe, ПIɛλaoyiké.-And compare remarks under the article Dodona.) DODONIDES, the priestesses who gave oracles in the temple of Jupiter in Dodona. (Vid. Dodona.) DOLABELLA, P. Cornelius, a Roman who married Tullia, the daughter of Cicero. His early profligacies and extravagances led him to join Cæsar at the begin ning of his rebellion, as the natural patron of men of broken fortunes. He afterward fought under him at Pharsalia, distinguished himself by his revolutionary proceedings when tribune during Cæsar's absence in Egypt, and afterward went with him into Africa, and served under him through the whole of that campaign On his return to Italy after Cæsar's final victory, he appears to have lived in a style of great magnificence and the excellence of his entertainments is recorded by Cicero, who, through him and one or two other friends maintained a friendly intercourse with the dominan! party. He was nominated by Cæsar for the consulship a short time before the assassination of the latter, and, after Casar's death, assumed the office of consul himself, but went over to the side of the republic, and acted vigorously in its behalf. Subsequently, however, Antony drew him entirely away from the republican party by paying off for him a heavy load of debts. Leaving Rome in order to get possession of Syria against Cas sius, he surprised Smyrna and put Trebonius to death, on which the senate declared him a public enemy. Having been pursued and defeated by Cassius, he destroyed himself.-Dolabella was a man of no virtue or principle. Cicero was compelled to have his daughter Tullia divorced from him. Still, however, the orator always kept up a fair intercourse with him, and endeavoured to use him as a check upon the designs of Antony, his colleague in the consulship. (Cic., Phil., 2, 30.-Id., Ep. ad Fam., 9, 16.-Middleton, Life of Cicero, vol. 2, p. 206, 224, 290, 343, &c., 8vo ed.) could be counted before it ceased. Hence arose the | dotal colony from India, and establishes, when taken various proverbs of the Dodonean caldron and the Corcyrean lash. (Strabo, Compend., 7, p. 329.) Menander, in one of his plays, compared an old nurse's chatter to the endless sound of this kettle. (Menand., Reliq., ed. Meinecke, p. 27.) It was said by others, that the walls of the temple were composed of many caldrons, contiguous to each other, so that, striking upon one, the sound was conveyed to all the rest. But this account is not so much to be depended on as the other, which, according to Steph. Byz., rests on the authority of Polemo Periegetes, who seems to have written a very accurate description of the curi-ilization and religion flowed into the countries of Euosities of the place; as also another person named Aristides.—We hear of the oracle of Dodona at the time of the Persian invasion (Herodot., 9, 93), and again in the reign of Agesilaus, who consulted it previously to his expedition into Asia. (Plut., Apophthegm. Lacon., p. 125.) It is stated by Diodorus Siculus (14, 13), that Lysander was accused openly of having offered to bribe the priestess. The oracle which warned the Molossian Alexander of his fate is well known from Livy (8, 24). From Demosthenes we learn, that the answers delivered from time to time to the Athenians were laid up in the public archives; and he himself appeals to their testimony on more than one occasion. At length, during the Social war, Dodona was, according to Polybius (4, 67), almost entirely destroyed in an irruption of the Etolians, under their prætor Dorimachus, then at war with Epirus. "They set fire," says the historian, "to the porches, destroyed many of the offerings, and pulled down the sacred edifice." It is probable that the temple of Dodona never recovered from this disaster, as in Strabo's time there was scarcely any trace left of the oracle; but the town must still have existed, as it is mentioned by Hierocles among the cities of Epirus in the seventh century; and we hear of a bishop of Dodona in the council of Ephesus. (Wessel., ad Hierocl., Synecd., p. 651.)-All accounts seem to agree that Dodona stood either on the declivity or at the foot of an elevated mountain called Tomarus or Tamarus. (Strabo, 328.) Hence the term Tomuri, supposed to be a contraction for Tomaruri (Toμapoúpot), or guardians of Tomarus, which was given to the priests of the temple. (Strabo, l. c.) In Callimachus (Hymn. in Cer., 52) we find the name of the mountain written Tmarus (Tuapoc). This lofty mountain was farther remarkable for the number of streams which burst from its sides. (Plin., 4, 1.) If, then, we had the means of distinguishing the modern chain which answers to the ancient Tomarus, we might easily discover the site of Dodona, but the whole of Epirus being covered with lofty mountains, it is not easy to ascertain even this point. (For discussions on this interesting question, consult Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 115, seqq.Wordsworth's Greece, p. 247.