not afterward enjoy any other magistracy; that there should be no appeal to the tribunes; that they should not be allowed to assemble the people and make ha rangues to them, nor to propose laws; but should only retain the right of intercession. (Cic., de Leg., 3, 9.) VI. Another, by the same. It allowed an individual, accused of having taken away the life of another by weapons, poison, false accusation, &c., the privilege of choosing whether he wished the judges to decide his case by voice or by ballot.-VII. Another, by the same, on all such as were found guilty of forging testaments or any other writings, of debasing or counterfeiting the public coin, &c.-VIII. Another, imposing the same punishment as the preceding on all who had been guilty of extortion, &c., in their provinces. (Consult, as regards other "Cornelian Laws," Heineccius, Antiq. Rom., ed Haubold, p. 650, &c.-Ernesti, Clav. Cic., s. v.-Adam's Rom. Antiq., p. 162, ed. Boyd.)

case of the Latins. After all other means of concilia- | It ordained, that whoever had been tribune should tion had failed, a number of Roman females, headed by the mother and the wife of Coriolanus, proceeded to his tent, where the lofty remonstrances of his parent were more power than all the arms of Rome had proved, and the son, after a brief struggle with his irritated and vindictive feelings, yielded to her request, exclaiming at the same time, "Oh mother, thou hast saved Rome, but destroyed thy son!" The Volscian forces were then withdrawn, and Rome was thus saved, by female influence alone, from certain capture. On returning to the Volsci with his army, Coriolanus, ac-imposing the punishment of aquæ et ignis interdictio cording to one account, was summoned to trial for his conduct, and was slain in a tumult during the hearing of the cause, a faction having been excited against him by Tullius Aufidius, who was jealous of his renown. (Dion. Hal., Ant. Rom., 8, 59.) According to another statement, he lived to an advanced age among the Volscian people, often towards the close of his life exclaiming, "How miserable is the state of an old man in banishment!" (Plut., in Vit.-Liv., 2, 33, seqq.) Niebuhr, who writes the name Cnæus Marcius, on what he considers good authority, indulges in some acute speculations on the legend of Coriolanus. He thinks that poetical invention has here most thoroughly stifled the historical tradition. He regards the name Coriolanus as of the same kind merely with such appellations as Camerinus, Collatinus, Mugillanus, Vibulanus, &c., which, when taken from an independent town, were assumed by its póževos, when from a dependant one by its patronus. The capture of Corioli belongs merely, in his opinion, to a heroic poem. As for Coriolanus himself, he thinks that he merely attended the Volscian standard as leader of a band of Roman exiles. He admits, however, that a recollection like the one which remained of him could not rest on mere fable, and that, in all probability, his generosity resigned the opportunity afforded him of taking the city, when Latium was almost entirely subdued, and when Rome was brought to a very low ebb by pestilence. (Niebuhr, Rom. Hist., vol. 2, p. 234, seqq., Cambr. transl.) CORIOLI, an ancient city of the Volsci, between Velitræ and Lanuvium, from the capture of which C. Marcius obtained the surname of Coriolanus, according to the common account. (Vid., however, remarks at the end of the article Coriolanus.) We collect from Livy that it was situated on the confines of the territory of Ardea, Aricia, and Antium. (Liv., 2, 33 and 3, 71.) Dionysius speaks of Corioli as one of the most considerable towns of the Volsci. (Ant. Rom., 6, 92.) Fliny (3, 5) enumerates Corioli among the towns of Latium of which no vestiges remained. A hill, now known by the name of Monte Giove, is thought, with some degree of probability, to represent the site of Corioli. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 84.)

