given so beautiful and interesting an account of their celebrated retreat. (Vid. Xenophon.) According to Diodorus and Diogenes Laertius, the expedition was undertaken by Cyrus in the 4th year of the 94th Olympiad. Larcher, on the contrary, in a dissertation inserted in the 17th vol. of the Memoirs of the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres, makes it to have been in the third year of that Olympiad, in the end of March or beginning of April. He makes the battle of Cunaxa to have been fought at the end of October, in the 4th year of the same Olympiad, and the time which the whole expedition occupied, including the retreat, down to the period when the Greeks entered the army of Thymbron, to have been two years. (Plut., Vit. Artax-Xen, Anab.-Thirlwall's Greece, vol. 4, p. 281, seqq.)—III. A large river of Asia, rising in Iberia and falling into the Caspian; now the Kur. This river waters the great valley of Georgia, and is increased by the Aragui, the Iora, probably the Iberus of the ancients, and the Alasan, which is their Alazo. When it reaches the plains of Shirvan, its waters are mixed with those of the Aras or Araxes. These two rivers form several branches, sometimes united and sometimes separated, so that it appears uncertain, as it was in the time of Strabo and Ptolemy, whether their mouths were to be considered as separate, or whether the Cyrus received the Araxes. (Plin., 4, 10.—Id., 6, 9.-Id., 10, 13.-Mela, 3, 5.-Strabo, 345.) sion to the throne. He accompanied Artaxerxes, have belonged to Cyrus. According to the Persian whom the Greeks distinguished by the epithet of Mne- custom of treating slain rebels, the head and right mon, to Pasargada, where the Persian kings went hand of Cyrus were cut off and brought to the king, through certain mystic ceremonies of inauguration, and who is said himself to have seized the head by the Tissaphernes took this opportunity of charging him hair, and to have held it up as a proof of his victory with a design against his brother's life. It would seem, to the view of the surrounding crowd. Thus ended from Plutarch's account, that one of the officiating the expedition of Cyrus. Xenophon, who gives an acpriests was suborned to support the charge; though it count of the whole enterprise, pauses to describe the is by no means certain that it was unfounded. Arta- qualities and conduct by which this prince commanded Xerxes was convinced of its truth, and determined on love and respect, in a manner which shows how imporputting his brother to death; and Cyrus was only saved tant the results of his success might have been for the by the passionate entreaties of Parysatis, in whose arms welfare of Persia. The Greeks, after the battle, began he had sought refuge from the executioner. The char- to negotiate with the king through Tissaphernes, who acter of Artaxerxes, though weak and timid, seems not offered to lead them home. He treacherously violated to have been naturally unamiable. The ascendency his word, however; and having, by an act of perfidy, obwhich his mother, notwithstanding her undissembled tained possession of the persons of the Greek commandpredilection for her younger son, exercised over him, ers, he sent them up to the king at Babylon, where was the source of the greater part of his crimes and they were all put to death. The Greeks were not, misfortunes. On this occasion he suffered it to over- however, discouraged, though at a great distance from power both the suspicions suggested by Tissaphernes, their country, and surrounded on every side by a powand the jealousy which the temper and situation of Cy-erful enemy. They immediately chose new commandrus might reasonably have excited. He not only parers, in the number of whom was Xenophon, who has doned his brother, but permitted him to return to his government. Cyrus felt himself not obliged, but humbled, by his rival's clemency; and the danger he had escaped only strengthened his resolution to make himself, as soon as possible, independent of the power to which he owed his life. Immediately after his return to Sardis, he began to make preparations for the execution of his design. The chief difficulty was to keep them concealed from Artaxerxes until they were fully matured; for, though his mother, who was probably from the beginning acquainted with his purpose, was at court, always ready to put the most favourable construction on his conduct, yet Tissaphernes was at hand to watch it with malignant attention, and to send the earliest information of any suspicious movement to the king