equivalent to Epsins, “one who restrains," but he is the Tyras, in the present Bessarabia, where, in after days, Antigonus was taken prisoner by the Scythians, with his whole army. (Ukert, Geogr., vol. 1, p. 59.) To wipe away the disgrace of this unfortunate enterprise, we find the Persian monarch shortly after undertaking an expedition against India. In this he was more successful, and conquered a part of the Pendjab; not, however, the whole country, as some modern writers erroneously represent. Some time after this, Miletus having revolted, and Aristagoras, its ruler, having solicited aid from the Athenians for the purpose of enabling it to maintain its independence, they sent twenty ships, to which the Eretrians added five more, in order to requite a kindness previously received from the Milesians. Aristagoras, upon this succour's arriving, resolved to make an expedition against Sardis, the residence of the Persian satrap. Accordingly, landing at Ephesus, the confederates marched inland, took Sardis, and drove the governor into the citadel. Most of the houses in Sardis were made of reeds, and even those which were built of brick were roofed with reeds. One of these was set on fire by a soldier, and immediately the flames spread from house to house, and consumed the whole city. The light of the conflagration showing to the Greeks the great numbers of their opponents, who were beginning to rally, being constrained by necessity to defend themselves, as their retreat was cut off by the river Pactolus, the former retired through fear, and regained their ships. Upon the receipt of this intelligence, Darius, having called for a bow, put an arrow into it, and shot it into the air, with these words: “Grant, oh Jupiter, that I may be able to revenge myself upon the Athenians." After he had thus spoken, he commanded one of his attendants thrice every time dinner was set before him, to exclaim; "Master! remember the Athenians." Mardonius, the king's son-in-law, was intrusted with the care of the war. After crossing the Hellespont, he marched down through Thrace, but, in endeavouring to double Mount Athos, he lost 300 vessels, and, it is said, more than 20,000 men. After this he was attacked in the night by the Brygi, who killed many of his men, and wounded Mardonius himself. He succeeded, however, in defeating and reducing them un-into his presence, and compelled him to drink the deadly der his power, but his army was so weakened by these draught.-The reign of Darius Codomannus was early circumstances that he was compelled to return inglo- disturbed by the invasion of Alexander. The Persian riously to Asia. Darius, only animated by this loss, monarch, however, did not take the command of his sent a more considerable force, under the command of forces until after the battle of the Granicus had been Datis and Artaphernes, with orders to sack the cities fought, and Alexander had advanced as far as Cilicia. of Athens and Eretria, and to send to him all the sur- He then proceeded to meet the invader, in all the pomp viving inhabitants in fetters. The Persians took the of royalty, but with an army ill fitted to contend isle of Naxos and the city of Eretria in Euboea, but against such an antagonist. Resolving to hazard an were defeated with great slaughter by the Athenians encounter, contrary to the advice of his Greek allies, and Platæans under the celebrated Miltiades at Mara- Darius engaged in the battle of Issus, but was comthon. Their fleet was also completely unsuccessful in pelled to flee from the field with so much precipitation an attempt to surprise Athens after the battle. (Vid. as to leave behind him his bow, shield, and royal Miltiades and Marathon.) The anger of Darius was mantle. His camp was plundered, and his mother, doubly inflamed against Athens by the event of Mara-wife, and children fell into the hands of the conqueror thon; and he resolved that the insolent people, who had invaded his territories, violated the persons of his messengers, and driven his generals to a shameful flight, should feel the whole weight of his arm. The preparations he now set on foot were on a vast scale, and demanded a longer time. For three years all Asia was kept in a continual stir in the fourth, however, Darius was distracted by other causes; by a quarrel between his two sons respecting the succession to the throne, and by an insurrection in Egypt. In the following year, before he had ended his preparations against Egypt and Attica, he died, and