"From provinces. No one could be consul two following | bo, l. c.-Steph. Byz., v. c.) Fortunately for the years; an interval of ten years must have elapsed pre- Baotians, nature had supplied several subterranean vious to the second application; yet this regulation canals, by which the waters of the lake found their was sometimes broken, and we find Marius re-elected way into the sea of Euboea. Strabo supposes they consul, after the expiration of his office, during the were caused by earthquakes. Their number is unCimbrian war. The office of consul became a mere certain; but Dodwell, who seems to have inquired matter of form under the emperors; although, as far minutely into the subject, was informed by the natives as appearance went, they who filled the station in- that there were as many as fifteen. He himself only dulged in much greater pomp than had before been observed four, one at the foot of Mount Plous, near customary they wore the toga picta or palmata, and Acræphia, which conveys the waters of Copaïs to the had their fasces wreathed with laurel, which used for- Lake Hylica, a distance of about two miles. The other merly to be done only by those who triumphed They katabothra, as they are called by the modern Greeks, also added the securis or axe to the fasces of their lic- are on the northeastern side of the lake. Dodwel tors. Cæsar introduced a custom, which became a speaks of these subterranean canals as being in a calcommon one after his time, of appointing consuls for careous rock, of a hard though friable quality, and full merely a part of a year. The object was to gratify a of natural caverns and fissures. Dodwell's Tour, vol. larger number of political partisans. Those chosen 1, p. 238.) In consequence of some obstructions in on the first day of January, however, gave name to these outlets, an attempt was made to cleanse them in the year, and were called ordinarii; the rest were the time of Alexander, and for this purpose square pits termed suffecti. Under Commodus there were no were cut in the rock in the supposed direction of this less than twenty-five consuls in the course of a single underground stream. Mr. Raikes saw some of these year. Constantine renewed the original institution, remaining. (MS. Journal.-Walpole's Memoirs, vol. and permitted the consuls to be a whole year in office. 1, p. 304.) According to Dodwell (vol. 1, p. 240), CONSUS, a Roman deity, the god of counsel, as his "the general size of these pits is four feet square; name denotes. His altar was in the Circus Maximus, the depth varies according to the unevenness of the and was always covered, except on his festival-day, ground under which the water is conducted to its outthe 18th August, called Consualia. Horse and chariot let. It is impossible to penetrate into these deep reraces were celebrated on this occasion, and the work- cesses, which are most of them filled with stones or ing-horses, mules, and asses were crowned with flow-overgrown with bushes; but it would not be difficult to ers, and allowed to rest. (Dion. Hal., 1, 33.-Plut., ascertain their depth, and their direction might be Quest. Rom., 48.) Hence Consus has probably been traced by following the shafts, which extend nearly confounded with Neptunus Equestris. It was at the to the sea."-Mr. Raikes gives the following account Consualia that the Sabine maidens were carried off by of the outlets where they empty into the sea. the Romans. (Keightley's Mythology, p. 529.) the mouth of the Larmi I rode along its banks, until, COPE, a small town of Boeotia, on the northern in about three miles, I came to a spot covered with shore of the Lake Copais, and giving name to that rocks and bushes, in the middle of which the whole piece of water. It was a town of considerable an- river burst with impetuosity from holes at the foot tiquity, being noticed by Homer in the Catalogue of of a low cliff, and immediately assumed the form of a the ships. (I., 2, 502) Pausanias remarks here the considerable stream. Above this source there is a temples of Bacchus, Ceres, and Serapis (9, 24.- small plain under cultivation, bounded to the west by Compare Thucyd., 4, 94-Strab., 406 and 410). Sir a range of low rocky hills. From these a magnificent W. Gell points out, to the north of Karditza (the an- view of the Copaic Lake and the mountains of Phocient Acræphia), "a triangular island, on which are cis presents itself to the eye." The same writer rethe walls of the ancient Copæ, and more distant, on marks, that "when the undertaking for clearing the another island, the village of Topolias, which gives the katabothra, in the time of Alexander, was proposed, present name to the lake." (Gell's Itin., p. 143.) the rich and flourishing towns of the plain were reAnd Dodwell speaks of a low insular tongue of land duced to a state of desolation by the encroachments of projecting from the foot of Ptous, and covered with the lake, and under the despondency occasioned by a the ruins of a small ancient city, the walls of which universal monarchy, sunk into complete decay. At are seen encircling it to the water's edge. (Dodwell's present the rising of the waters in winter has turned Tour, vol. 2, p. 56.) a great portion of the richest soil in the world into a COPAIS LACUS, a lake of Boeotia, which, as Strabo morass, and, should any permanent internal obstruction informs us, received different appellations from the occur in the stream, the whole of this fertile plain might different towns situated along its shores. At Haliar- gradually become included in the limits of the Copaic tus it was called Haliartius Lacus (Strabo, 410); at Lake."