CORNELIA, I. daughter of Cinna. She was Julius Cæsar's second wife, and mother of Julia the wife of Pompey. She died young. Plutarch says, it had been the custom at Rome for the aged women to have funeral panegyrics, but not the young. Cæsar first broke through this custom, by pronouncing one upon Cornelia. This, adds the biographer, contributed to fix him in the affections of his countrymen: they sympathized with him, and considered him a man of good feeling, who had the social duties deeply at heart. (Plut., Vit. Cas., c. 5.)-II. Daughter of Metellus Scipio, married to Pompey after the death of her first husband Publius Crassus. She was remarkable for the variety of her accomplishments and the excellence of her private character. Plutarch makes her to have been versed, not only in the musical art, but in polite literature, in geometry, and in the precepts of philosophy. (Plut., Vit. Pomp., c. 55.) After the battle of Pharsalia, when Pompey joined her at Mytilene, Cornelia with tears ascribed all his misfortunes to her union with him, alluding at the same time to the unhappy end of her first husband Crassus in his expedition against the Parthians. (Compare Lucan, 8, 88.) She was also a witness, from her galley, of the murder of her husband on the shores of Egypt. (Plut, Vit. Pomp., c. 79.)-III. Daughter of Scipio Africanus Major, and mother of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. Cornelia occupies a high rank for the purity and excellence of her private character, as well as for her masculine tone of mind. She was married to Sempronius Gracchus, and was left on his death with a family of twelve children, the care of whom devolved entirely upon herself. After the loss of her husband, her hand was sought by Ptolemy, king of Egypt, but the offer was declined. Plutarch speaks in high terms CORNELIA LEX, I. de Religione, enacted by L. Cor- of her conduct during widowhood. Having lost all nelius Sylla, A.U.C. 677. It restored to the sacerdo- her children but three, one daughter, who was married tal college the privilege of choosing the priests, which, to Scipio Africanus the younger, and two sons, Tibeby the Domitian law, had been lodged in the hands of rius and Caius, she devoted her whole time to the the people.-II. Another, de Municipiis, by the same; education of these, and, to borrow the words of Pluthat the free towns which had sided with Marius should tarch, she brought up her two sons in particular with be deprived of their lands and the right of citizens; so much care, that, though they were of the noblest the last of which Cicero says could not be done. (Pro origin, and had the happiest dispositions of all the Dom., 30.)--III. Another, de Magistratibus, by the Roman youth, yet education was allowed to have consame; which gave the privilege of bearing honours and tributed still more than nature to the excellence of being promoted before the legal age, to those who had their characters. Valerius Maximus relates an anecfollowed the interest of Sylla, while the sons and par- dote of Cornelia, which has often been cited. A Camtisans of his enemies, who had been proscribed, were panian lady, who was at the time on a visit to her, deprived of the privilege of standing for any office in having displayed to Cornelia some very beautiful ornathe state. IV. Another, de Magistratibus, by the ments which she possessed, desired the latter, in reame, A.U.C. 673. It ordained, that no person should turn, to exhibit her own. The Roman mother purexercise the same office until after an interval of ten posely detained her in conversation until her chi dren years, or be invested with two different magistracies returned from school, when, pointing to them, she exin one year; and that no one should be prætor before claimed, "These are my ornaments!" (Hee ornabeing quæstor, nor consul before being prætor.-V. menta mea sunt-Val. Max., 4, init.) Plutarch inAnother, de Magistratibus, by the same, A.U.C. 673. | forms us, that some persons blamed Cornelia for the

rash conduct of her sons in after life, she having been | doubted whether so large a work would be read; and accustomed to reproach them that she was still called the mother-in-law of Scipio, not the mother of the Gracchi. (Plut., Vit. T. Gracch., c. 8.) She bore the untimely death of her sons with great magnanimity, and a statue was afterward erected in honour of her by the Roman people, bearing for an inscription the words "Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi." (Plut., Vit. C. Gracch., c. 4.)

when it was urged that Chrysippus had written as much, he replied, "His writings were useful to mankind." After so unpardonable an offence against imperial vanity, the only wonder was that Cornutus escaped with his life. He composed some tragedies, and a large number of other works, the only one of which that has come down to us is the "Theory concerning the Nature of the Gods” (Θεωρία περὶ τῆς τῶν θεῶν puσews), or, as it is entitled in one of the MSS.,

CORNELIUS, a name indicating a member of the Gens Cornelia. The greater part of the individuals" concerning Allegories" (πεpì 'Aλλnyopiwv). Corwho bore it are better known by their surnames of Cossus, Dolabella, Lentulus, Scipio, Sylla, &c., which

see.

