was a very active and inveterate foe to the Athenians, tion as a moral instructer. (Enfield's History of Phiand did them considerable mischief in the Chersonese.losophy, vol. 1, p. 248, seqq.) Cotys was assassinated by Python and Heraclides, who received each from the Athenians, as a recompense for the deed, the rights of citizenship and a golden crown. (Demosth., contra Aristocr.—Aristot., Polit., 5, 10.-Palmer., ad Demosth., contr. Arist., 30.)-II. A king of Thrace, who sent his son Sadales, at the head of five hundred horse, to the aid of Pompey, in his contest with Cæsar. (Cas., Bell. Civ., 3, 4-Compare Lucan, 5, 54, and Cortius, ad loc.)-III. A king of Thrace in the time of Augustus, slain by his uncle Rhescuporis, B.C. 15. He was a prince of 'a literary turn, and Ovid addressed to him one of his epistles from the Euxine (Ep. ex Ponto, 2, 9.-Tacit., Ann, 2, 66, &c.)-IV. Son of Manes, succeeded his father on the throne of Lydia. (Herod., 4, 45.-Consult Ritter, Vorhalle, p. 365)--V. A king of the Odrysæ, in Thrace, who favoured the interests of Perses against the Romans. (Liv., 42, 29.) COTYTTO, or COTYS, a goddess worshipped by the Thracians, and apparently identical with the Phrygian Cybele. Her worship was introduced at Athens and Corinth, where it was celebrated, in private, with great indecency and licentiousness. The priests of the goddess were called Baptæ. A full account of all that the ancients have left us in relation to this deity, may be found in Buttmann (Mythologus, vol. 2, c. 19, p. 159, seqq "Ueber die Kotyttia und die Bapta") and in Lobeck (Aglaophamus, p. 1007, seqq.-Epimetrum xi., ad. c. 8). CRASSUS, I. Lucius Licinius, a Roman orator and man of consular rank. In A.U.C. 633, being only twenty-one years of age, he made his debut in the Forum, in a prosecution against C. Carbo. Cicero says, that he was remarkable, even at this early period, for his candour and his great love of justice. Crassus was but twenty-seven years old when his eloquence obtained the acquittal of his relation, the vestal Licinia. Being elevated to the consulship in 657, he was the author of a law, by which numbers of the allies, who passed for Roman citizens, were sent back to their respective cities. This law alienated from him the affections of the principal Italians, so that he was regarded by some as the primary cause of the social war, which broke out three years after. Having Hither Gaul for his province, Crassus freed the country from the robbers that infested it, and for this service had the weakness to claim a triumph. The senate were favourable to his application; but Scævola, the other consul, opposed it, on the ground that he had not conquered foes worthy of the Roman people. Crassus conducted himself, in other respects, with great wisdom in his government, and not only did not remove from around him the son of Carbo, who had come as a spy on his conduct, but even placed him by his side on the tribunal, and did nothing of which the other was not a witness. Being appointed censor in 659, he caused the school of the Latin rhetoricians to be closed, regarding them as dangerous innovators for the young. Crassus left hardly any orations behind him; and he died while Cicero was yet in his boyhood: but still that author, having collected the opinions of those who had heard him, speaks with a minute, and apparently perfect, intelligence of his style of oratory. He was what may be called the most ornamental speaker that had hitherto appeared in the Forum. Though not without force, gravity, and dignity, these were happily blended with the most insinuating politeness, urbanity, ease, and gayety. He was master of the most pure and accurate language, and of perfect elegance of expression, without any affectation, or unpleasant appearance of previous study. Great clearness of language distinguished all his harangues; and, while descanting on topics of law or equity, he possessed an inexhaustible fund of argument and illustration. Some persons considered Crassus as only equal to Antonius, his great contemporary; others preferred him as the more perfect and accomplished orator. The language of Crassus was indisputably preferable to that of Antonius; but the action and gesture of the CRANII, a town of Cephallenia, situate, according latter were as incontestably superior to those of Crasto Strabo, in the same gulf with Pale. (Strab., 456. sus. As a public speaker Crassus was remarkable for -Thucyd., 2, 34.