Xerxes mounted the throne, B.C. 485. Darius reigned thirty-six years. His memory was always held in veneration by the Persians and the other nations comprehended under his sway, whom he governed with much wisdom and moderation. As regards the import of the name Darius in Persian, Herodotus (6, 98) informs us that it was In vain, after this, did Darius supplicate for an accommodation. Alexander went on in the career of victo ry; and in a second pitched battle at Gaugamela, commonly called the battle of Arbela (vid. Arbela), Darius again fought, and again was compelled to flee. His plan was now to advance into Media, lay waste the country through which he passed, and seek refuge finally on the other side of the Oxus, where he hoped that the conqueror would be content to leave him unmolested. Alexander suffered four months to elapse before he again set out in pursuit of Darius. He then advanced by forced marches in pursuit of him, and learned eventually that the monarch was a prisoner in the hands of Bessus, one of his own satraps. (Vid. Bessus.) A still more active pursuit now commenced, and the unhappy king refusing to proceed any farther, was left mortally wounded in a chariot, while Bessus and his accomplices took to flight, accompanied by 600 horse. Darius expired before Alexander saw him. | Pluto, whereas the common account places the scene The conqueror threw his cloak over the corpse.-Al- of the fable at Enna in Sicily. This place was ploexander ordered his body to be buried in the sepulchre verbially rich, on account of the mines of gold in its of his ancestors with royal magnificence, took charge territory. Its territory also was highly fertile, and it of the education of his children, and married his daugh- possessed excellent docks for the construction of ships; ter. (Plut., Vit. Alex.-Arrian, Exp. Al.-Thirlwall's hence arose the proverb, Aáros úɣaðŵv, i. e, an abunHistory of Greece, vol. 6, p. 237, seqq.)—IV. Eldest dance of good things. (Strabo, p. 331.-Compare son of Artaxerxes Mnemon, put to death for conspi- Harpocrat., s. v. Aúroç.-Zenob., Prov. Græc. Cent., ring against his father. (Plut., Vit. Artax.) 3, 71.) DASCYLIUM, a city of Bithynia, in the district Olympena, placed by D'Anville on a lake at the mouth of the small river Horisius; which runs, according to him, into the Propontis. Mannert, however, makes it to have been situated to the west of the mouth of the river Gebes or Gelbes, and gives the Horisius as flowing to the west towards the Rhyndacus. (Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 559.) This city is named by Strabo and Ptolemy Dascylium, as it is here given, but by Mela and Pliny, Dascylos. (Strabo, 575.-Plin., 5, 32.-Mela, 1, 19.) During the continuance of the Persian empire, it was the residence of the satrap of Mysia and Phrygia Minor; hence, immediately after the battle of the Granicus, Alexander despatched Parmenio to take possession of it. (Arrian, Exp. Alex., 1, 18.) The modern name, according to D'Anville, is Diaskillo. DAULIS, I. a city of Phocis, south of the Cephissus, and about seven stadia from Panopesus. (Pausan., 10, 4.) It was a city of great antiquity, and celebrated in mythology as the scene of the tragic story of Philomela and Progne. Thucydides (2, 29) affirms, that Teres, who had married Progne, the daughter of Pandion, sovereign of Athens, was chief of Daulis, then occupied, as well as the rest of Phocis, by a body of Thracians; in support of his statement, he observes, that the poets frequently alluded to Philomela under the name of the “Daulian bird." Strabo (423) asserts, that the word "Daulos," which signifies a thick forest, had been applied to this district from its woody character. Daulis, having been destroyed by the Persians, was no doubt afterward restored, as we find it besieged and taken, during the Macedonian war, by T. Flamininus, the consul. Livy represents it as DATAMES, a satrap of Cappadocia, in the reign of situate on a lofty hill difficult to be scaled (32, 18). Artaxerxes Mnemon. He was a man of extraordinary Daulis was the more ancient name; it was afterward abilities, had served the king with the utmost loyalty, changed to Daulia (Strab., l. c.) and Daulium. (Poand might have proved the firmest bulwark of his lyb., 4, 25.) Pausanias reports, that the Daulians surthrone. But the calumnies of some envious courtiers passed in strength and stature all the other Phocians had excited the suspicions of Artaxerxes against him, (10, 4). The site of this ancient city retains the name and Datames saw himself obliged to revolt, to escape of Daulia. (Compare Dodwell, Tour, vol. 1, p. 204 disgrace and ruin. He long maintained his independ-Gell's Itinerary, p. 172 and 203.