CORNICULUM, a Sabine town, which gave its name to the Corniculani Colles. It is one of those places of which no trace is left, and is only interesting in the history of Rome as being the most accredited birthplace of Servius Tullius. (Liv., 1, 39.-Dion. Hal., 3, 50.-Plin., 3, 5.) The Corniculan hills are those of Monticelli and Sant' Angelo; and Corniculum itself may have stood on the site of the latter village, if we place Canina at Monticelli. (Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 1, p. 308)

nutus, in fact, in this production, seeks to explain the Greek mythology on allegorical and physical principles. The best edition is that given by Gale in his Opuscula (Cantabr., 1670, 12mo).—The name of this philosopher is sometimes, though less correctly, written Phurnutus. (Consult the remarks of Gale, Præf. ad Opusc., p. 2, seqq., and Martini, Disputatio de Cornuto, Lugd. Bat., 1825, 8vo.-Aul. Gell., 6, 2.Euseb., Eccl. Hist., 6, 19.-Enfield's Hist. Phil., vol. 2, p. 110.)

CORCEBUS, I. a foot-racer of Elis, who carried off the prize at the Olympic games, B.C. 776. This date is remarkable, as being the one from which the Greeks CORNIFICIUS, I. Quintus, a contemporary of Ci- began to count their Olympiads. Not that the Olymcero's, distinguished for talents and literary acquire-pic games were now for the first time established, but ments, who attained to some of the highest offices in the state. Catullus and Ovid both speak of his poetic abilities, and he appears to have been the friend of both. (Catull., 38-Ovid, Trist., 2, 436.-Burmann, ad Or., l. c.) Cornificius distinguished himself as Proprætor in the Illyrian war, and also as governor of Syria, and afterward of Africa. In this latter province he espoused the cause of the senate after Caesar's death, and received and gave protection to those who had been proscribed by the second triumvirate. He lost his life, however, while contending in this quarter against Sextius, who had been sent against him by Octavius. (Appian, Bell. Civ., 3, 85.-Id. ib., 4, 36; 4, 53; 4, 56.-Compare the account given by Eusebius, Chron. An. MDCCCCLXXVI.) Some modern scholars make this Cornificius to have been the author of the Treatise to Herennius, commonly ascribed to Cicero. (Vid. Herennius.) He is said also to have been an enemy of Virgil's, but this supposition violates chronology, since the poet only became eminent subsequent to the period when Cornificius died. (Heyne, ad Donat. Vit. Virg., § 67, p. clxxii.)—II. Lucius, a partisan of Octavius, by whom he was appointed to accuse Brutus, before the public tribunal at Rome, of the assassination of Cæsar. (Plut., Vit. Brut., c. 27) He afterward distinguished himself, as one of Octavius's lieutenants, by a masterly retreat in Sicily during the war with Sextus Pompeius. (Appian, Bell. Civ., 5, 111, seqq.)