-Walpole's Collection, vol. 2, p. 473.-Hughes's Travels, vol. 1, p. 511.)-II. A city and oracle of Thessaly. It has given rise to much controversy whether Homer (Il., 2, 749) refers to this or the city of Epirus, and the scholiasts and commentators are divided in their opinions. Stephaus Byzantinus (s. v. Awdwvn) enters fully into the discussion, and quotes passages from several writers on the antiquities of Thessaly, who all acknowledged a city named Dodona or Bodona in that country: whence the opinion has been entertained that the oracle of Jupiter was afterward transferred to Epirus. Strabo (441) seems to adopt this notion, and affirms, in one place, that the Thessalian Dodona was situated near the Titaresius. Elsewhere, however, he leads us to suppose that it stood near Scotussa, at the foot of Mount Ossa (9, p. 441). Ritter has some curious and learned speculations on this subject. According to this writer, the primitive form of the name was Bodona (Boown), and he traces the founding of Dodona to a sacer DOLICHA, I. a town of Thessaly, in the Perrhæbian district, to the southeast of Azorus. Here the consul Q. Marcius Philippus received a deputation from the Achæan league, at the head of which was Polybius, who accompanied the Roman army in their singular and perilous march through the defiles of Olympus into Pieria. (Polyb., Excerpt., 28, 11.-Liv., 42, 53Id., 44, 2.)-II. A town of Syria, situate in the district Euphratensis, and northwest of Zeugma. The ancient name is preserved in that of Doluc, a castle on a chain of mountains, which, detached from Amanus, are prolonged towards the Euphrates. (Abulfeda, Tab. Syr., p. 122.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 496.) DOLON, a Trojan, the only son of the herald EuWhen Hector medes, famed for swiftness of foot. was anxious to explore by night the Grecian camp Dolon, induced by the promised reward of the chari and horses of Achilles, undertook the enterprise. O his approach to the Grecian tents, he was met by D 451 DOM omede and Ulysses, who, on the part of the Greeks, | The ascendency which she had acquired, however, DOLOPES, a people of Thessaly, who appear to have been early established in that southeastern angle of Thessaly formed by the chain of Pindus, or rather Tyınphrestus, on one side, and Mount Othrys, branching out of it, on the other. By the latter mountain they were separated from the Ænianes, who were in possession of the upper valley of the Sperchius; while to the west they bordered upon Phthiotis, with the inhabitants of which country they were connected as early as the siege of Troy. This we learn from Homer, who represents Phoenix, the Dolopian leader, as accompanying Achilles thither in the double capacity of preceptor and ally. (I., 9, 480.-Pind., ap. Strab., 431.) The Dolopians, according to Pausanias and Harpocration, sent deputies to the Amphictyonic council. From Herodotus we learn, that they presented earth and water to Xerxes, and furnished some troops for the expedition undertaken by that monarch into Greece (7, 132 and 185). Xenophon, at a later period, enumerates them as subjects of Jason, tyrant of Pheræ. (Hist. Gr., 6, 1.) Diodorus Siculus informs us that they took part in the Lamiac war (18, 11). We afterward find Dolopia a frequent subject of contention between the Etolians, who had extended their dominion to the borders of this district, and the kings of Macedonia. Hence the frequent incursions made by the former people into this part of Thessaly when at war with the latter power. (Liv., 31, 12.—Id., 33, 34.-Id., 36, 38.) Dolopia was finally conquered by Perseus, the last Macedonian monarch. The cantons of Thaumako, Grituiano, and part of Agrapha, may be supposed to occupy the situation ascribed by ancient writers to the country of the Dolopians. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 416.) DOMITIA LEX, de Sacerdotiis, brought forward by Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, tribune of the commons, A.U.C. 650. It enacted that the pontifices, augures, and decemviri sacris faciendis should not be chosen by the sacerdotal colleges, but by the people. The pontifex maximus and curio maximus were always, in the first ages of the republic, chosen by the people. (Cic., Kull., 2, 7.-Liv., 25, 5.