-Liv., 38, 28.) The Athenians his diffidence in the opening of a speech, a diffidence established the Messenians here, upon the abandon-which never forsook him; and, after the practice of a ment of Pylos by the latter, when that fortress was re-long life at the bar, he was frequently so much agitastored to the Lacedæmonians. (Thucyd., 5, 35.) Dr. ted in the exordium of a discourse, as to grow pale and Holland says, "this city stood on an eminence at the tremble in every joint of his frame. The most splenupper end of the bay of Argostoli; and its walls may yet be traced nearly in their whole circumference," which he conceives to be nearly two miles. The structure is that usually called Cyclopian. (Vol. 1, p. 55.-Dodwell, vol. 1, p. 75.) CRAGUS, I. a chain of mountains running along the coast of Lycia. It rises precipitously from the sea, and, from the number of detached summits which it offers to the spectator in that direction, it has not unaptly been called by the Turks Yedi Bouroun, or the Seven Capes. Strabo, however, assigns to it eight summits. (Strab, 665.) This same writer also places in the range of Cragus the famed Chimera. (Vid. Chimera.) Scylax calls Cragus, however, a promontory, and makes it the separation of Lycia and Caria (p. 39.-Compare Plin., 5, 28).-II. A town of Lycia, in the vicinity of the mountain-ranges of the same name. (Strab., 665.) The authority of Strabo is confirmed by coins. (Sestini, p. 92.-Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, 245, seqq.) CRANAI, a surname of the Athenians, from their King Cranaus. (Vid. Cranaus.) CRANAUS, the successor of Cecrops on the throne of Attica. He married Pedias, and the offspring of their union was Atthis. (Consult remarks under the article Cecrops.) CRANON and CRANNON, a city of Thessaly, on the river Onchestus, southeast of Pharsalus. Near it was a fountain, the water of which warmed wine when mixed with it, and the heat remained for two or three days. (Athenæus, 2, 16.) CRANTOR, a philosopher of Soli, among the pupils of Plato, B.C. 310. He was the first who wrote commentaries on the works of Plato. Crantor was highly celebrated for the purity of his moral doctrine, as may be inferred from the praises bestowed by the ancients, especially by Cicero, upon his discourse "on grief." Horace also (Ep., 1, 2, 3) alludes to his high reputa did of all the efforts of Crassus was the immediate cause of his death, which happened A.U.C. 662, a short while before the commencement of the civil wars of Marius and Sylla, and a few days after the time in which he is supposed to have borne his part in the dialogue "De Oratore." The consul Philippus had declared, in one of the assemblies of the people, that some other advice must be resorted to, since, with such a senate as then existed, he could no longer direct the affairs of the government. A full senate being immediately summoned, Crassus arraigned, in terms of the most glowing eloquence, the conduct of the consul, who, instead of acting as the political parent and guardian of the senate, sought to deprive its members of their ancient inheritance of respect and dignity. Being farther irritated by an attempt, on the part of Philippus, to force him into compliance with his de CRASSUS. signs, he exerted, on this occasion, the utmost effort of eager grasping after wealth, however, Crassus appears his genius and strength; but he returned home with a to have been no mean soldier, even though he displayed pleuritic fever, of which he died seven days after. so few of the qualities of a commander in his Parthian This oration of Crassus, followed, as it was, by his campaign. Created prætor A.U.C. 680, he was sent almost immediate death, made a deep impression on to terminate the war with Spartacus. He accordingly his countrymen; who, long afterward, were wont to re- met, defeated him in several encounters, and at last pair to the senate-house for the purpose of viewing the bringing him to a decisive action, ended the war by a spot where he had last stood, and where he fell, as it may single blow, Spartacus and forty thousand of his folbe said, in defence of the privileges of his order. (Dun-lowers being left on the field. Not venturing to de In 682 Craslop's Rom. Lit., vol. 2, p. 215, seqq.)-II. Marcus, mand a triumph for a victory over gladiators and slaves, was prætor A.U.C. 648. (Cic, de Fin, 5, 30.) He he contented himself with an ovation. was surnamed by his friends Agelastus ('AyeλaoToç). sus obtained the consulship, having Pompey for his because, according to Pliny (7, 19), he never laughed colleague. At a subsequent period we find him imduring the whole course of his life; or because, ac-plicated by an informer in the conspiracy of Catiline, (Cic., de but acquitted by acclamation the moment the charge We now come to the clocording to Lucilius, he laughed but once. Fin., 5, 30.)