-The Copaic Lake was especially famed for Orchomenus, Orchomenius. (Plin., 16, 36.) Pindar its eels, which grew to a large size, and were highly and Homer distinguish it by the name of Cephissus. esteemed by the epicures of antiquity. (Archestr. ap. That of Copais, however, finally prevailed, as Copa Athen., 7, 53.) We know from Aristophanes that was situate near the deepest part of it. It is by far they found their way to the Athenian market (Acharn., the most considerable lake of Greece, being not less v. 880, seqq. - Lysistr., v. 36); and we are informthan three hundred and eighty stadia, or forty-seven ed by Dodwell (vol. 1, p. 237), that they are as miles in circuit, according to Strabo (407). Pau- much celebrated at present as they were in the time sanias states, that it was navigable from the mouth of of the ancients; and, after being salted and pickled, the Cephissus to Copa (9, 24). As this considera- are sent as delicacies to various parts of Greece." ble extent of water had no apparent discharge, it Some which were extraordinarily large were offered sometimes threatened to inundate the whole surround-up as sacrifices, and decorated like victims. (Athen., ing country. Tradition indeed asserted, that near Cope there stood, in the time of Cecrops, two ancient cities, Eleusis and Athenæ, the latter of which was situated on the river Triton, which, if it is the torrent noticed by Pausanias, was near Alalcomena. (Strabo, 407-Pausan., 1. c.) Stephanus Byzantinus reports, that when Crates drained the waters which had overspread the plains, the latter town became visible (s. v. 'A0ñvai). Some writers have asserted, that it occupied the site of the ancient Orchomenus. (Stra 64 7, 50-Compare Pausan., 9, 24.-I. Poll., 6, 63.— Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2, p. 256.) COPHAS, a harbour in Gedrosia, supposed by some to be the modern Gondel. (Compare the remarks of Vincent, Commerce of the Ancients, vol. 1, p. 252, seqq.) COPIA, the goddess of plenty among the Romans, represented as bearing a horn filled with fruits, &c. COPTUS, a city of Egypt, in the northern part of the Thebaïs, and to the east of the Nile, from which river COR it stood some distance back in a plain. Under the forms, according to him, a natural fortress that might CORALLI, a savage people of Sarmatia Europea, who CORAS, a brother of Catillus and Tiburtus (rid. Tibur), who fought against Æneas. (Virg., En., 7, 672.) CORAX, a Sicilian, whom the ancients regarded as Cicero, following the creator of the rhetorical art. Aristotle, says, that when the tyrants were driven out of Sicily, and private affairs began again to be taken cognizance of by the tribunals of justice, Corax and Tisias wrote on the rhetorical art, and penned precepts of oratory. In this way, according to him, the eloquence of the bar arose, the Sicilians being naturally an acute race and given to disputation. (Cic., Brut., c. 12.-Compare De Orat., 1, 20, and 3, 21.) Corax and Tisias must have lived, consequently, about 473 B.C., since this is the period when the Sicilians regained their freedom, of which they had been deprived by Gelon and the other tyrants who were contempo(Clavier, in Biog. Univ., vol. 9, raneous with him. p. 556.) CORBULO, Cn. Domitius, a celebrated Roman commander, under Claudius and Nero. He was famed for his military talent, his rigid observance of ancient discipline, and for the success of his arms, especially against the Parthians. On account of his great reputation, he became an object of jealousy and suspicion to Nero, who recalled him, under pretence of rewarding his merit. When Corbulo reached Corinth, he met there an order to die. Reflecting on his own want of prudence and foresight, he fell upon his sword, exclaiming, "I have well deserved this!" Thus perished, A.D. 67, the greatest warrior, and one of the most virtuous men of his time. Corbulo had written Memoirs of the wars carried on by him, after the manner of Cæsar's Commentaries; but they have not reached our day. (Tacit., Ann., 11, 18.-Id. ib., 13, 35.— Id. ib., 13, 14, &c.) CORBULONIS MONUMENTUM, a place in the northwestern part of Germany, among the Frisii, near the confines of the Chauci. It is supposed to answer to the modern Groningen. (Tacit., Ann., 11, 19.) CORA, a town of Latium, southwest of Anagnia. It was a place of great antiquity, and has preserved its name unchanged to the present day. Virgil (En., 6, CORCYRA, an island in the Ionian Sea, off the coast 773) makes it to have been a colony from Alba, while Pliny (3, 5) says, was founded by Dardanus, a Tro- of Epirus, in which Homer places the fabled gardens Jan. Cora suffered greatly during the contest with of Alcinous. It is said to have been first known unSpartacus, being taken and sacked by one of his wander the name of Drepane, perhaps from its similarity dering bands. (Flor., 3, 20.) It apparently, how- of shape to a scythe. (Apollon., Argon., 4, 982.) To ever, recovered from this devastation, as there are this name succeeded that of Scheria, always used by some fine remains of ancient buildings to be seen Homer, and by which it was probably known in his here, which must have been erected in the reigns of time. From the Odyssey we learn, that this island was Tiberius and Claudius. But Propertius and Lucan then inhabited by Phæacians, a people who, even at speak of Cora as the seat of ruin and desolation. that early period, had acquired considerable skill in (Propert., 4, 11.