-Id., 27, 8.) DOMITIA GENS, a celebrated plebeian family, divided into two branches, that of the Calvini and that of The Calvini attained to the consular the Ahenobarbi. The latter, office A.U.C. 422, the Ahenobarbi in 562. at length, in the person of Nero, became invested with imperial power; but with this emperor perished the male line of the Domitii. Domitian only belonged to this family through his mother Domitia. DOMITIA, I. Lepida, aunt of Nero, was accused of magic and put to death (A.D. 54) through the intrigues of Agrippina, who was jealous of her influence over Nero. (Tacit., Ann., 12, 64, seq.)-II., or Domitilla, wife of Vespasian, by whom he had Titus and Domitian, and a daughter named Domitilla. She had been che mistress of a Roman knight, and passed for a freed woman; but she was declared of free birth on having been acknowledged by her father Flavius Liberalis, who held the situation of scribe to one of the quaestors. She died before Vespasian came to the throne. (Sueton., Vit. Vespas., 3.)-III. Longina, daughter of the famous Corbulo, the general of Nero. She married Ælius Lamia, but was seduced by Domitian, and, after the birth of a daughter, publicly raised to the throne. Hardly, however, had the emperor elevated her to the station of Augusta, when his jealousy was alarmed by certain familiarities to which she admitted the pantomime Paris, and he drove her from his bed and palace. mit., 3.) DOMITIANUS, TITUS FLAVIUS, the second son of Vespasian, born at Rome A.D. 51. Vespasian, well aware of his natural disposition, reposed no confidence in him during his whole reign. Domitian, however, accompanied his father and brother Titus in their triumph at the close of the Jewish war. Upon the death of Vespasian, he endeavoured to foment troubles in the empire, and share the succession with Titus. The latter, however, generously forgave him, treated him with great kindness, and made him his colleague in the conDomitian is accused of hastening sulship, always declaring to him that he intended him for his successor. the death of Titus by poison; a charge, however, not warranted by the circumstances of Titus's death. The beginning of his reign was marked by moderation and a display of justice bordering upon severity. He affected great zeal for the reformation of public morals, and punished with death several persons guilty of adultery, as well as some vestals who had broken their He completed several splendid buildings begun vows. by Titus; among others, an odeum, or theatre for musical performances. The most important event of his reign was the conquest of Britain by Agricola; but Domitian grew jealous of that great commander's reputation, and recalled him to Rome. His suspicious temper and his pusillanimity made him afraid of every man who was distinguished either by birth and connexions, or by merit and popularity, and he mercilessly sacrificed many to his fears, while his avarice led him to put to death a number of wealthy persons for the sake of their property. The usual pretext for these murders was the charge of conspiracy or treason; and thus a numerous race of informers was created and maintained by this system of spoliation. His cruelty was united to a deep dissimulation, and in this particular he resembled Tiberius rather than Caligula or Nero. He either put to death or drove away from Rome the He found, however, some flatterers philosophers and men of letters; Epictetus was one of the exiled. The latter dedicated to him his Thebais and among the poets, such as Martial, Silius Italicus, and Statius. Achilleis, and commemorated the events of his reign in his Sylva. But, in reality, the reign of Domitian was any other than favourable to the Roman arms, except In Moesia and Dacia, in Germany and in Britain. Pannonia, the armies were defeated, and whole provDomitian (Tacitus, Vit. Agric., 41.) inces lost. himself went twice into Masia to oppose the Dacians, but, after several defeats, he concluded a disgraceful peace with their king Decebalus, whom he acknowledged as sovereign, and to whom he agreed to pay tribute, which was afterward discontinued by Trajan. And yet Domitian made a pompous report of his victories to the senate, and assumed the honours of a triumph. In the same manner he triumphed over the Cotti and Sarmatians, which made Pliny the younger say, that the triumphs of Domitian were always evidence of some advantages gained by the enemies of Rome. In A.D. 95, Domitian assumed the consulship for the seventeenth time, together with Flavius Clemens, who had married Domitilla, a relative of the emperor. In that year a persecution of the Christians is recorded in the history of the Church; but it seems that it was not directed particularly against them, but against the Jews, with whom the Christians were then confounded by the Romans. Suetonius ascribes the proscriptions