-III. Marcus Licinius, surnamed the was heard by the senate. Rich, grandson of the preceding, and the most opu- sing scene in the career of Crassus. When Cæsar, on lent Roman of his day, was of a patrician family, and returning from his government to solicit the consulthe son of a man of consular rank. His father and ship, found Pompey and Crassus at variance (which brother perished by the proscriptions of Marius and had been the case also during almost all the time that Cinna while he was still quite young, and, to avoid a they were colleagues in the consular office), and persimilar fate, he took refuge in Spain until the death of ceived, that, for the furtherance of his own ambitious Cinna, when he returned to Italy and served under views, the aid of these two individuals would be needed Sylla. Crassus proved very serviceable to this com- by him for opposing the influence of the senate, as well as that of Cicero, Cato, and Catulus, he managed to mander in the decisive battle that was fought near Rome; but afterward, making the most unjust and ra-reconcile them, and soon, in conjunction with both of pacious use of Sylla's proscriptions, that leader, ac-them, formed the well-known league usually styled the By the terms of this comcording to Plutarch, gave him up, and never employed First Triumvirate, which proved so fatal to the liberhim again in any public affair. The glory which was ties of the Roman people. then beginning to attend upon Pompey, though still pact Crassus obtained the government of Syria. In young and only a simple member of the equestrian the law that was passed relative to this government order, excited the jealousy of Crassus, and, despairing of Crassus, no mention was indeed made of any war of rising to an equality with him in warlike operations, in its neighbourhood; still every one knew that he he betook himself to public affairs at home, and, by had connected with it an immediate invasion of Parpaying court to the people, defending the impeached, thia. Plutarch even states, that he had fixed upon lending money, and aiding those who were candidates neither Syria nor Parthia as the limits of his expected fur office, he attained to an influence almost equal good fortune, but intended to penetrate even to Bacto that which Pompey nad acquired by his military tria, India, and the shores of the Eastern Ocean. The Achievements. It was at the bar, in particular, that only motive to this memorable and unfortunate underCrassus rendered himself extremely popular. He taking was the rapacious love of wealth. It was not, was not, it would seem, a very eloquent speaker, yet however, without considerable opposition from the y care and application he eventually exceeded those people and the tribunes that Crassus was allowed to When Pom-proceed on this expedition. All the influence of Pomwhom nature had more highly favoured. pey, and Cæsar, and Cicero declined speaking in be- pey was necessary to prevent an expression of popular half of any individual, he often arose, and advocated wrath, for no good was expected to result from hosthe cause of the accused. Besides this promptness to tilities against a people who had done the Romans no aid the unfortunate, his courteous and conciliating de- injury, and who were, in fact, their allies. When portment acquired for him many friends, and made him Crassus, moreover, had reached the gate of the city, very popular with the lower orders. There was not a the tribune Ateius attempted to stop him by force; Roman, however humble, whom he did not salute, or but, failing in this, he immediately proceeded to perThe form a religious ceremony of the most appalling nawhose salutation he did not return by name. great defect, however, in the character of Crassus, ture, by which he devoted the commander himself, was his inordinate fondness for wealth; and, although and all who should follow him on that service, to he could not strictly be called an avaricious man, since the wrath of the infernal gods and a speedy destruche is said to have lent money to his friends without tion. Undismayed, however, by either denunciations demanding interest, yet he allowed the love of riches or omens (vid. Caunus), Crassus, embarking at Brunto exercise a