-Lucan, 7, 392.—Nibby, Viag. An- nautical affairs, and possessed extensive commercial tiq., vol. 2, p. 207.-Cramer's Anc. Italy, vol. 2, p. relations, since they traded with the Phoenicians, and also with Euboea and other countries.-Corcyra was 105.) CORACESIUM, a maritime town of Pamphylia, south-in after days the principal city of the island, and was east of Side. It is described by Strabo as a strong situated precisely where the modern town of Corfu and important fortress, situate on a steep rock. Pom- stands. Scylax speaks of three harbours, one of which It is pey took Coracesium in the piratical war. also incidentally noticed by Livy (33, 20.-Compare Scylux, p. 40.-Plin., 5, 27). Hierocles assigns Coracesium to Pamphylia, and D'Anville's map agrees with this. Others, however, to Cilicia; and Cramer's map places it in this latter country, just beyond the confines of Pamphylia. The site of CoraCosium corresponds with that of Alaya. Capt. Beaufort describes it as a promontory rising abruptly from a low sandy isthmus. Two of its sides are cliffs of great height, and absolutely perpendicular; and the eastern side, on which the town is placed, is so steep, that the houses seem to rest on each other. It Homer describes the posiis depicted as beautiful. tion of the city very accurately (Od., 6, 262). In the middle ages, the citadel obtained the name of Kopveto, from its two conical hills or crests, which appellation was, in process of time, applied to the whole town, and finally to the island itself. Hence the modern name of Corfu, which is but a corruption of the for(Wordsworth's Greece, p. 263.) As, however, mer. the island is designated in Boccacio by the appellation of Gurfo, and as the modern Greek term is Korfo, some have imagined that the name Corfu originated in a Romaic corruption of the ancient word for Kolpo bay," which might well be (kóλños), "gulf" or 66 him after a short defence. (Bell. Civ., 1, 16.-Compare Florus, 4, 2.-Appian, Bell. Civ., 2, 38.) The church of S. Pelino, about three miles from the town of Popoli, stands on the site of this ancient city, and the little hamlet of Pertinia occupies probably the place of its citadel. (D'Anville, An. Geogr., vol. 1, p. 173.-Mannert, Geogr., vol. 9, pt. 1, p. 500.) CORINNA, a poetess of Thebes, or, according to others, of Tanagra, distinguished for her skill in lyric verse, and remarkable for her personal attractions. She was the rival of Pindar, while the latter was still a young man; and, according to Elian (V. H., 13, 25), she gained the victory over him no less than five times. Pausanias, in his travels, saw at Tanagra a picture, in which Corinna was represented as binding her head with a fillet of victory, which she had gained in a contest with Pindar. He supposes that she was less indebted for this victory, to the excellence of her poetry than to her Boeotian dialect, which was more familiar to the ears of the judges at the games, and also to her extraordinary beauty. Corinna afterward assisted the young poet with her advice; it is related of her, that she recomrations; but that, when he had composed a hymn, in the first six verses of which (still extant) almost the whole of the Theban mythology was introduced, she smiled and said, "We should sow with the hand, not with the whole sack." (Pausan, 9, 22.-Plut., de Glor. Ath.-Op., ed. Reiske, vol. 7, p. 320.) She was surnamed "the Fly" (Mvia), as Erinna had been styled "the Bee." This appellation of Mvia has de ceived Clement of Alexandrea, who speaks of a poet ess named Myia. (Strom., 4, 19.) The poems of Corinna were all in the Boeotian or Eolic dialect. Too little of her poetry, however, has been preserved to allow of our forming a safe judgment of her style of composition. The extant fragments refer mostly to mythological subjects, particularly to heroines of the Boeotian legends. These remains were given by Ursinus, in his Carmina novem illustrium feminarum, 1568; by Wolf in his Poetriarum octo fragmenta, 1734; and by Schneider in his Movo@v åven, Giess., 1802, 8vo. (Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr., vol. 1, p. 295.Möhnike, Gesch. Lit. der Gr. und R., p. 317.) applied to the harbour beneath the double summits. | against the liberties of his country. It surrendered to (Wordsworth, l. c.) Corfu forms at the present day one of the Ionian islands, and is the most important of the number. It is 70 miles in length by 30 in breadth, and contains a population of 30,000 souls. The olive arrives at greater perfection here than in any other part of Greece; but the oil obtained from it is acrid.