- Cramer's Anc. ence, but was at length entrapped and slain by Mith- Greece, vol. 2, p. 183.) radates, a son of Ariobarzanes, satrap of Phrygia. DAUNIA, a country of Italy, forming part of Apulia, This event took place after the death of Artaxerxes, and situate on the coast to the northwest of Peuceand when Ochus had succeeded to the throne. Nepos tia. The Daunii appear to have been one of the earlihas written the life of Datames. (Nep., Vit. Dat.-est Italian tribes with which the Greeks became acCompare Polyan., 7, 29, 1.) ens. DATIS, a general of Darius Hystaspis, sent, in conjunction with Artaphernes, to punish Eretria and AthDatis was a Mede, and Artaphernes son of the satrap of Lydia, and nephew of Darius. He was hence superior in rank, but inferior probably to Datis both in age and military experience. The latter, therefore, would seem to be the real leader of the expedition. The whole armament consisted of 600 ships, according to Herodotus; this, on the footing which he fixes elsewhere, of 200 men to each trireme, would give 120,000 men as the strength of the Persian land force transported in the fleet. After accomplishing one object of the expedition in the capture of Eretria, Datis and Artaphernes then invaded Attica, but were defeated in the memorable battle of Marathon. According to Ctesias (Pers., c. 18), Datis fell on the field of battle; but Herodotus (6, 119) makes him to have returned to Asia. Larcher sides with the latter (Hist. d'Herod., vol. 9, p. 272), and Bähr with the former (ad Ctes., p. 148). This commander, in the exultation which he felt on occasion of his first success in reducing Naxos (vid. Darius), exclaimed, wc dоμаι кai тÉрлоμаι кai xaiроμаi! The word xaipo μαι a barbarism, for the Greeks always said xaipo. These kinds of barbarisms were afterward called Datisms. (Compare Aristoph., Pac., v. 290, and the remarks of the scholiast on v. 288.) DATOS, a town of Europe, which, after having belonged to Thrace, was transferred to Macedonia when the empire was extended on that side. It was situate not far from the coast, to the northeast of Amphipolis, and near the southern extremity of the range of Mount Pangaus. It stood on a craggy hill, having a forest to the north, and to the south a lake or marsh at a small distance from the sea. Proserpina is said to have been gathering flowers here when she was carried away by quainted, from the circumstance of their having formed colonies, which they established at a remote period on the western shores of the Adriatic. This people, according to the most received tradition, obtained their appellation from Daunus, the father-in-law of Diomede, which latter is stated, on his return from Troy, to have been compelled, from domestic calamities, to abandon his native country, and to have founded another kingdom in the plains watered by the Aufidus. This tradition, as far as it relates to Diomede, may afford matter for discussion, but it proves, at least, the great antiquity of the Daunians as an indigenous people of Italy. Other accounts, perhaps still more ancient, asserted that Daunus was an Illyrian chief, who, driven from his country by an adverse faction, formed a settlement in this part of Italy. (Festus, s. v. Daunia. Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 266.) - DAUNUS, according to one account, an Illyrian chieftain, who, on being driven from his native country by an adverse faction, formed a settlement in that part of Italy which was called Daunia after his name. (Festus, s. v. Daunia.) Poetic legends, however, make him to have been of Italian origin, and a son of Pilumnus, king of Apulia, by Danae, who had fled hither, as was fabled, from Greece. Virgil makes Turnus the son of Daunus, and grandson of Pilumnus. (Æn., 10, 76.) DECAPOLIS, a country of Palestine, lying to the east and southeast of the sea of Tiberias. It seems to have belonged originally to the possessions of the kingdom of Israel, but was afterward reckoned as a part of Syria. Pliny (15, 2) and Ptolemy both speak of it as forming a part of the latter country. The name is derived from the circumstance of ten cities (déka móλeç) contained in it having formed a confederation, in order to oppose the Asmonæan princes, by whom the Jewish nation was governed until the time of Herod. After his death they passed into the hands of the Romans. 