of the Jews, or those who lived after the manner of the Jews, and whom he styles "improfessi,” to the rapacity of Domitian. Flavius Clemens and his wife were among the victims. In the 1ollowing | Brutus and Cassius. After the battle of Philippi he year, A.D. 96, a conspiracy was formed against Do- went over to the triumvirs, was pardoned, and, during mitian among the officers of his guards and several of the ensuing year, obtained the consulship, A.U.C. 722. his intimate friends, and his wife, the infamous Domi- Subsequently, however, he attached himself to Octatilla, herself is said to have participated in it. The im- vius against Antony, but died before he could render mediate cause of it was his increasing suspicions, which the former any service.-VI. Cneius Ahenobarbus, threatened the life of every one around him, and which father of Nero, married Agrippina, the daughter of are said to have been stimulated by the predictions of Germanicus, B.C. 28. He degraded his high birth by astrologers and soothsayers, whom he was very ready the ferocity of his character and the corruption of his to consult. He was killed in his apartments by sev- morals. In early life he killed one of his freedmen, eral of the conspirators, after struggling with them for who would not drink as much as he wished him to do. some time, in his 45th year, and in the fifteenth of his He tore out also the eye of a Roman knight who dis reign. On the news of his death, the senate assem- played towards him a freedom of spirit that gave ofbled and elected M. Cocceius Nerva emperer.-The fence. Being accused before Claudius of treason, character of Domitian is represented by all ancient adultery, and other crimes, he only escaped by the historians in the darkest colours, as being a compound death of that emperor. He used to say, that from himof timidity and cruelty, of dissimulation and arrogance, self and his wife there could only spring a monster of self-indulgence and stern severity towards others. deadly to the human race, a prediction fatally verified He gave himself up to every excess, and plunged into in Nero. (Tacit., Ann., 4, 75.—Id. ib., 6, 45, &c.) the most degrading vices. Conceiving at last the mad DONATUS, ELIUS, I. a celebrated grammarian, born idea of arrogating divine honours to himself, he as- in the fourth century of our era, about A.D. 333. sumed the titles of Lord and God, and claimed to be He was preceptor to St. Jerome, who speaks with a son of Minerva. Soon after he had succeeded to great approbation of his talents, and of the manner in the government, he indulged in that love of solitude, which he explained the comedies of Terence. Indewhich pride and fear combined to render in a very pendent of his commentaries on Virgil and Terence, short time the most confirmed of all his habits. In Donatus composed a treatise purely elementary, in the beginning of his reign, says his biographer, he ac- which he treated of the eight parts of speech individucustomed himself to spend several hours every day in ally. This work was highly esteemed, and Diomedes the strictest privacy, employed frequently in nothing the grammarian entertained so high an opinion of its else than in catching flies, and piercing them with a merits, as subsequently to add it to his own work on sharp instrument. Hence the well-known remark Latin grammar. Some, though without the least aumade by Vibius Crispus, who, when asked whether thority, maintain that the commentaries of Donatus on there was any one with the emperor, replied, "No, not Virgil and Terence are lost, and that those which at even a fly." Domitian took a delight in inspiring oth- the present day bear his name are spurious. That on ers with terror; and Dio Cassius tells of a singular Virgil is very unimportant, it is true, and appears worbanquet, to which he invited the principal members thy neither of the author commented on, nor of the of the senate and equestrian order, where everything reputation of the grammarian to whom it is ascriwore the appearance of an intended execution. He bed. But the commentary on Terence is extremely once even convened the senate to determine in what valuable. Some writers assign the commentary on way a large turbot should be cooked, whether whole Virgil not to Elius Donatus, but to Claudius Tiberius or divided. And yet at one time, before his becoming Donatus. (Compare the remarks of Heyne on the emperor, Domitian had applied himself to literature, life of Virgil by Donatus, vol. 1, p. 153, in notis.) and he is said to have composed several poems and II. A bishop of Numidia, in the fourth century. Acother works.