paramount sway over his actions, and it disium, proceeded into Asia by Macedonia and the Plutarch Hellespont. As the enemy were not prepared for proved at last the cause of his unhappy end. At first Crassus overran the greater part of informs us, that his estate at first did not exceed three this unprovoked invasion, the Romans met with no rehundred talents, but that afterward it amounted to the sistance. enormous sum of seven thousand one hundred talents Mesopotamia; and, had he taken advantage of the (nearly $7,500,000). The means by which he at- consternation into which his sudden appearance had tained to this are enumerated by the same writer, and thrown the Parthians, he might, with the greatest ease, some of them are singular enough. Observing, says have extended his conquest to Babylonia itself. But Plutarch, how liable the city was to fires, he made it the season being far advanced, he did not think it ex is business to buy houses that were on fire and others pedient to proceed. On the contrary, having left in that joined upon them; and he commonly got them at the different towns and strongholds a detachment of a low price, on account of the fear and distress of the 7000 foot and 1000 horse, he returned into Syria, and His occupaA band of his slaves there- took up his winter quarters in that province. This owners about the result. upon, regularly organized for the purpose, exerted retrograde movement was a fatal error. themselves to extinguish the flames, and, after this was tions, too, during the winter were highly censurable, done, rebuilt what had been destroyed, and in this way having more of the trader in them than the general. Crassus gradually became the owner of a large portion Instead of improving the discipline of the soldiers, and of Rome. He gained large sums also by educating keeping them in proper exercise, he spent his time in and then selling slaves. Plutarch, in fact, regards making inquiry relative to the revenues of the cities, With all this and in weighing the treasures which he found in the this as his principal source of revenue. seen. temple of Hierapolis. In the spring the Roman commander took the field, on the frontiers of Syria, with seven legions, four thousand horse, and an equal number of light or irregular troops. With this force he again passed the Euphrates, when he was joined by an Arabian chief, whom Plutarch calls Ariamnes, but who is elsewhere named Acbarus or Abgarus; and in this barbarian, owing to his knowledge of the country, and his warm and frequent expressions of attachment to the Romans, Crassus unfortunately placed the utmost confidence. The result may easily be foreCrassus intended to have followed the course of the Euphrates till he should reach the point where it approaches nearest to Seleucia and Ctesiphon, the capital of the Parthian empire; but, being dissuaded from this by his crafty guide, and directing his march across the plains, he was led at last into a sandy desert, where his army was attacked by the Parthian forces under Surena. An unequal conflict ensued. The son of Crassus, sent with a detachment of Gallic horse to repel the Parthian cavalry, lost his life after the most heroic exertions; and his loss was first made known to his father by the barbarians carrying his head on a spear. Crassus himself, not long after, being compelled by his own troops to meet Surena in a conference, was treacherously slain by the barbarians, and his head and right hand sent to the Parthian king, Orodes. The whole loss of the Romans in this disastrous campaign was 20,000 killed and 10,000 taken prisoners. (Plut., Vit. Crass.-Dio Cass., 40, 13, seqq.-Appian, Bell. Parth.) CRATER, OF SINUS CRATER, the ancient name of the Gulf of Naples, given to it from its resembling the mouth of a large bowl or mixer (kparnp.) It is about twelve miles in diameter. CRATERUS, one of Alexander's generals, distinguished for both literary and warlike acquirements. He was held in high esteem by Alexander, whose confidence he obtained by the frankness of his character; and the monarch used to say, Hephæstion loves Alexander, but Craterus the king." After the death of Alexander, he was associated with Antipater, in the care of the hereditary states. He afterward crossed over into Asia along with Antipater, in order to contend against Eumenes, but was defeated by the latter, and lost his life in the battle. (Nep., Vit. Eum., 2.Justin, 13, 6, &c.) CRATES, I. a philosopher of Boeotia, son of Ascondus, and disciple of Diogenes the