417 (Josephus, Ant., 17, 12.-Id., Bell. Jud., 2, 4.) The ter much opposition on the part of the patricians, the inhabitants were for the most part of Grecian origin. law was passed, and three commissioners were at These ten cities, according to Ptolemy, were Scy-length sent to Greece, to collect from the Grecian thopolis, Hippos, Gadara, Dion, Pella, Gerasa, Philadel- states such notices of their laws and constitutions as phia, Canatha, Capitolias, and Gadora. Pliny, instead might be serviceable to the Romans. After the abof the last two, gives Damascus and Raphana; in the sence of a year, they returned; and the commons, rest his account agrees with that of Ptolemy, who finding it in vain to insist upon five of their own body seems more worthy of reliance in this instance than forming part of the reviewers of the laws, yielded the the Roman writer. (Plin., 6, 18.) point, and ten of the most distinguished of the patrician DECEBALUS, a warlike and enterprising monarch of and senatorial body were chosen to form an entirely the Dacians, who prosecuted a successful war against new and complete code of laws, by which the state Domitian, and drove him to a disgraceful peace. He should be governed. They were named Decemviri was unable, however, to cope with Trajan, and de- ("the ten men"), and during their office they were stroyed himself when all was lost. His head was sent to supersede every other magistrate. Each in his by the emperor to Rome, and his treasures were found turn was to administer the government for a day, or, by the Romans, on the information of one of his confi- according to others, for several days, till they should dants, in the bed of the river Sargetia (now the Istrig), complete their legislative labours. After the careful and in various secret caverns. (Dio Cass., 67, 6.—Id, deliberation of a few months, the result was laid be68, 6, seqq.) Lazius, cited by Fabretti, says, that some fore the people in the form of ten tables, fully written Wallachian fishermen,, in the middle of the sixteenth out, and exhibited in a conspicuous place where all century, found a part of these treasures, which had es- might read them. Various amendments were procaped the search of Trajan. (Fabr., de Col. Traj., c. 8.) posed, and the ten tables again laid before the senate, DECELEA, a borough and fortress of Attica, about the curia, and the centuries, and, having received the 125 stadia from Athens, and the same distance from sanction of both orders of the state, were recognised the Baotian frontier. This town was always consid- as the very fountain of the laws, public and private. ered of great importance, from its situation on the road The decemvirs had conducted matters so much to the to Euboea, whence the Athenians derived most of their satisfaction of the community, that when, at the exsupplies; when, therefore, by the advice of Alcibia-piration of their year, they requested a renewal of their des, it was seized and garrisoned by a Lacedæmonian office, on the ground that they had still two more tables force, they became exposed to great loss and inconve- to form in order to complete their task, an election of nience. (Thucyd., 6, 91.—Id., 7, 19.—Strabo, 396.) new decemvirs was ordered. The patrician Appius Thucydides reports, that Decelea was visible from Ath- Claudius, who took the leading part in the whole affair, ens; and Xenophon observes that the sea and Piræus was nominated to preside over this election. He actcould be seen from it. (Hist. Gr., 1, 1, 25.) Herodo-ed in concert with the plebeians, by receiving votes for tus states, that the lands of the Deceleans were always plebeian candidates, and for himself likewise, though spared by the Peloponnesian army in their invasions of it had been declared contrary to law that any functionAttica, because they had pointed out to the Tyndarida ary should be re-elected immediately after holding ofthe place were Helen was secreted by Theseus, when fice. By dint of intrigue, however, Appius was rethey came to Attica in search of her. (Herodot., 9, elected, and along with him nine others, half of whom 73.