-The senate, after his death, issued a de-cording to some writers, he was the founder of the cree that his name should be struck out of the Roman sect of Donatists, which grew out of a schism produced annals, and obliterated from every public monument. by the election of a bishop of Carthage. He was de(Tacit., Hist., 3, 59, seqq.-Id. ib., 4, 2, seqq.-posed and excommunicated in councils held at Rome Sueton., Vit. Domit.-Dio Cass., 67.-Plin, Epist., 4, 11.-Id., Paneg., 52, 6, &c.-Juv., Sat., 4, 37, seqq.) DOMITILLA. Vid. Domitia II. and at Arles, in the years 313 and 314, but was for some time after supported by a party at home. What farther happened to him is not known.-III. A bishop of Carthage, chosen to that office in 316. He continued and supported the schism produced by his namesake, which led to a persecution under the Emperor Constans, in which the imperial arms finally prevailed, and Donatus died in exile about 355. According to St. Augustin, this prelate maintained an inequality of persons in the Trinity. (Gortor's Biogr. Dict., vol. DOMITIUS, I. Ahenobarbus, the first of the Domitian family that bore the surname of Ahenobarbus, lived about the beginning of the sixth century from the founding of the city.-II. Cneius Ahenobarbus, son of the preceding, was plebeian ædile A.U.C. 558, B.C. 196; prætor A.U.C. 560; and consul A.U.C. 562. (Liv., 33, 42.-Id, 49, 35, &c.)-III. Cneius Ahen-1, p. 653. obarbus, was consul B.C. 122. He conquered Bi- DONYSA, an island in the Icarian Sea, one of the tuitus, general of the Arverni, slaying 20,000 and ma- Sporades. It lay southeast of Icaria, and east of Patking 3000 prisoners. On his return to Rome he ob- mos. The marble obtained from this island was tained a triumph.-IV. Lucius Ahenobarbus, was green. It is thought to correspond to the modern Raquestor B.C. 66, and prætor some years after. In the clia. (Compare, as regards this island, the following year 54 B.C. he attained to the consulship. He and authorities: Tacit., Ann., 4, 30-Mela, 2, 7.-Plin., Lentulus were the first to oppose Cesar in his inva- 4, 12-Steph. Byz., s. v. Aovovoía.) sion of Italy. Betrayed by his own troops into the hands of the conqueror at the capture of Corfinium, he received his liberty, and again raising a little army at his own expense, sustained a siege at Massilia. Es caping thence, we find him with Pompey in Macedonia, still the determined enemy of Cesar, and finally he fell in the flight after the battle of Pharsalia. (Cic., Ep. ad Fam, 8, 14.-Id. ib., 16, 12.-Id., Ep. ad All, 1, &c. )-V. Cneius Ahenobarbus, son of the preceding, inherited all his father's hatred towards Cæsar. After the death of the latter, he joined the party of (Vid. Doris.) DORES, the inhabitants of Doris. DORIAS, a river of India extra Gangem. Mannert makes it correspond to the small river Pegu. (Geo graph., vol. 5, pt. 1, p. 249 and 264.) Others, however, are in favour of the modern Zançan, the mouth of which is in the kingdom of Tonquin. DORION, a town of Messenia, where Thamyris the musician challenged the Muses to a trial of skill. Pausanias (4 33) notices this ancient town, of which he saw the ruins near a fountain named Achaia. bo, however, asserts that no such place was known to Stra exist in his day, but that some identified it with an obscure town named Oluris, in the Messenian district of Aulon (350). This may have been the spot alluded to by Pausanias. Homer (I., 2, 594) assigns Dorium to the dominions of Nestor. Hesiod seems to have adopted a different tradition from other poets, since he removes the scene of the story of Thamyris to Dotium in Thessaly (ap. Steph. Byz., s. v. Ariov.-Plin., 4,5). the Etolians under Oxylus, who are also said to have taken part in this expedition. The Heraclidæ, then, with their Ætolian and Dorian allies, crossed the Corinthian Gulf from Naupactus, invaded and subdued Elis, which was assigned to the Etolian chieftain; and, bending their steps southward, conquered successively, and with greater or less difficulty, Messenia, Laconia, Argolis, Corinth, and Megaris. In Laconia they were joined by the Cadmæan clan of the Ægida, who asDORIS, a country of Greece, situate to the south of sisted them in their tedious war with Amycle, and afThessaly, and separated from it by the range of Mount terward took part in the colonies to Thera and Cyrene. Eta. On the south it had the Locri Ozola. On the This invasion, which so materially affected the destieast it was parted from the Locri Epicnemidii by the nies of Greece, was very similar in its character to Pindus, a branch of the Cephissus; and on the west the return of the Israelites to Palestine.. The invaders, from Etolia by a part of the chain of Eta. Its ter- who, like the descendants of Abraham, brought their ritory was of small size, extending only about 40 miles wives and children with them, though they, perhaps, did in length. The country, though mountainous, had still not completely abandon their last settlement, which several beautiful plains, and was very fruitful.