Cyrus, however, devised a variety of pretexts to blind Tissaphernes and the court, while he collected an army for the expedition which he was meditating. His main object was to raise as strong a body of Greek troops as he could, for it was only with such aid that he could hope to overpower an adversary, who had the whole force of the empire at his command: and he knew enough of the Greeks to believe, that their superiority over his countrymen, in skill and courage, was sufficient to compensate for almost any inequality of numbers. In the spring of 401 B.C., Cyrus began his march from Sardis. His whole Grecian force, a part of which joined him on the route, amounted to 11,000 heavy infantry, and about 2000 targeteers. His barbarian troops were 100,000 strong. After directing his line of march through the whole extent of Asia Minor, he entered the Babylonian territory; and it was not until he reached the plain of Cunaxa, between sixty and seventy miles from Babylon, that he became certain of his brother's intention to hazard an engage ment. Artaxerxes met him in this spot at the head of an army of 900,000 men. If we may believe Plutarch, the Persian monarch had continued to waver almost to the last, between the alternatives of fighting and retreating, and was only diverted from adopting the latter course by the energetic remonstrances of TiribaZus. In the battle which ensued, the Greeks soon routed the barbarians opposed to them, but committed an error in pursuing them too far, and Cyrus was compelled, in order to avoid being surrounded by the rest of the king's army, to make an attack upon the centre, where his brother was in person. He routed the royal body-guard, and, being hurried away by the violence of his feelings the moment he espied the king, he engaged with him, but was himself wounded and slain by a common soldier. Had Clearchus acted in conformity with the directions of Cyrus, and led his division against the king's centre, instead of being drawn off into pursuit of the flying enemy, the victory must CYTA, a city of Colchis, in the interior of the country, near the river Phasis, and northeast of Tyndaris. It was the birthplace of Medea, and its site corresponds at the present day to Kutais, the capital of the Russian province of Imerethi. The inhabitants, like the Colchians generally, were famed for their acquaintance with poisonous herbs and magic rites. Scylax calls the place Malē (Múλn), which Vossius changes to Cyta (Kúra). Medea was called Cytais from this her native city. (Steph. Byz., s. v.-Cellar., Geog. Antiq., vol. 1, p. 303.) CYTEIS, a surname given to Medea by the poets, from her having been born at Cyta. (Propert., 2. 1, 73.) CYTHERA, now Cerigo, an island on the coast of Laconia in Peloponnesus. It was particularly sacred to the goddess Venus, who was hence surnamed Cytherau, and who rose, as fables tell us, from the sea, near its coasts. Stephanus of Byzantium says, that the island derived its name Cythera from a Phoenician named Cytherus, who settled in it. Before his arrival it was called Porphyris or Porphyrissa, according to Eustathius (ad Dion. Perieg., 500), from the quantity of purple fish found on its shores; but the name of Cythera is as ancient as the time of Homer. (Od., 1, 80.) The fable respecting Venus' having arisen from the sea in its vicinity, means nothing more than that CYTHERÆA, a surname of Venus, from her rising out of the ocean near the island of Cythera. the slope of Mount Arcton-oros. Its first foundation is ascribed by Conon to a colony of Pelasgi from Thessaly, under the conduct of Cyzicus, son of Apollo, and Aristides speaks of the god himself as the founder of the city. (Orat. Cyzic., 1, p. 114.) In process of time the Pelasgi were expelled by the Tyrrheni, and these again made way for the Milesians, who are generally looked upon by the Greeks as the real settlers, to whom the foundation of Cyzicus is to be attributed. (Conon, Narrat., 41.-Strah., 635.) Cyzicus became, in process of time, a flourishing commercial city, and was at the height of its prosperity, when, through the means of the kings of Pergamus, it secured the favour and protection of Rome. Florus speaks in the highest terms of its beauty and opulence; and Strabo assures us that it equalled in these respects, as well as in the wisdom of its political institutions and the firmness of its government, the most renowned cities of Asia. The Cyzicene commonwealth resembled those of Rhodes, Marseilles, and Carthage. They elected three magistrates, who were curators of the public buildings and stores. They possessed extensive arsenals and granaries, and care was taken to preserve the wheat by mixing it with Chalcidic earth. Owing to these wise and salutary precautions, they were enabled to sustain an arduous and memorable siege against Mithradates, king of Pontus, by both sea and land, until relieved by Lucullus. (Appian, Bell. Mithr., c. 73, seqq.