CORNIGER, a surname of Bacchus. CORNUTUS, L. Annæus, a Greek philosopher, born at Leptis in Africa, who lived and taught at Rome during the reign of Nero. The appellation L. Annæus appears to indicate a client or freedman of the Seneca family. His tenets were those of the Stoic sect, and his name was not without distinction in that school of philosophy. He excelled in criticism and poetry; but bis principal studies were of a philosophical character. His merits as a teacher of the Stoic doctrine sufficiently appears from his having been the preceptor of that honest advocate for virtue, the satirist Persius. Persius, dying before his master, left him his library, with a considerable sum of money; but Cornutus accepted only the books, and gave the money to the sisters of his pupil. The poet Lucan was also one of his pupils. Under Nero, Cornutus was driven into exile for his freedom of speech. The emperor having written several books in verse on the affairs of Rome, and his flatterers advising him to continue the poem, the honest Stoic had the courage to remark, that he

the names of the victors were now first inscribed on the public registers. Some writers calculate the Greek Olympiads from the period of their re-establishment by Lycurgus, Iphitus, and Cleosthenes, and hence they make the first Olympiad of Corabus correspond to the twenty-eighth of Iphitus. (Pausan., 5, 8.-Siebelis, ad loc. Larcher, Tahl. Chronol., vol. 7, p. 590.Id., Essai de Chronologie, p. 307.) According to Athenæus, Corcbus was by profession a cook! (Athen., 9, p. 382, b.- Compare Casaubon, ad loc.) The Arundel Marbles make the first Olympiad of Corcbus coincide with the year 806 of the Athenian era, when Eschylus, the twelfth perpetual archon, was in his third year of office. (L'Art de Verifier les Dates, vol. 3, p. 173, Paris, 1819.) Delalande makes the true summer-solstice of the year 776 B.C., under the meridian of Pisa in Elis, to have taken place at 11h 15' 33′′ of the morning. (L'Art de Verifier, &c., vol. 3, p. 170.)-II. An architect, who lived in the age of Pericles. (Plut., Vit. Pericl, c. 13.)-III. A son of Mygdon, king of Thrace, who, from his love for Cassandra, offered his services to Priam, under the hope of obtaining the hand of his daughter. The prophetess, however, knowing the fate that awaited him, implored him to retire from the war; but he was inflexible, and fell by the hand of Peneleus the night that Troy was taken. (Virg., En., 2, 425.)

CORONE, a city of Messenia, on the western shore of the Sinus Messeniacus. It is now Coron, and the gulf is called after it, the Gulf of Coron. Its original name was pea; but this was changed to Corone after the restoration of the Messenians. It was in attempting to take this town, during the war occasioned by the secession of Messene from the Achæan league, that Philopomen was made prisoner. (Liv., 39, 49.) Strabo reports that this place was regarded by some as the Pedasus of Homer. The haven of Corone was called the Port of the Achæans. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 3, p. 139)

CORONEA, a city of Boeotia, to the southeast of Charonea, on a branch of the Cephissus. It was a place of considerable antiquity and importance, and was said to have been founded, together with Orchomenus, by the descendants of Athamas who came from Thessaly. (Pausan., 9, 34.-Strabo, 411.) Several important actions took place at different times in its vicinity. Tolmides, who commanded a body of Athenian troops, was here defeated and slain by the Baotians, which led to the emancipation of the whole province, after it had been subject to the Athenians since the victory

they obtained at Enophyte. (Thucyd., 1, 113.) The battle of Coronea was gained by Agesilaus and the Spartans against the Thebans and their allies in the second year of the 96th Olympiad, 394 B.C. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 4, 3, 8, seqq.-Plut., Vit. Agesil., 17.) This city was also twice taken by the Phocians under Onomarchus, and afterward given up to the Thebans by Philip of Macedon. (Demosth., de Pac., p. 62.— Philip., 2, p. 69.) The Coroneans, in the Macedonian war, having adhered to the cause of Perses, suffered severely from the resentment of the Romans. (Polyb., 27, 1, 8, and 5, 2.—Liv., 42, 44, and 67.-Id., 43, Suppl., 1, 2.) The ruins of Coronea are observable near the village of Korumis, on a remarkable insulated hill, where there are "many marbles and inscriptions. On the summit or acropolis are remains of a very cient polygonal wall, and also a Roman ruin of brick." (Gell, Itin., p. 150.-Dodwell, vol. 1, p. 247.)