Cynic, B.C. 324. He is considered as the most distinguished philosopher of the Cynic sect, after Diogenes. In his natural temper, however, he differed from his master, and, instead of being morose and gloomy, was cheerful and facetious. Hence he obtained access to many families of the most wealthy Athenians, and became so highly esteemed, that he frequently acted as an arbiter of disputes and quarrels among relations. He was honourably descended, and inherited large estates; but when he turned his attention to philosophy, he sold them, and distributed the money among the poorer ritizens. He adopted all the singularities of the Cynic Bect. His wife Hipparchia, who was rich and of a good family, and had many suiters, preferred Crates to every other, and, when her parents opposed her inclinations, so determined was her passion that she threatened to put an end to her life. Crates, at the request of her parents, represented to Hipparchia every circumstance in his condition and manner of living which might induce her to change her mind. Still she persisted in her resolution, and not only became the wife of Crates, but adopted all the peculiarities of the Cynic profession. (Enfield's History of Philosophy, vol. 1, p. 313.)—II. A philosopher of Athens, who succeeded in the school of his master Polemon. Crates and Polemon had long been attached to each other from a similarity of dispositions and pur suits. While they lived, their friendship continued inviolate, and they were both buried in the same grave. (Diog. Laert., 4, 21.)-III. An Athenian, originally an actor, and who in that capacity performed the principal part in the plays of Cratinus. He could not, however, have followed this profession very long, for we learn from Eusebius that he was well known as a comic writer in 450 B.C., which was not long after Cratinus began to exhibit., Crates, according to Aristotle (Poet., 4, 6), was the first Athenian poet who abandoned the iambic or satiric form of comedy, and made use of general stories or fables. Perhaps the law, passed B.C. 440, restraining the virulence and license of comedy, might have some share in giving his plays this less offensive turn. His style is said to have been gay and facetious; yet the few fragments of his writings which remain are of a serious cast; such are, for example, his reflections on poverty, and his beautiful lines on old age. From the expressions of Aristophanes (Equit., 538), the comedies of Crates seem to have been marked by elegance of language and ingenious ideas. Yet, with all his endeavours to please his fastidious auditors, the poet had, in common with his rivals, to endure many contumelies and vexations. He nevertheless, with unwearied resolution, continued to compose and exhibit during a varied career of success and reverses. (Theatre of the Greeks, 2d ed., p. 170.) CRATHIS, I. a river of Arcadia, rising in a mountain of the same name, and flowing through Achaia into the Sinus Corinthiacus, to the west of Egira. It was from this stream that the Italian Crathis, which flowed between Crotona and Sybaris, derived its appellation. (Herodot., 1, 146.-Strabo, 386.)-II. A river of Lucania, flowing into the Sinus Tarentinus, between Crotona and Sybaris. It is now the Crati. The ancients ascribed to this stream the property of turning white the hair of those who bathed in its waters, which were, however, accounted salutary for various disor ders. (Strabo, 263.) CRATINUS, an Athenian comic poet, born B.C. 519. It was not till late in life that he directed his attention to comic compositions. The first piece of his on record is the 'Apyiñoyot, which was represented about 448 B.C., at which time he was in his seventy-first year. In this play, according to Plutarch (Vit. Cim.), he makes mention of the celebrated Cimon, who had died the preceding year, B.C. 449, and from the language employed by the poet, it may be inferred that he was on terms of close intimacy with the Athenian general. Soon after this, comedy became so licentious and virulent in its personalities, that the magistracy were obliged to interfere. (Schol. in Aristoph., Acharn., 67.