-Plut., Vit. Lucull., c. 9, seqq.-Strab., 575.) The Romans, in acknowledgment of the bravery and fidelity displayed by the Cyzicenians on this occasion, granted to them their independence, and greatly enlarged their territory. Under the emperors, Cyzicus continued to prosper greatly, and in the time of the Byzantine sway it was the metropolis of the Hellespontine province. (Hierocl., p. 661.) It was nearly destroyed by an earthquake, A.D. 943. Cyzicus gave birth to several historians, philosophers, and other writers. The coins of this place, called Kviknvoi σraтipes, were so beautiful as to be deemed a miracle of art. Proserpina was worshipped as the chief deity of the place, and the inhabitants had a legend among them, that their city CYTORUM, a city of Paphlagonia, on the coast be- was given by Jupiter to this goddess, as a portion of tween the promontory Carambis and Amastris. It her dowry. The ruins of Cyzicus now pass by the was a Greek town of great antiquity, since Homer al- name of Atraki. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. ludes to it (Il., 2, 853), and is thought to have been 40, seqq.)-III. A king of the Dolionians, a people founded by a colony of Milesians. According to Stra- who are said to have been the first inhabitants of the bo (545), it had been a port of the inhabitants of Si district of Cyzicus in Mysia. He was killed in a nope. In its vicinity was a mountain, named Cyto-night encounter by the Argonauts, whom he had misrus, which produced a beautifully-veined species of taken for enemies. (Vid. Argonautæ.) box-tree. (Catullus, 4, 13.-Virg., Georg., 2, 437.) The ruins of the ancient city are found near a harbour called Quitros or Kitros. (Tavernier, Voyage, lib. 3, c. 6.) In the vicinity is a high mountain called Kutros or Kotru. (Abulfeda, tab. 18, p. 309.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 23.) CYTHNOS, an island between Ceos and Seriphus, in the Mare Myrtoum, colonized by the Dryopes. (Artem., ap. Strab., 485.-Dicæarch., Ins., 27.) It was the birthplace of Cyadias, an eminent painter. The cheese of Cythnos, according to Stephanus and Julius Pollux, was held in high estimation among the ancients. The island is now called Thermia. It was also named Ophiussa and Dryopis. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 403.) CYTINEUM, the most considerable of the four cities of Doris in Greece. According to Thucydides (3, 95), it was situate to the west of Parnassus, and on the borders of the Locri Ozola. Eschines observes, that it sent one deputy to the Amphictyonic council. (De Fuls. Leg., p. 43.) Cyzicus, I. an island off the northern coast of Mysia, nearly triangular in shape, and about five hundred stadia in circuit. Its base was turned towards the Propontis, while the vertex advanced so closely to the continent that it was easy to connect it by a double bridge. This, as Pliny reports, was done by Alexander. Scylax, however, says that it was always a peninsula, and his authority is followed by Mannert, who is of opinion that the inhabitants may, after the time of Scylax, have separated it from the mainland by a canal or ditch, for purposes of security. (Plin., 5, 32.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 527.) It is certainly a peninsula at the present day, and there are no indications whatever of the bridges mentioned by Pliny and others. (Sestini, Viaggio, p. 502.-Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 47)-II. A celebrated city of Mysia, on the island of the same name, situate partly in the plain which extended to the bridges connecting the island with the continent, and partly on D. DAE or DAHA (called by Herodotus DA1), a peo ple who dwelt on the southeastern borders of the Caspian Sea, in the province of Hyrcania. They seem to have been a roving nomadic tribe. Virgil (En., 728) styles them indomiti; and Servius, in commenting on the passage of the poet where the term occurs, states that they extended to the northern part of Persia. He must allude evidently to the incursions they were accustomed to make into the countries south of Hyrcania. (Compare Plin., 6, 17-Mela, 1, 2, and 3, 5.) Their country is supposed by some to answer to the modern Dahistan. (Plin., 6, 17.