-The was still called and considered Dorian (Thucyd., 1, Dorians were the most powerful of the Hellenic tribes, 107), numbered about 20,000 fighting men, on the highand derived their origin, as they pretended, from a est estimate. (Müller, Dorians, 1, ch. 4, sect. 8.) mythic personage named Dorus, who is generally made They were therefore very inferior in number to the inthe son of Hellen, though he is described as the son of habitants of the countries which they conquered; but Xuthus by Euripides (Ion., 1590). Herodotus (1,52) the superiority of their peculiar tactics ensured them mentions five successive migrations of this race. Their an easy victory in the field, and they appear to have first settlement was in Phthiotis, in the time of Deu- taken all the strong places either by a long blockade, calion; the next under Dorus, in Hestiæotis, at the or by some lucky surprise; for they were altogether foot of Ossa and Olympus; the third on Mount Pin- unskilled in the art of taking walled towns. The govdus, after they had been expelled by the Cadmæans ernment which the Dorians established in all the counfrom Hestiaotis. In this settlement, says Herodotus, tries which they thus invaded and conquered, was, as they were called the Macedonian people; and he else- might have been expected, very analogous to that which where (8, 43) attributes to the Dorians a Macedonian the Norman invasion introduced into England, namely, origin; but there does not appear to be any real con- an aristocracy of conquest; for while the successful nexion between the Dorians and the Macedonians, invaders remained on a footing of equality among themwho were of Illyrian origin (Müller, Dorians, vol. 1, selves, all the old inhabitants of the country were rep. 2), beyond this vicinity of abode. The fourth set- duced to an inferior condition, like the Saxons in Engtlement of the Dorians, according to Herodotus, was land. They were called περίοικοι, or 'dwellers in Drvopis (afterward called the Doric Tetrapolis); around," a name corresponding to the Pfahlbürger, or and their last migration was to the Peloponnesus. "citizens of the Palisade," at Augsburg, who dwelt in Another, and most remarkable expedition, not men- the city suburbs, without the wall of the city; to the tioned by Herodotus, was the voyage of a Dorian col-"pale" in Ireland before the time of James I.; to the ony to Crete, which is stated to have taken place people of the contado in Italy; and to the Fauxbourwhile they were in their second settlement, at the foot geois in France. (Niebuhr, Roman Hist., vol. 1, p of Olympus (Androm., ap. Strab., 475); and Dori- 398, Cambr. trans.—Arnold's Thucydides, vol. 1, p. ans are mentioned among the inhabitants of that isl 626.) The usual name for a constitution in a Dorian and even by Homer (Od., 19, 174). The eastern coast state was "an order," or regulative principle (kócμos), was the first part which they occupied. (Staphylus, ap. and this name appears to have arisen from the circumStrab., 475). This early settlement in Crete must stance that the attention of the Dorian legislators was not be confounded with the two subsequent expeditions principally, if not solely, directed to the establishment of the Dorians to that island, which took place after of a system of military discipline, and to the encourthey were well settled in the Peloponnesus, the one agement of that strict subordination which is the result from Laconia, under the guidance of Pollis and Del- of it. The necessity of this was apparent, from the phus; the other from Argolis, under Althæmenes. The peculiar relation subsisting between the Dorians and migration of the Dorians to the Peloponnesus, which their Epiotkot. It was by superior prowess and disis generally called "the return of the descendants of cipline that the former had acquired their rank, and it Hercules," is expressly stated to have occurred 80 was only by a continuance of this superiority that they years after the Trojan war, that is, in B.C. 1104. could hope to maintain themselves in the same posi(Thucyd., 1, 12.) The origin and nature of the con- tion. The same occasion for strict discipline may also nexion which subsisted between the Heraclide and account for the extraordinary austerity which prevailed the Dorians are involved in much obscurity. The in most Dorian communities. The Dorian women enDorians were, from very early times, divided into three joyed a degree of consideration