CORONIS, daughter of Phlegyas, and mother of Esculapius by Apollo. She was put to death by the god for having proved unfaithful to him, but the offspring of her womb was first taken from her and spared. (Vid. Esculapius.)

CORSI, I. the inhabitants of Corsica.-II. The inhabitants of part of northern Sardinia, who came originally from Corsica. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 479.)

course. Mannert supposes it to have been nothing more than a canal cut from the Euphrates. (Vid. Masca, where notice is taken of an error in D'Anville's chart.) The site of Corsote appears to correspond, at the present day, to a spot where are the ruins of a large city, named Erzi or Irsah. (Rennell, Illustrations of the Anabasis, &c., p. 103.)

CORTONA, a town of Etruria, a short distance northwest of the Lacus Thrasymenus, and fourteen miles south of Arretium. Its claims to antiquity were equalled by few other places of Italy. It is thought to have been built on the ruins of an ancient town called Corythus, and is known by that appellation in Virgil. (Æn., 3, 170.—Id. ibid., 7, 209; 9, 10; 10, 719.— Compare Silius Italicus, 5, 123.) From the similaran-ity of names, it was supposed by some to owe its origin to Corythus, the father of Dardanus. Others deduced the name from the circumstance of Dardanus having lost his helmet (Kópvc) there in fighting. Both, however, are pronounced by Heyne to be mere fables. (Heyne, Excurs., 6, ad En., 3.) Perhaps the opinion most entitled to credit is that of Mannert, who makes the place to have been of Pelasgic origin. This, in fact, is strongly corroborated by the massy remains of the ancient walls, evidently of Pelasgic structure. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, moreover, who quotes from Hellanicus of Lesbos, an author somewhat anterior to Hesiod, states that the Pelasgi, who had landed at Spina on the Po, subsequently advanced into the interior of Italy, and occupied Cortona, which they fortified, and from thence formed other settlements in Tyrrhenia. On this account Cortona is styled the metropolis of that province. (Steph. Byz., s. v.— Compare Sil. Ital., 7, 174.) Cortona was one of the twelve cities of Etruria. (Muller, Etrusker, vol. 1, p. 345.) The Greek_name of the place was Gortyn (Tóprvv), and the Etrurian one Kortun, from which the Romans made Cortona. (Müller, Etrusker, vol 2, p. 268.) The city still retains its ancient appellation of Cortona. It was colonized by the Romans (Dionys., 1, 26), at what period is uncertain; probably in the time of Sylla, who colonized several towns of Etruria. Cramer thinks, that some confusion of names must have given rise to the story of Dardanus coming from Italy to Troy, as alluded to by Virgil (Æn., 7, 205). It is known that there were several towns in antiquity of the name of Gyrton, Gyrtone, and Gortyna, in Thessaly, Boeotia, Arcadia, and Crete; countries all more or less frequented at one time by the Pelasgi. This, he thinks, was the original form by which Cortona was first named; for Polybius calls it Cyrtone (3, 82), and it is known that the Etruscans and Umbri, who took their letters from the Pelasgi, never used the letter O. Now, according to some accounts, Dardanus came from Arcadia, and according to others, from Crete. Cramer suspects, however, that the Thessalian Gyrton ought to have the preference; for this city, in a passage of Strabo, though it is supposed to be mutilated, is entitled the Tyrrhenian (Strab., 330), and this might prove the key to the Italian origin of Dardanus, besides confirming the identity of the Tyrrheni with the Thessalian Pelasgi. (Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 215, not.)