—Curt., 7, 4. Herod., 1, 125.) DACIA, a large country of Europe, bounded on the south by the Danube, which separated it from Morsia, on the north by Sarmatia, on the east by the Tyras and Pontus Euxinus, and on the west by the lazyges Metanastæ. It corresponded nearly to Valachia, Transylvania, Moldavia, and that part of Hungary which lies to the east of the Tibiscus or Teiss, one of the northern branches of the Danube. In A.D. 105, Trajan added this country to the Roman empire. He erected a stately bridge over the Danube, 3325 English feet in length. This Aurelian destroyed: his motive in so doing is said to have been the fear lest the barbarians would find it an easy passage to the countries south of the Danube, for he had by a treaty abandoned to the Goths the Dacia of Trajan. (Vopisc., 33, 39.) On this occasion he named the province south of the Danube, to which his forces were withdrawn, Dacia Aureliani. (Vid. Moesia.) There were afterward distinguished in Dacia, the part bordering on the Danube and called Ripensis, and that which was sequestered in the interior country under the name of Mediterranea. This last was probably the same with what was more anciently termed Dardania. The Daci of the Romans are the same with the Getæ of the Greeks. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 4, p. 188, seqq.) From Dacus comes Davus, the common name of slaves in Greek and Roman plays. Geta was used in the same sense. The Daci were, in process of time, successively subdued by the Sarmatæ, the Goths, and the Huns; and lastly, the Saxons, driven by the conquests of Charlemagne, established themselves in Dacia. The Saxons principally concentrated themselves in what is now Transylvania, corresponding to the ancient Dacia Mediterranea, a fertile region, surrounded with forests and metalliferous mountains. (Sambuco, Append. Rer. Hung. Bonfin., p. 760.) To their coming must be entirely attributed the origin of its cultivation. All its principal towns were built by them traces of their language still remain; and it is from them that Transylvania received the name of Siebenburgen, or the Region of Seven Cities. (Chron. Hung, c. 2, ap. Rer. Hung. Script., p. 31.-Clarke's Travels-Greece, Egypt, Holy Land, &c., vol. 8, p. 295, seqq.) DACICUS, I. a surname of the Emperor Trajan, from his conquest of Dacia. (Rasche, Lex. Rei Num., vol. 3, col. 27.)-II. A surname, supposed, but erroneously, to have been assumed by Domitian, on account of a pretended victory over the Dacians. The coins on which it occurs are Trajan's. (Achaintre, ad Juv., Sat., 6, 204.) DACTYLI. Vid. Idæi Dactyli. together like stones, was erected, and upon it were thrown large quantities of combustible materials. Afterward a bull was sacrificed to Jupiter, and an ox or heifer to Juno, by every one of the cities of Boeotia, and by the most opulent that attended. The poorest citizens offered small cattle; and all these oblations, together with the Dædala, were thrown in the common heap and set on fire, and totally reduced to ashes. The festival originated in this: when Juno, after a quarrel with Jupiter, had retired to Euboea, and refused to return, the god went to consult Citharon, king of Plataa, to find some effectual measure to subdue her obstinacy. Citharon advised him to dress a statue in woman's apparel, and carry it in a chariot, and publicly to report it was Platea, the daughter of Asopus, whom he was going to marry. The advice was followed, and Juno, informed of her husband's future marriage, repaired in haste to meet the chariot, and was easily united to him, when she discovered the artful measures he made use of to effect a reconciliation. (Pausan., 9, 3.) Plutarch composed an entire treatise on this festival, some fragments of which have been preserved by Eusebius (Præp. Evang., 3, 1, p. 83.-Plut., Op. ed. Hutten, vol. 14, p. 287), and agree with the account given in Pausanias, except that, in the narrative of Eusebius, Citharon is called Alaicomene, and Platæa, Dædala. (Siebelis, ad Pausan., l. c.) DEDALUS, I. the name of a celebrated artist of antiquity, said to have been a native of Athens. In treating of him, it is requisite first to mention, that the statements of ancient writers respecting him cannot be understood as exhibiting the true history of an indi vidual, but rather as obscurely intimating the origin and progress of the arts in Greece; and, in particular, the information which is afforded respecting the place of his birth, and the countries in which he lived, seems to reflect light on the districts in which the arts were first