-Alex., ap. Athen, 2, 76.) Sir W. Gell describes were patricians, half plebeians. The new commission Decelea as situate on a round detached hill, connected soon showed itself very different from the first. Each by a sort of isthmus with Mount Parnes. From the of the decemvirs had twelve lictors, whereas the pretop is an extensive view of the plains of both Athens vious commission had the lictors only by turns, and a and Eleusis. The fortress is at the mouth of a pass single accensus or officer preceded each of the rest. through Parnes to Oropus. The nearest place is Va- The lictors, too, now bore amid the fasces the formiribobi. (Itin., p. 106.) Mr. Hawkins gives the mod- dable axe, the emblem of judgment on life and death, ern name of the spot on which the ruins of Decelea which the consuls, since the time of Valerius Publistand as Χωριοκλείδια. ( (Walpole's Collection, vol. cola, had been obliged to lay aside during their con1, p. 338, in notis.-Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, tinuance in the city. The Decemviri seemed resolved p. 403.) to change the government of Rome into a complete DECEMVIRI, I. ten commissioners appointed to frame oligarchy, consisting of ten, whose power should be a code of laws for the Roman state. The history of absolute in everything. They arrogated the right of this affair is as follows: The intestine feuds between superseding all other magistracies; and, at the conthe patricians and plebeians were continuing with un-clusion of their second year, they showed no intention abated animosity. Occasionally one of the consuls of resigning their offices or of appointing their succesfavoured the plebeians, and proposed some mitigation of the hardships under which they were labouring, or some increase of their privileges, but generally with little success. The Agrarian law, brought forward by Spurius Cassius, continued to be the main demand of the commons and their supporters, but its passage was, on every occasion, either directly or indirectly prevented. At last the commons became convinced, that they need hope for no complete redress of grievances, until they should have previously secured the establishment of some constitutional principle, from which equal justice would, of necessity and from its very nature, emanate. Accordingly, Caius Terentillus Harsa, one of the tribunes, proposed a law for a complete reform of the existing state of things. Its purport was, that ten commissioners should be chosen, five by the patricians and five by the commons, to draw up a constitution, which should define all points of constitutional, civil, and criminal law; and should thus determine, on just and fixed principles, all the political, social, and civil relations of all orders of the Roman people. Af sors. Matters had nearly arrived at a crisis, when a war arose, the Sabines and the Æqui having united their forces, and being desirous of availing themselves of the distracted state of Rome. The decemvirs assembled the senate, obtained their authority to raise an army, at the head of which they placed three of their number, and sent it against the Sabines. Another was raised and sent against the qui, while Appius Claudius remained at Rome to provide for the safety of the city and for the maintenance of the power of the decemvirs. Both armies suffered themselves to be defeated, and retired nearer to the city, dissatisfied rather than discomfited. Then occurred the affair of Virginia, and the decemviral power was at an end. (Vid. Virginia, Appius.-Liv., 3, 32, seqq.Hetherington's Hist. of Rome, p. 50, seqq.)—The account of the Decemviri is involved in considerable obscurity. A careful examination of the whole subject gives rise to the suspicion, that it was an artful and well-concerted scheme on the part of the nobility to regain the power of which they had been dispossessed Now the concurrence of the nobility in the views of the people, as regarded a code of laws, appears to have been all a preconcerted plan. They wished to destroy the tribunician power, and bring in laws which would tend to strengthen their own hands. The short time in which the Decemviri were occupied with digesting the code in question, shows that the laws had already been compiled and arranged by the patricians, and that their object was merely to present them under the sanction of some esteemed and respected name, as, for example, that of Solon, to the attention of the Roman people. The very continuance of the decemviral office shows this; and Dionysius of Halicarnassus expressly states (Ant. Rom., 10, 58), that the want of two additional tables was a mere pretext to continue the office and crush the tribunician power. It was no difficult thing for the patricians to impose on the lower orders, and give them old Roman laws for Athenian ones, especially as the patricians were the sole depositaries of the ancient laws. The whole bistory of the Decemviri would show that, until a short time previous to their abdication, they acted with a full understanding on the part of the patricians; and that even towards the close of their administration, when they wanted levies of troops, the opposition of the senate was little better than a mere farce. Had Appius not been tempted to play the tyrant, and to endeavour to monopolize too large a portion of the decemviral power, the plans of the nobility might have had a successful result.