-Compare Clinton's Fasti Hellenici, B.C. 440 and 437.) A decree was passed, B.C. 440, prohibiting the exhibitions of comedy; which law continued in force only during that year and the two following, being repealed in the archonship of Euthymenes. Three victories of Cratinus stand recorded after the recommencement of comic performances. With the Xeralouevo he was second, B.C. 425 (Argum. Acharn.), when the 'Axapveic of Aristophanes won the prize, and the third place was adjudged to the Novunviat of Eupolis. In the succeeding year he was again second with the Zúrvpot, and Aristophane again first with the 'Innɛis. (Argum. Equit.) In a parabasis of this play that young rival makes mention of Cratinus; where, having noticed his former successes, he insinuates, under the cloak of an equivocal piety, that the veteran was becoming doting and superannuated. The old man, now in his ninety-fifth year, indignant at this insidious attack, exerted his remaining vigour, and composed, against the contests of the approaching season, a comedy entitled IIvrivŋ, or The Flagon, which turned upon the accusations brought against him by Aristophanes. The aged ward by the Romans to be of so much consequence, that they established a colony here. (Ptol., p. 124.— Hierocl., p. 681.-Zosim., 1, 60.) It is generally supposed, that this town is represented by the modern fort of Kebrinaz, occupying a commanding situation between Isbarteh and the lake Egreder. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 300.)—II. A commercial place on the Palus Mæotis. Mannert supposes the name to be one of Greek origin, and to have reference to its rocky situation. He locates the place at the mouth of the Tanais, near the modern Taganrock. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 4, p. 115.) dramatist had a complete triumph. (Argum. Nub.) | the Pisidians. This fortress was considered afterHe was first; while his humbled antagonist was vanquished also by Ameipsias with the Kovvor, though the play of Aristophanes was his favourite Neghal. Not. withstanding his notorious intemperance, Cratinus lived to an extreme old age, dying B.C. 422, in his ninetyseventh year. (Lucian, Macrob., 25.) Aristophanes alludes to the excesses of Cratinus in a passage of the Equites (v. 526, seqq.). In the Pax (v. 700, seqq.), he humorously ascribes the jovial old poet's death to a shock on seeing a cask of wine staved and lost. Cratinus himself made no scruple of acknowledging his failing : (Ότι δὲ φίλοινος ὁ Κρατίνος καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν τῇ Πυτίνη λέγει σαφῶς.—Schol. in Pac., 703). CREMONA, a city of Cisalpine Gaul, northeast of Horace, also, opens one of his epistles (1, 19) with a Placentia, and a little north of the Po. Cremona and maxim of the comedian's, in due accordance with his Placentia were both settled by Roman colonies, A.U.C. practice. The titles of thirty-eight of the comedies 535. (Polyb., 3, 40.) After the defeat on the Treof Cratinus have been collected by Meursius, Koenig bia, we find the consul P. Scipio retiring to Cremo&c. His style was bold and animated (Persius, 1, na (Liv., 21, 56), and it appears that the Romans re123), and, like his younger brethren, Eupolis and Aris-tained the place throughout the whole of the second tophanes, be fearlessly and unsparingly directed his Punic war, though it suffered so much during its consatire against the iniquitous public officer and the tinuance, and afterward from the attacks of the Gauls, profligate of private life. (Horat., Sat., 1, 4, 1, seqq.) that it was found necessary to recruit its population Nor yet are we to suppose, that the comedies of Cra- by a fresh supply of colonists. (Liv., 37, 46.) The tinus and his contemporaries contained nothing beyond colony, being thus renewed, continued to prosper for broad jest or coarse invective and lampoon. They nearly a hundred and fifty years; when the civil wars, were, on the contrary, marked by elegance of expres- which ensued after the death of Cæsar, materially atsion and purity of language; elevated sometimes into fected its interests. Cremona unfortunately espoused philosophical dignity by the sentiments which they the cause of Brutus, and thus incurred the vengeance declared, and graced with many a passage of beautiful of the victorious party. The loss of its territory, which idea and high poetry: so that Quintilian deems the was divided among the veteran soldiers of Augustus, Old Comedy, after Homer, the most fitting and bene- is well known from the line of Virgil (Eclog., 9, 28), ficial object of a young pleader's study. (Quint.," Mantua va misera nimium vicina Cremona," which 10, 1.