cultivated. In noticing the accounts which have reached us, of the personal history of the artist Dedalus, the name itself first claims our attention. We learn from Pausanias (9, 3, 2), that all statues and images were anciently styled daidaha, and as DEDALA, I. a town of Caria, near the confines of this designation was common long before the birth of Lycia, and on the northern shore of the Glaucus Sinus. the Athenian artist Dædalus, it is inferred that the It was said to have derived its name from Dædalus, name Dædalus was given to him on account of his prowho, being stung by a snake on crossing the small ductions. We have many similar instances of names river Ninus, died and was buried here. (Steph. Byz., given to individuals, to show either the origin of pars. v. ▲aidaña.)-II. A mountain, in the vicinity of ticular acts, or the talents, ingenuity, and other excelthe city of the same name, and on the confines of lences of artists. Diodorus Siculus (4, 76, seqq.) and Lycia. (Strabo, 664.)-III. Two festivals in Boo- Pausanias (7, 4, 5.-Id., 9, 3, 2), together with other tia. One of these was observed at Alalcomenos by writers, say that he was born in Attica; but Ausothe Plateans, in a large grove, where they exposed, in nius (Mos., 301) designates him as a Cretan, probathe open air, pieces of boiled flesh, and carefully ob- bly because a large portion of his time was spent in served whither the crows that had come to prey upon the island of Crete. The name of his father is varithem directed their flight. All the trees upon which ously stated by different authors. Plato (Ion, p. any of these birds alighted were immediately cut 363) and Diodorus Siculus (4, 76, seqq.) give the down, and with them statues were made, called Dad-name as Metiones. On the other hand, Hyginus ala, in honour of Dædalus.-The other festival was of a more solemn kind. It was celebrated every sixty years by all the cities of Boeotia, as a compensation for the intermission of the smaller festival for that number of years, during the exile of the Platæans. Fourteen of the statues called Dædala were distributed by lot among the Plateans, Lebadæans, Coroneans, Orchomenians, Thespians, Thebans, Tanagræans, and Cheroneans, because they had effected a reconciliation among the Plateans, and caused them to be recalled from exile about the time that Thebes was restored by Cassander, the son of Antipater. During this festival, a woman in the habit of a bridemaid accompanied a statue, which was dressed in female garments, along the banks of the Eurotas. This procession was attended to the top of Mount Citharon by many of the Baotians, who had places assigned them by Here an altar of square pieces of wood, cemented 'ot. (fab., 274), Suidas, Servius (ad Virg., Æn., 6, 14), cast the wooden cow for Pasiphaë, he incurred the dis- cording to Strabo, the Dalmatians had a peculiar cus pleasure of the king, and was thrown into prison. tom of dividing their lands every eight years, and had Having, by means of Pasiphae, escaped from confine- no coined money. The geographer also informs us, ment, he determined to flee from Crete; but, being that they possessed fifty towns, all of considerable size, unable to get away by sea, he resolved to attempt several of which were burned by Augustus. Their flight through the air. He made, accordingly, wings capital he calls Dalmium, and derives from it the name of feathers united by wax, for himself and his son Ica- of the nation. (Strab., 315.) The Romans, after their rus. They mounted into the air; but Icarus ascend- conquest of this country, divided it into Dalmatia Maring too high, and approaching too near the sun, its itima and Mediterranea, and made it part of the provheat melted the wax, and the youth fell into the sea ince of Illyricum, forming the lower portion of Illyria and was drowned. Dædalus arrived in safety in Sici- Barbara. Dalmatia, however, is sometimes made to ly, where he was kindly received by Cocalus, king comprehend a much wider tract of country, namely, of that island, who took up arms in his defence against all Illyria Barbara, or the region between Istria and Minos, when the latter pursued him thither. (Apollod., Dyrrhachium, the Adriatic Sea and the Danube. Dal3, 15, 9.—Ovid, Met., 8, 103, seqq.