-II. There were also military decemviri; and, on various emergencies, decemviri were created to manage and regulate certain affairs, after the same manner as boards of commissioners are now appointed. Thus there were decemviri for conducting colonies; decemviri who officiated as judges in litigated matters under the prætor; decemviri for di by the gradual encroachments of the commons, and was only frustrated by the selfish and inordinate ambition of the leading agents. The people had been clamorous for a code of laws, a demand which the patricians, in whom the whole judiciary power was vested, and to whom the knowledge of the few laws which then existed was confined, had always very strenuously opposed. After violent altercations between the two orders, the patricians on a sudden yielded to the popular wish, and became apparently as desirous of a code of laws as the people themselves were: when, however, it came to the choice of commissioners, who should be sent abroad for the purpose of inspecting foreign codes, the nobility insisted that all three deputies should be of patrician rank. They gained their point, and three of their own order were sent. That these deputies actually went to Greece is a point far from being well established; indeed, the contrary would seem much nearer the truth. We have, it is true, the authority of Florus, Orosius, and Aurelius Victor, in favour of the Roman laws having been compiled from the code of Solon; but, on the other hand, Diodorus Siculus (12, 23), who makes mention of the Decemviri, and of the laws compiled by them, says nothing of the Romans having sent to Athens for that purpose; and in none of the works, of Cicero is any account given of this deputation. It must not be denied, however, that Dio Cassius (44, 26) makes Cicero remark, a little after the death of Cæsar, that their forefathers had not disdained to borrow some laws from Athens; and Cicero himself, in his treatise De Legibus (2, 23), speaking of a funeral law of the twelve tables, states that it was nearly all borrowed from one of the laws of Solon. In opposition to this, however, it may be urged, that a comparison of the fragments we possess of the decemviral laws with the code of Solon, shows so striking a discrepance in gen-viding the lands among the veteran soldiers; decemeral, as to lead at once to the belief that the coincidences mentioned by Cicero are to be explained on other and different grounds. Why, it may be asked, if the Roman code were borrowed from the Greek, did it breathe so little of the spirit of Grecian legislation, and contain so many things peculiar to the Romans and foreign to the Greeks? How came it that Hermodorus of Ephesus, who is reported to have inter- DECIUS I. (Publius Decius Mus), a celebrated Ropreted and explained the Attic laws to the Roman man consul, who, after many glorious exploits, devoted commissioners, used many Latin terms, such as auc- himself to the gods Manes for the safety of his countoritas, libripens, assiduus proletarius, and many try, in a battle against the Latins, B.C. 337. His son others, for which there were no equivalent expressions Decius imitated his example, and devoted himself in among the Greeks?-But the authority of Cicero him-like manner in his fourth consulship, when fighting self is conclusive on this point. He hesitates not to rank the laws of the twelve tables far above those of Greece. "It is easy," he observes, "to perceive how much the wisdom and prudence of our forefathers surpassed that of other nations, if you compare our laws with those of Lycurgus, Draco, and Solon. It is incredible how ill digested and almost ridiculous every system of civil law is excepting our own. This I repeat every day, when in my discourses I prefer the wisdom of our Romans to that of other men, and in particular of the Greeks." (Cic., de Orat., 1, 44.) Is this the language of a man who believed that the Decemviri