CORSICA, an island of the Mediterranean, called by the Greeks Kúpvoç. Its inhabitants were styled by the same people Kúpviot; by the Latins, Corsi. In later times the island took also the name of Corsis. (ʼn Kopʊiç.—Compare Steph. Byz., s. v. Kopois.— Dionys. Perieg., v. 459, et Eustath., ad loc.) The ancient writers represent it as mountainous and woody, and only well cultivated along the eastern coast, where the Romans had settlements. (Dionys. Perieg., v. 460.) Its natural products were resin, honey, and wax. (Diod. Sic., 5, 13.) The honey, however, had a bitter taste, in consequence of the bees deriving it from the yew-trees with which the island abounded. (Virg., Eclog., 9, 30.- Ovid, Am., 1, 12. - Diod. Sic., 5, 14.) It was to their feeding abundantly on this honey, however, that the longevity of the Corsicans was ascribed. (Compare Eustath. ad Dionys. Perieg., v. 458.) The inhabitants were a rude race of mountaineers, indebted for their subsistence more to the produce of their flocks than to the cultivation of the soil. Seneca, who was banished to this quarter in the reign of Claudius, draws a very unfavourable picture of the island and its inhabitants; describing the former as rocky, unproductive, and unhealthy, and the latter as the worst of barbarians. He writes, however, under the influence of prejudiced feelings, and many allowances must be made. (Senec., de Consol. ad Helv., c. 6, 8.) The Corsi appear to have derived their origin from Ligurian and Iberian (called by Seneca Spanish) tribes. Eustathius says that a Ligurian female, named Corsa, having pursued in a small boat a bull which had taken to the water, accidentally discovered the island, which her countrymen named after her. (Eustath, ad Dionys. Perieg., v. 458.-Compare Isidori Origines, 14, 6.) The Phocæans, on retiring from Asia, settled here for a time, and founded the city Aleria, but were driven out finally by the Tyrrhenians and Carthaginians. (Diod. Sic., 5, 13.) The Romans took the island from this latter people B.C. 231, and subsequently two colonies were sent to it; one by Marius, which founded Mariana, and another by Sylla, which settled on the site of Aleria. Mantinorum Oppidum, in the same island, is now Bastia; and Urcinium, Ajaccio, was the birthplace of Napoleon. (Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 2, p. 505, seqq.) CORSOTE, a city of Mesopotamia, on the river Masca. D'Anville places it at the confluence of the Masca and Euphrates. The Masca, according to Xenophon (Anab., 1, 5, 4), flowed around the city in a circular

CORVINUS, I. or Corvus, a name given to M. Valerius, from his having been assisted by a crow (corvus) while engaged in combat with a Gaul. (Vid. Valerius.)-II. Messala, a distinguished Roman in the Augustan age. (Vid. Messala.)

CORYBANTES, the priests of Cybele, called also Galli. (Vid. Cybele.) In celebrating the festivals of the goddess, they ran about with loud cries and howlings, beating on timbrels, clashing cymbals, sounding pipes, and cutting their flesh with knives. Some derive the name from their moving along in a kind of dance, and tossing the head to and fro (Ò тоν корνπTóvras Baivewv). According to Strabo (479), and

COTTA, I. Caius Aurelius, a celebrated Roman orator, of the school of Crassus, and who flourished about A.U.C. 661. He failed, observes Cicero, in his pursuit of the tribuneship by the envious opposition which he encountered. Being accused before the people, he spoke with great force against the violent and unjust mode in which the equites dispensed jus- COTYÆUM, a town of Phrygia, south of Dorylæum, tice, and then went into voluntary exile, without wait-on the Thymbris, a branch of the Sangarius. Suidas ing for his condemnation. This happened in the stormy times of Marius and Sylla. He was recalled by the latter. When consul in 677, Cotta had a law passed, which gave the tribunes of the commons the right of holding other offices, of which they had been eprived by Sylla.-II. L. Aurelius, flourished at the Roman bar when Cicero was yet a young man, and the latter states that none kindled in him more emulation than Hortensius and Cotta. The eloquence of this individual was calm and flowing, and his diction elegant and correct. He was elevated to the consulship in 687 A.U.C., and in the year following to the censorship. In the debate respecting the recall of Cicero, Cotta, who was first called upon for his opinion, distinguished himself for the manly frankness with which he censured the proceedings against