-Philisti Fragm., matia was the native land of several of the Roman 1, p. 145, ed. Göller.) Here, too, he was employed emperors, who exerted themselves, accordingly, to imin erecting several great architectural works, some of prove its condition. Many cities, therefore, and splen which were extant even in the time of Diodorus. did structures arose in various parts of it; and, after This author states that he died in Sicily, but others the new division of the Roman provinces under Conmention that he went to Egypt, where he left monu- stantine and Theodosius, Dalmatia became one of the ments of his ability (Scylax Peripl.); and others, most important parts of the empire. (Flor., 4. 12.— again, assert, that he was a member of the colony which Sueton., Vit. Tib., c. 9.-Id., Vit. Aug., c. 21.—JorAristaus is said by some to have established in Sar-nand., de Regn. Succ., p. 39, 58.—Id., de Reb. Get., p. dinia. Thus much for the pretended history of Dæda- 109, 128, 136.) lus. It must be evident, that under the name of this DALMATIUS, a nephew of Constantine the Great. artist are concealed facts respecting the origin of Gre- He was invested by this emperor with the title of cian art, which took its rise in Attica, and then spread, Cæsar, and commanded against the Goths in Thrace, under different circumstances, into Crete and Sicily. Macedonia, and Greece. Dalmatius fell in a tumult of Dædalus, therefore (Saídakoç, “ingenious," invent- his own soldiers, A.D. 338, brought about by the in ive"), is merely a personification of manual art. He trigues of Constantius, after the death of Constantine. was the Eponymus of the class of Dædalids, or statua- (Zosim., 2, 39, seq.-Compare Crevier, Hist. des ries, at Athens, and there were various wooden stat- Emp., vol. 6, p. 395.) ues, preserved till late times, and said to be the work of his hands. Icarus (from εikw, “to be like," ɛikór, ikeλog) was a suitable name for his son, and the resemblance between it and the name of the Icarian Sea probably gave occasion to the legend of the flight through the air. (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.-Keightley's Mythology, p. 398.) Dædalus is said to have introduced several improvements into the forms of ancient statues, by separating the legs, which before were closed together, and representing his statues in the attitude of moving forward; and also by opening the eyes, which were previously shut. Hence arose the fabulous statement, invented at a subsequent period, that Dædalus communicated motion to statues by an infusion of quicksilver. (Plat., Men., p. 97, ed. Stalb.-Aristot., Polit., 1, 4.--Suid., s. v. Dauðúλov Touara-Bottiger, Andeutungen, p. 49.) Dædalus is mentioned as the inventor of the axe, plumbline, auger, and also of glue; and likewise as the person who first introduced masts and sails into ships. (Plin., 7, 56.-Varr., Fragm., p. 325, ed. Bip)-II. A statuary of Sicyon, who flourished in the 95th Olympiad, or 400-397 B.C. (Plin., 34, 8.-Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.) -III. A statuary of Bithynia, author of an admirable figure of Zevs Erpúrios, which was preserved at Nicomedia. (Arrian, ap. Eustath., ad Dionys. Perieg., 796.) Thiersch thinks that he lived after the founding of Nicomedia. He certainly fourished when the arts had been brought to a high state of perfection in Greece. (Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.) DAHE. Vid. Das. DALMINIUM, the capital of Dalmatia, and from which the Dalmatæ are said to have derived their name. It was situate to the east of the river Naro, and northeast of Narona. This place, like many other of the Dalmatian towns, was situate on an eminence. Hence, when it was attacked by the Romans, the usual machines could not be brought up against it, and the consul Figulus was compelled to dart burning brands from his catapultas. As the fortifications of the place were of wood, these were soon reduced to ashes, and with them a large part of the city itself. Strabo (315) and Stephanus of Byzantium write the name Damion (Autov). The reduction of this city by Figulus took place B.C. 119. (Appian, Bell. Ill., 11.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 7, p. 372.) DAMASCENA, or DAMASCENE ( Aaμaoкnvǹ xúpa), a name given to the region around Damascus, in Syria. (Plin., 5, 12.-Strab., 756.) DAMASCIUS, a philosopher, a native of Damascus. He commenced his studies under Ammonius at Alexandrea, and completed them at Athens under Marinus, Isidorus, and Zenodotus. According to some, he was the successor of Isidorus. It is certain, however, that he was the last professor of New-Platonism at Athens. He appears to have been a man of excellent judgment, and to have had a strong attachment for the sciences, particularly mathematics. He wrote a work entitled 'Απορίαι καὶ λύσεις περὶ τῶν πρώτων ἀρχῶν, "Doubts and solutions concerning the origin of things." Of this only two fragments remain, one preserved by Photius, which forms a biographica sketch of Isidorus of Gaza; the other treating Epi yevvnroù, of what has been procreated." A Munich MS. is said to contain an unedited work of his, entitled 'Απορίαι καὶ λύσεις εἰς τὸν Πλάτωνος Παρμενί Sny, "Doubts and solutions relative to the Parmenides of Plato." (Aretin, Beiträge zur Gesch. und Lit., vol. 1, p. 24.