unusual among the tribes, and the epithet "thrice divided” (тpixúïkɛç) is Greeks. The Syssitia or common tables, which were applied to them by Homer in the passages referred established in most Doric states, were designed to adto above. These three tribes were the Hyllæans, the monish those of the privileged class, that, living as Dymanes, and the Pamphylians. Now the two latter they did in the midst of a conquered but numerous tribes are said to have been descended from Dymas population, they must not consider themselves to have and Pamphylus, the two sons of Ægimius, a mythi- any individual existence, but must live only for the cal Doric king; and the first claimed a descent from sake of their order. (Consult Muller's Dorians, Ing. Hyllus, the son of Hercules. An attempt has been trans., Oxford, 1830, 2 vols. 8vo.-Hermann, Lehrmade to show that the Hyllæans were of Doric origin, buch der Griechischen Staatsalterthumer, Heidelh., as well as the other two tribes. (Muller, Dorians, 1, 1836, translated Oxford, 1836.—Lachmann, Sparchap. 3, sect. 2) It is more natural, however, to in- tanische Staatsverfassung, Breslau, 1836.-Encycl. fer from the traditions, as well as from the duplicate Us. Knowl., vol. 9, p. 89.)-II. A colony of the Do divinities of the Dorians, that the genuine Dorians were rians in Asia Minor, on the coast of Caria. On the included in the two other tribes, and that the Hera- arrival of the Dorians in Asia, they formed themselves clidæ were a powerful Achæan family, united with into six independent states or small republics, which them in a similar manner, but by a stronger tie than were confined within the bounds of as many cities Dōsōn, a surname of Antigonus III, because he promised and never performed; dwowv, in Greek, i. e., about to give; i. e., always promising. (Vid. Antigonus III.) DRACO, I. a celebrated Athenian legislator, who flourished about the 39th Olympiad, B.C. 621. Suidas tells us that he brought forward his code of laws in this year, and that he was then an old man. Aristotle These were Lindus, Ialyssus, Camirus, Cos, Cnidus, and Halicarnassus. Other cities in the tract, called from them Doris, belonged to their confederacy; but the inhabitants of these six alone, as true and genuine Dorians, were admitted into the temple at Triope, where they exhibited solemn games in honour of Apollo Triopius. The prizes were tripods of brass, which the victors were obliged to consecrate to Apollo, and leave in the temple. When Agasicles of Halicarnas-(Polit., 2, sub fin.) says, that Draco adapted Las laws sus won the prize, he transgressed this custom, and carried the tripod to his own house, on which account the city of Halicarnassus was ever afterward excluded from the Dorian confederacy. The Dorians were from that time known by the name of the five cities, or Pentapolis, and no longer by that of Hexapolis.—III. A goddess of the sea, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She married her brother Nereus, by whom she had 50 daughters called Nereides. Her name is often used to express the sea itself. (Propert., 1, 17, 25.-Virg., Ecl., 10.-Hesiod., Theog.)-IV. A female of Locri, in Italy, daughter of Xenetus, whom Dionysius the Elder, of Sicily, married the same day with Aristomache. (Vid. Dionysius.) DORISCUS, a plain in Thrace, near the mouth of the Hebrus, where, according to Herodotus (7, 59), Xerxes numbered his land forces, as he was marching upon Greece. The mode in which his officers ascertained the amount of his troops was this: they drew up in cne place a body of 10,000 men; and making these stand together as compactly as possible, they traced a circle around them. Dismissing these, they enclosed the circle with a wall breast high; into this they introduced the army by bodies of 10,000 men each time. (Vid. Xerxes.) DORSENNUS, or more correctly Dossennus, a Roman comic poet, and writer of Atellane fables, who enjoyed no mean reputation as a popular dramatist. (Compare Vossius, de Poet. Lat. incert. et., c. 7, p. 84.) Horace makes mention of him (Ep., 1, 2, 173.) He particularly excelled in drawing the characters of parasites; but, in consequence of the applause which these elicited from the lower orders, he would seem, from the censure of Horace, to have been tempted to go still farther, and push matters to extremes. The same poet also pleasantly alludes to his carelessness and negli gence as a writer, by saying that he traversed the stage with his sock, or comic slipper, loose and untied. Seneca makes mention of the inscription on his tomb; from which epitaph some have inferred that he was distinguished as a moral writer. It ran as follows: Hospes resiste, et sophiam Dossennilege." (Senec., Epist., 89, 6.