had been indebted to the legislators of Greece for the code which they promulgated-The truth appears to be, that whatever admixture of Grecian laws there was in the Roman code, was derived from Gre-short duration, about two years. During this, howcian customs and usages prevalent at the time both ever, he proved a very cruel persecutor of the Chrisin the vicinity of Rome and in the city itself. To tians. He greatly signalized himself against the Perthese Grecian customs were added others peculiar to sians, but was slain in an action with the Goths, who the Romans. These last were, in fact, the old Leges had invaded his dominions. In advancing upon them, Regiæ, which, as the ancient writers inform us, were he was, with the greatest part of his troops, entangled observed, after the expulsion of the kings, not as writ-in a morass, where, being surrounded by the enemy, ten law, but as customs. The patricians might well he perished under a shower of darts, A.D. 251, aged be anxious to give them the sanction of written laws, 50 years. (Casaub., in Hist. Aug. Script., vol. 2, p. as it is highly probable that, being of regal institution, 168.) they breathed more or less of an aristocratical spirit. viri to prepare and preside at feasts in honour of the against the Gauls and Samnites, B.C. 296. His grandson also did the same in the war against Pyrrhus and the Tarentines, B.C. 280. (Liv, 7, 21, seqq.-Id., 8, 10.-Val. Mar.,5,6-Virg, En, 6, 824.)—II. (Messius Quintus Trajanus), a native of Pannonia, sent by the Emperor Philip to appease a sedition in Mosia. Instead of obeying his master's command, he assumed the imperial purple. His disaffected troops, it is said, forced him to this step. The emperor immediately marched against him, and a battle was fought near Verona, which terminated successfully for Decius, and Philip was either slain in the conflict or put to death after he fell into the conqueror's power. This took place A.D. 219, and from this period is dated the commencement of the reign of Decius. It was one of DECUMATES AGRI, lands in Germany, lying along DEI the Danube, in the vicinity of Mons Abnoba, which | strict exercise of justice, obtained the office of judge in his own district, he made himself so celebrated by DEIOTARUS was first distinguished as tetrarch of Galatia, and, on account of the eminent services which he performed in that station, and of the figure which he made in the Mithradatic war, was afterward appointed to the throne of Armenia Minor by Pompey, which appointment was confirmed by the senate. In the civil wars he sided with Pompey, and on that account was deprived of his Armenian possessions by Cæsar, but allowed to retain the title of king and the other favours conferred upon him by the Romans. Shortly after this he was accused by his grandson, with whom he was at open variance, of having made an attempt on the life of Cæsar when the latter was in Asia. Cicero ably and successfully defended him before Cæsar, in whose presence the cause was tried. After Cæsar's death, he recovered by bribery his forfeited territories. He intended also to join Brutus, but the general to whom he committed his troops went over to Antony, which saved him his kingdom. (Cic., pro Rege Deiot.-Id., Phil., 11., 12.-Id., ep. ad Att., 5, 17-Id, de Har. Resp., 13.-Id., de Div., 2, 37, &c.) DEÏANIRA, a daughter of Eneus, king of Etolia. Her beauty procured many admirers, and her father promised to give her in marriage to him only who proved superior in prowess to all his competitors. Her-sembly of the Medes being summoned, the partisans of cules obtained her hand, after a contest with the god of the Achelous. (Vid. Achelous.) On his way to Trachis, after his union with the daughter of Eneus, Hercules came in company with Deianira to the river Evenus, where Nessus, the Centaur, had taken his abode, and carried over travellers, saying that he had received this office from the gods as a reward for his uprightness. Hercules went across through the water himself, having agreed on the price for the conveyance of Deianira. Nessus attempted the honour of his fair freight. She resisted, and Hercules, hearing her cries, shot Nessus to the heart as he came on shore. The dying Centaur thought on revenge: he called Deïanira to him, and told her, if she wished to possess a philtre, or means of securing the love of Hercules, to keep carefully the blood which flowed from his wound; an When advice with which she incautiously complied. Hercules, subsequently, had