-Scholl, Hist. Lat. Gr., vol. 7, p. DALMATIA, a part of Illyricum, between the rivers Titius and Drinus, and the ranges of the Bebian mountains and Scardus. It derived its name from the Dalmates, a barbarous but valiaut race, supposed to be of Thracian origin, and who were very skilful in navigating the sea along their coast, and extremely bold in their piracies. The modern name of the country is the same with the ancient. The capital, Dalmini-117, seq.) um or Delminium, was taken and destroyed by the Romans, B.C. 157; the country, however, was not completely subdued until the time of Augustus, who is said by Appian (Bell. Ill. c. 25) to have concluded the war in person before he became emperor. Ac 64 DAMASCUS (in Hebrew Dammesek), one of the principal cities of Syria, in what was called Cœle-Syria, a few miles to the east of Antilibanus, where the chain begins to turn off to the southeast, under the name of Carmel. It was beautifully situated in an extensive wall. As the several tribes of the Damnonii submitted without much resistance to the Romans, and never joined in any revolt against them, their conquerors were under no necessity of building many forts or keeping many garrisons in their country. Hence it happens, that few Roman antiquities have been found here, and that the name of its people is seldom mentioned by the Roman writers. Mannert considers the name Dumnonii the more correct of the two. (Geogr., vol. 2, p. 195.) and pleasant plain, still called Gouteh Demesk, or the orchard of Damascus, and watered by a river called by the Greeks Bardine or Chrysorrhoas, the golden stream, now Baradi. The Syriac name of this stream was Pharphar. Damascus is supposed to have been founded by Uz, the eldest son of Aram. (Gen., 10, 23.) However this may be, it subsisted in the time of Abraham, and may be reckoned one of the most ancient cities of Syria. It was conquered by David (2 Sam., 8, 6), but freed itself from the Jewish yoke in the time of Solomon (1 Kings, 11, 23, seqq.), and DAMOCLES, one of the flatterers of Dionysius the became the seat of a new principality, which often Elder, of Sicily. Having in the course of conversaharassed the kingdoms of both Judah and Israel. It tion extolled the power and wealth of the tyrant, and afterward fell, in succession, under the power of the the abundant means of felicity by which the latter apAssyrians and Persians, and came from the latter into peared to be surrounded, Dionysius asked him wheththe hands of the Seleucida. Damascus, however, did er he would like to make trial of this same state, not flourish as much under the Greek dynasty as it which seemed to him so happy a one. Damocles had while held by the Persians. The Seleucidæ neg- eagerly assented, and the tyrant caused him to be lected the place, and bestowed all their favour on the placed on a purple couch, most beautifully adorned new cities erected by them in the northern parts of with various embroidery. Vessels of gold and silver, Syria; and here, no doubt, lies the reason why the richly wrought, met his view on every side, and an later Greek and Roman writers say so little of the city exquisite banquet was served up by slaves of the most itself, though they are all loud in their praises of the attractive mien, who were attentive to his every comadjacent country. Damascus was seized by the Ro- mand. Damocles thought himself at the summit of mans in the war of Pompey with Tigranes, B.C. 65, human felicity; when, happening to cast his eyes upbut still continued, as under the Greek dynasty, a ward towards the richly carved ceiling, he perceived a comparatively unimportant place, until the time of sword, suspended from it by a single horsehair, diDioclesian. This emperor, feeling the necessity of a rectly over his neck as he lay reclined at the banquet. strongly fortified city in this quarter, as a depôt for All feeling of delight instantly left him; and he begged munitions of war, and a military post against the fre- the tyrant to allow him to depart, since he no longer quent inroads of the Saracens, selected Damascus for wished to enjoy this kind of felicity. And thus was the purpose. Everything was done, accordingly, to Damocles taught the salutary lesson, that little, if any, strengthen the place; extensive magazines were also enjoyment is found in the possession of usurped power, established, and likewise numerous workshops for the when every moment is imbittered by the dread of impreparation of weapons of war. (Malala, Chron., 11, pending conspiracy and danger. (Cic., Tusc., 5, 22.