-Theatre of the Greeks, 2d ed., p. 166, seqq.) CRATIPPUS, a peripatetic philosopher of Mytilene, who, among others, taught Cicero's son at Athens. He first became acquainted with Cicero at Ephesus, whither he had gone for the purpose of paying his respects to him. Afterward, being aided by the orator, he obtained from Cæsar the rights of Roman citizenship. On coming to Athens, he was requested by the Areopagus to settle there, and become an instructer of youth in the tenets of philosophy, a request with which he complied. He wrote on divination and on the interpretation of dreams. (Cic., Off., 1, 1.—Id., de Div., 1, 3.-Id., Ep. ad Fam., 12, 16.) is nearly repeated by Martial (8, 55), "Jugera perdiderat misera vicina Cremona." The effect of this calamity would seem, however, to have been but temporary: and, in fact, we learn from Strabo (216), that Cremona was accounted in his time one of the most considerable towns in the north of Italy. The civil wars, which arose during the time of Otho and Vitellius, were the source of much severer affliction to this city than any former evil, as the fate of the empire was more than once decided between large contending armies in its immediate vicinity. After the defeat of Vitellius's party by the troops of Vespasian, it was entered by the latter, and exposed to all the horrors that fire, the sword, and the ungoverned passions of a licentious soldiery can inflict upon a city taken by storm. The conflagration of the place lasted four days. The indignation which this event excited throughout Italy seems to have been such, that Vespasian, afraid of the odium it might CRATYLUS, a Greek philosopher, and disciple of Heraclitus. According to Aristotle (Metaph.. 1, 6), Plato attended his lectures in his youth. Diogenes Laertius, however (3, 8), says that this was after the death of Socrates. Cratylus is one of the interlocutors in the dialogue of Plato called after his name. (Com-attach to his party, used every effort to raise Cremona pare Schleiermacher's Introduction to the Cratylus, Dobson's transl., p. 245.) from its ruins, by recalling the scattered inhabitants, reconstructing the public edifices, and granting the city fresh privileges. (Tacit., Hist., 3, 33 and 34.Plin., 3, 19.-Ptol., p. 63.-Cramer's Ancient Italy, CRAUALLIDA, a nation who occupied at one period a part of the Cirrhæan plain. They are described by Eschines (in Ctes., p. 405) as very impious, and as hav-vol. 1, p. 66, seq.) ing plundered some of the offerings of Delphi. They were exterminated by the Amphictyons. The name is erroneously given by some as Acragallida, and they are thought by Wolf, who adopts this lection, to have been a remnant of the army of Brennus. (Consult Taylor, ad Esch., l. c.) CREMERA, a small river of Tuscany, running between Veii and Rome, and celebrated for the daring but unfortunate enterprise of the gallant Fabii. (Ovid, Fast., 2, 193, seqq.) The Cremera is now called la Valca, a rivulet which rises in the neighbourhood of Baccano, and falls into the Tiber a little below Prima Porta. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 239.) CREMNA, I. a strong place in the interior of Pisidia, lying, according to Ptolemy, on the declivity of Taurus, nearly six miles north of Selga. According to Strabo (569), it had been long looked upon as impreghable; but it was at length taken by the tetrarch Amy tas, with some other places, in his wars against CREMUTIUS CORDUS, an historian who wrote an account of the achievements of Augustus. He gave offence to Tiberius, and his prime minister Sejanus, by stating in his history that "Cassius was the last of the Romans." (Tacit., Ann., 4, 34.) Suetonius, however, makes him to have called both Cassius and Brutus by this title. (Sueton., Vit. Tib., 61.-Dic Cass., 57, 24.) CREON, I. king of Corinth, and father of Creüsa or Glauce, the wife of Jason. (Vid. Creüsa and Medea.)-II. The brother of Jocasta, mother and wife of Edipus. (Vid. Edipus.) He ascended the throne of Thebes after Eteocles and Polynices had fallen in mutual combat, and gave orders that the body of the latter should be deprived of funeral rites, on which circumstance is founded the plot of the Antigone of Sophocles. (Vid. Eteocles, Polynices, Antigone, &c.) CREOPHYLUS, a native of Samos, who composed, under the title of Oixahías ähwors, “ The conquest of Echalia," an epic poem commemorative of the exploits of Hercules. According to an ancient tradition, Homer himself was the author of this piece, and gave it to Creophylus as a return for the hospitable reception which he had received under his roof. (Strabo, 638) In an epigram of Callimachus, however, Creophylus is named as the real author. (Strab., l. c.) It was among the descendants of Creophylus that Lycurgus found, according to Plutarch (Vit. Lycurg., 4), the Iliad and Odyssey. (Scholl, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 1, p. 166.) of antiquity, first gave laws to the Cretans, and, having conquered the pirates who infested the Egean Sea, established a powerful navy. (Herodot, 1, 171. Id., 3, 122.