-Fabric., Bibl. Lat., vol. 3, p. 238, seqq.) DORSO, C. FABIUS, a Roman, who, according to the old legend, when Rome was in the possession of the Gauls, issued from the Capitol, which was then besieged, to go and offer on Mons Quirinalis a stated sacrifice enjoined on the Fabian house. In the Gabine cincture, and bearing the sacred things in his hands, he descended from the Capitol and passed through the enemy without betraying the least signs of fear. When he had finished his sacrifice, he returned to the Capitol unmolested by the foe, who were astonished at his boldness, and did not obstruct his passage or molest his sacrifice. (Liv., 5, 46.) DORUS, a son of Hellen. (Vid. Doris.) DORYLEUM and DORYLEUS, a city of Phrygia, now Eski-shehr, at the junction of the Bathys and Thymbris, two branches of the Sangarius, and on the confines of Bithynia. The plain of Dorylæum is often mentioned by the Byzantine historians as the place of assemblage of the armies of the Eastern empire in their wars against the Turke; and it is described by Anna Comnena as being the first extensive plain of Phrygia after crossing the ridges of Mount Olympus, and after passing Leucæ. For some remarks on the modern Eski-shehr, consult Walpole's Collection, vol. 2, p. 205. to the existing constitution, and that they contained nothing particular beyond the severity of their penalties. The slightest theft was punished capitally, as well as the most atrocious murder; and Demades remarked of his laws, that they were written with blood, and not with ink. (Plut., Vit. Sol., c. 17.) Draco, however, deserves credit as the first who introduced written laws at Athens, and it is probable that he improved the criminal courts, by his transfer of cases of bloodshed from the archon to the ephetæ (Jul. Pollux, 8, 124, seq.), since before his time the archons had a right of settling all cases arbitrarily, and without appeal; a right which they enjoyed in other cases until Solon's time. (Bekker, Anecd. Græc., p. 449, l. 23.) It appears that there were some offences which he did not punish with death; for instance, loss of civil rights was the punishment of attempting to alter one of his laws. (Demosth., c. Aristocr., p. 714, Bekk.) Draco was an archon (Pausan, 9, 36, 8), and, consequently, an Eupatrid: it is not, therefore, to be supposed, that his object was to favour the lower orders, through his code seems to have tended to abridge the power of the nobles. The Athenians, it is said, could not endure the rigour of his laws, and the legislator himself was obliged to withdraw to the island of Ægina. Here he was actually suffocated in the theatre beneath the number of cloaks and garments which the people of the island, according to the usual mode of expressing approbation among the Grecks, showered upon him. He was buried in the theatre. On the legislation of Draco in general, consult Wachsmuth, Hellenische Alterthumsk, 2, 1, p. 239, seqq.-Encycl. Us. Knowl., vol. 9, p. 118. DRANCE. Vid. Zarangæi. DRAVUS, a river of Germany, rising in the Norican Alps. (Plin., 3, 25.-Strabo, 314.) It traverses the southern parts of Noricum and Pannonia, running from west to east, and falls into the Danube near the city of Comacum, or Erdent. It is now the Drave. Ptolemy calls it the Darus. The Greek copyists frequently allowed themselves the license of altering names and adding remarks, which only tended to show their own ignorance. So, in the present instance, they state that this river, which Ptolemy calls Darus, is the same with that named Daris by the barbarians, or the modern Drin. The truth is, Ptolemy means the Dravus, and no other. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 3, p. 561.) DREPĂNUM, I. a town of Sicily, north of Lilybæum, and in the vicinity of Mount Eryx. Here Æneas, according to Virgil, lost his father Anchises. The more correct form of the name is Drepana (rà ApeñaVÚ). This place was founded in the beginning of the first Punic war by the Carthaginian commander Hamilcar, who removed hither the inhabitants of Eryx, and other places adjacent. (Diod. Sic., 23, 9) Drepanum and Lilybæum formed the two most important parime cities held by the Carthaginians in Sicily. Off this place, near the Egates Insula, was fought the famous naval battle between the Romans commanded by Lutatius Catulus, and the Carthaginians under Hanno. The Romans gained a decisive victory, which put an end to the first Punic war. Drepanum was so called from the curvature of the shore in its vicinity resembling a scythe (operavov). It is now Trapani. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 384, seqq.)—-—-II. A town of Bithynia, on the Sinus Astacenus, called by |