— p. 132.—Notitia Imperii.) It is not unlikely that the Compare Philo, ap. Euseb., Præp. Evang, 8, 14, p. high reputation to which Damascus afterward at- 391.-Macrob., ad Somn. Scip., 1, 10.- Sidon. Apoll., tained, for its manufacture of sword-blades and other 2, 13.-Horat., Od., 3, 1, 17.) works in steel, may have had its first foundations laid by this arrangement on the part of Dioclesian. The city continued from this time a flourishing place. In the 7th century it fell into the hands of the Saracens, and was for some time after this the seat of the califs. Its prosperity, too, remained unimpaired, since the route of the principal caravans to Mecca lay through it. It is now the capital of a pachalic. The Arabs call it El-Sham, and the Oriental name Demesk is known only to geographers. It is one of the most beautiful and pleasant cities of Asia, and is by the Arabs considered the first of the four terrestrial paradises. Its population is variously estimated from 80,000 to 200,000. Volney gives the former number, and Ali Bey the latter. The Christian population is estimated by Connor at about 20,000, including Greeks, Catholics, Latins, Maronites, Armenians, and Nestorians, but he says this is a rough calculation. It is impossible to know the exact number." (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 6, pt. 1, p. 409, seq.) DAMASIPPUS, I. a prætor during the consulship of Papirius Carbo and the younger Marius, A.U.C. 671. As a follower of the Marian party, he indulged in many cruel excesses against the opposite faction, and also against such as were suspected of favouring it. He was put to death by Sylla. (Sallust, Cat., 51.Vell. Paterc., 2, 26.)-II. A character in Horace, who is there represented as having been at first a virtuoso, or dealer in antiques, but who, proving unfortunate in this branch of business, assumed the name and appearance of a Stoic philosopher. (Horat., Sat., 2, 3, 17, seqq.) DAMNII, one of the ancient nations of Scotland, whose country answered to the modern Clydesdale, Renfrew, Lennox, and Stirling. (Ptol.-Mannert, Geogr. vol. 2, p. 207.) DAMNONII OF DUMNONII, a people of Britain, whose country answered to the modern Devonshire and Corn DAMON, a Pythagorean philosopher of Syracuse, united by ties of the firmest friendship to Phintias (not Pythias, as the name is commonly given), another Pythagorean, of the same city. Dionysius the tyrant having condemned Phintias to death for conspiring against him, the latter begged that leave might be allowed him to go for a short period to a neighbouring place, in order to arrange some family affairs, and of fered to leave one of his friends in the hands of Dionysius as a pledge for his return by an appointed time, and who would be willing, in case Phintias broke his word, to die in his stead. Dionysius, quite sceptical as to the existence of such friendship, and prompted by strong curiosity, assented to the arrangement, and Damon took the place of Phintias. The day appointed for the return of the latter arrived, and public expectation was highly excited as to the probable issue of this singular affair. The day drew to a close, no Phintias came, and Damon was in the act of being led to execution, when, on a sudden, the absent friend, who had been detained by unforeseen and unavoidable obstacles, presented himself to the eyes of the admiring crowd, and saved the life of Damon. Dionysius was so much struck by this instance of true attachment, that he pardoned Phintias, and entreated the two to allow him to share their friendship. (Diod. Sic., fragm, lib. 10, vol. 4, p. 52, seqq., ed. Bip.—Val. Max, 4, 7, 1, ext. ed. Hase.—Plut., de amic. mult., p. 93.) DAMOPHILA, a poetess of Lesbos, intimate with Sappho. She composed a hymn on the worship of the Pergæan Diana. (Philostrat., Vit. Apollon., 1. 20.) DAMOXENUS, a boxer of Syracuse, excluded from the Nemean games for killing his opponent in a pugilistic encounter. The name of the latter was Creugas, and the two competitors, after having consumed the entire day in boxing, agreed each to receive from the other a blow without flinching. Creugas first struck Damoxenus on the head, and then Damoxenus, |