--Thucyd., 1, 4, seqq.-Ephor., ap. Strab., 476.-Aristot., Polit., 2, 12.) In the Trojan war, Idomeneus, sovereign of Crete, led its forces to the war in eighty vessels, a number little inferior to that commanded by Agamemnon himself. According to the traditions which Virgil has followed, Idomeneus was afterward driven from his throne by faction, and compelled to sail to Iapygia, where he founded the CRESPHONTES, a son of Aristomachus, who, with town of Salernum. (En., 3, 121 and 399.) At this his brothers Temenus and Aristodemus, conquered the period the island appears to have been inhabited by a Peloponnesus. This was the famous conquest achiev-mixed population of Greeks and barbarians. Homer ed by the Heraclida. (Vid. Aristodemus and Heracli- enumerates the former under the names of Achæi, Dodæ.) rians, surnamed Trichaïces, and Pelasgi. The latter, who were the most ancient, are said to have come from Thessaly, under the conduct of Teutamus, posterior to the great Pelasgic emigration into Italy. (An CRESTONE, I. or Creston, a city of Thrace, the capital probably of the district of Crestonia. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and most of the commentators and translators of Herodotus, confound this city with Cor-dron., ap. Steph. Byz., s. v. Aúpiov.) The Dorians tona in Umbria. (Compare Müller, Etrusker, vol. 1, p. 95.--Larcher, Hist. d'Herodote.-Table Geogr., vol. 8, p. 149.) Herodotus speaks of Crestone as situate beyond the Tyrrhenians, and inhabited by Pelasgi (1, 67), speaking a different language from their neighbours. Rennel thinks that the reading Tyrrhenians is a mistake, and that Thermaans should be substituted for it, as Therma, afterward Thessalonica, agrees with the situation mentioned by the historian. (Geography of Herodot., p. 45.) If, however, the text be correct as it stands, it shows that there was once a nation called Tyrrhenians in Thrace. This is also confirmed by Thucydides (4, 109.- Compare the elaborate note of Larcher, ad Herodot., l. c.)-II. A district of Thrace, to the north of Anthermus and Bolbe, chiefly occupied by a remnant of Pelasgi. (Herodot., 1, 57.) We are informed by Herodotus, hat the river Ethedorus took its rise in this territory; and also that the camels of the Persian army were here attacked by lions, which are only to be found in Europe, as he remarks, between the Nestus, a river of Thrace, and the Achelous (7, 124, and 127). Thucydides also mentions the Crestonians as a peculiar race, part of whom had fixed themselves near Mount Athos (4, 109). The district of Crestone is now known by the name of Caradagh. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 240.) CRETA, one of the largest islands of the Mediterranean Sea, at the south of all the Cyclades. Its name is derived by some from the Curetes, who are said to have been its first inhabitants; by others, from the nymph Crete, daughter of Hesperus; and by others, from Cres, a son of Jupiter, and the nymph Idea. (Steph. Byz., s. v. Kpnrn.) It is also designated among the poets and mythological writers by the several appellations of Æria, Doliche, Idæa, and Telchinia. (Pliny, 4, 12.-Steph. Byz., s. v. 'Aɛpía.) According to Herodotus, this great island remained in the possession of various barbarous nations till the time of Minos, son of Europa, who, having expelled his brother Sarpedon, became the sole sovereign of the country (1, 173.-Compare Hoeck, Kreta, vol. 1, p. 141). These early inhabitants are generally supposed to be the Eteocretes of Homer, who clearly distinguishes them from the Grecian colonists subsequently settled there. (Od., 19, 172.) Strabo observes that the Eteocretes were considered as indigenous; and adds, that Staphylus, an ancient writer on the subject of Crete, placed them in the southern side of the island. (Strab., 475.) Other authors, who concur in this statement of the geographer, would lead us to establish a connexion between this primitive Cretan race and the Curetes, Dactyli, Telchines, and other ancient tribes, so often alluded to with reference to the mystic rites of Crete, Samothrace, and Phrygia. (Strab., 466.) Minos, according to the concurrent testimony are reported to have established themselves in Crete, |