erected an altar to Jupiter at the promontory of Cenæum in Euboea, and, wishing to offer a sacrifice, had sent for a splendid robe to wear, Deianira, haying heard from the messenger of a female captive named Iola, whom Hercules had taken, and fearing the effect of her charms on the heart of her husband, resolved to try the efficacy of the philtre of Nessus, and tinged with it the tunic which was sent. Hercules, suspecting nothing, put on the At first he fatal garment, and prepared to sacrifice. felt no effect from it; but, when it became warm, the venom of the hydra, which had been communicated by his arrow to the blood of the Centaur, began to consume his flesh, and eventually compelled him, in order to put an end to his sufferings, to ascend the funeral pile at Eta. (Vid. Hercules.)-Another legend made Deianira to have been the offspring of Bacchus and Althæa, queen of neus. Apollodorus speaks also of her skill in driving the chariot, and her acquaintance generally with martial exercises, a statement which he appears to have borrowed from some old poet. (Apollod., 1, 8, 1.--Heyne, ad loc.—Apollod., 2, 7, 5.-Id., 2, 7, 7.—Ovid, Met., 9, 9.-Id. ib., 9, 137.)-Müller, in his explanation of the myth of Hercules, makes the marriage of that hero with Deiaira a figurative allusion to the league between the Dorians and Etolians for the invasion of the Peloponnesus. (Dorians, vol. 1, p. 70, Eng. trans.) Creuzer, on the other hand, gives a mystic interpretation to the legend. According to him, Hercules power of the sun in drying up and fertilrepresents the izing the wet places. Hence Eneus (Oivevs, olvoç), the wine-man (or cultivator of the vine), gives his offspring in marriage to Hercules (or, in other words, gives the vine to the protecting care of that power which imparts the principle of production), and Hercules rescues her from the Centaur, the type, according to Creuzer and others, of the water or morasses. (Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 251.) ros. DEIDAMIA, a daughter of Lycomedes, king of ScyShe bore a son called Pyrrhus, or Neoptolemus, to Achilles, who was disguised at her father's court in (Apolwomen's clothes, under the name of Pyrrha. lod., 3, 13, 7.-Propert., 2, 9, 16.-Ovid, A. A., 1, 682, scqq.) DEIŎCES, a Median, who, when his countrymen had shaken off the Assyrian yoke, succeeded in attaining to the sovereign power. His mode of accomplishing that object was as follows: Having, by his probity and DEÏPHOBE, a sibyl of Cumæ, daughter of Glaucus. Virgil makes her the guide of Æneas to the lower world. (Æn., 6, 236, seqq.) Various names are given to her by the ancient writers, in relation to which, consult Gallæus (Dissertationes de Sibyllis, p. 145). DEÏPHOBUS, a son of Priam and Hecuba, who married Helen after the death of Paris, and was betrayed by her to Menelaus, and ignominiously murdered. (Virg., En., 6, 495.) According to Virgil's account, she introduced Menelaus secretly into the bedchamber of Deiphobus, who was asleep at the time, and, on awaking, was unable to defend himself, his faithless consort having removed his trusty sword from beneath his head, and all arms from his palace. He was cruelly mutilated before being put to death. (Virg., 1. c.) Homer makes Deïphobus to have particularly distinguished himself during the Trojan war, in two encounters with Meriones and Ascalaphus. (Il., 13, 156, et 517, seqq.) DELIA, I. a festival celebrated every fifth year in the island of Delos, in honour of Apollo. It was instituted by the Athenians, after the solemn lustration of Delos, in the sixth year of the Peloponnesian war. (Vid. Delos.)-II. Another festival, celebrated annually by a sacred voyage from Athens to Delos. It was said to have been instituted by Theseus, who when going to Crete, made a vow to Apollo, that, if he and the rest of the youths and maidens should be saved, he would send every year a sacred delegation to the natal island of the god. The vow was fulfilled, and the custom was ever after observed by the AtheThe persons sent on this annual voyage were nians. called Deliasta and Theori, and the ship which conveyed them was said to have been the same with the one which had carried Theseus to Crete. The beginning of the voyage was computed from the time that the priest of Apollo first adorned the stern of the ship with garlands, according to Plato, and from that time they began to purify the city. During this period, up to the time of the vessel's return, it was held unlawful |