-Corfu | was for a long time considered as the stronghold of Italy against the attacks of the Mussulmans. The following is a sketch of the history of this island. Its earlier periods are enveloped in the mist of uncertainty and conjecture. A colony of Colchians is said to have settled there about 1349 years before our era. It was afterward governed by kings of whom little is known. Homer has, indeed, immortalized the name of Alcinous. But it is not easy to draw a map of the Homeric Phæacia, which shall coincide in its details with the localities of Corfu; nor will the topographer find it a simple task to discover the natural objects connected in the Odyssey with the city of the Phæacian king. In process of time, Corcyra, enriched and aggrandized by its maritime superiority, became one of the most powerful nations in Greece. (Thucyd., 1, 1.) The Corinthians, under Chersicrates, formed a settle-mended him to ornament his poems with mythical narment here in 753 B.C., and 415 years afterward it was captured by Agathocles of Syracuse, who gave it to his daughter Lanessa upon her marriage with Pyrrhus of Epirus. It was occupied by the troops of the Illyrian queen Teuta, about fifty-eight years after its seizure by Agathocles, but was soon after taken from her by the Romans, under the consul Cn. Flavius; and, although it had the privileges of a free city, it remained under the Romans for many centuries. In the time of Strabo it was reduced to extreme misery, owing to the vices of its administration and its want of moderation in prosperity. Corfu has for several centuries been celebrated for its powerful fortresses, to which great additions were made by the French, and subsequently by the English, in the hands of which latter people it, together with the other Ionian islands, at present remains. (Dodwell's Tour, vol. 1, p. 36, seqq.)-II. An island in the Adriatic, on the coast of Illyricum, termed Nigra (“Black”), in Greek Méλaiva, to distinguish it from the more celebrated island of the same name. It is now Curzola. Apollonius accounts for the epithet just mentioned from the dark masses of CORINTHI ISTHMUS, or Isthmus of Corinth, between wood with which it was crowned. (Argon., 4, 571.) the Saronicus Sinus and Corinthiacus Sinus, and uniSeymnus attributes to this island the honour of hav-ting the Peloponnesus to the northern parts of Greece, ing received a colony from Cnidus in Asia Minor. (Scymn., v. 426.-Compare Scylax, p. 8.-Strabo, 315.) CORDOBA, a city of Hispania Baetica, on the right bank of the river Bætis, and about 1200 stadia from the sea. The river being navigable to this quarter, Corduba became, in consequence, a large and opulent commercial place. It was the birthplace of both the Senecas, and of the poet Lucan, and is now Cordova. (Strab., 141.-Plin., 3, 3-Wernsdorff, Poet. Lat. Min., vol. 5, pt. 3, p. 1366.) CORE I. (Kopn, "the maiden"), an Attic name for Proserpina. Some, not very correctly, derive the term from kɛipw, "to cut," &c., and make it have reference to the "harvest." (Journal Royal Institution, No. 1, p. 59.)—II. A Corinthian female, said to have been the inventress of plaster-casts. (Athenag., Leg. pro Christ., 14, p. 59.—Sillig, Dict. Art., s. v.) CORFINIUM, the capital of the Peligni, in Italy, about three miles from the Aternus. During the Social war it took the name of Italica, and had the honour of being styled the capital of Italy. This arrangement, how ever, was of short continuance, as Corfinium appears to have seceded from the confederacy before the conclusion of the war. (Diod. Sic, Fragm., 37.) In la ter times we find it still regarded as one of the most important cities of this part of Italy, and one which Cæsar was most anxious to secure in his enterprise or Græcia Propria. The ancients appear to have 373 CORINTHI ISTHMUS. -Plut., Vit. Thes.) These continued in vogue when the other gymnastic exercises of Greece had fallen into neglect and disuse; and it was during their solemnization that the independence of Greece was proclaimed, after the victory of Cynoscephalæ, by order of the Roman senate and people. (Polyb., 18, 29.-Liv., 33, 32.) After the destruction of Corinth, the superintendence of the Isthmian games was committed to the Sicyonians by the Romans; on its restoration, however, by Julius Caesar, the presidency of the games again reverted to the Corinthian settlers. (Pausan, 2, 2.) CORINTHIACUS SINUS, or Gulf of Lepanto, an arm of the sea running in between the coast of Achaia and Sicyonia to the south, and that of Phocis, Locris, and Its gulf had the general appelEtolia to the north. The art of perforating rocks was well understood and dexterously practised both in Italy and Greece at a very early period, and, therefore, no difficulty of this kind could have occasioned the abandonment of so useful a project, though Pausanias is of a different opinion. It was afterward begun with the greatest energy, and abandoned without any plausible motive, as no doubt the quantity of rock or earth to be removed, and all the associated impediments, must have been the subject of previous calculation. And if Demetrius was really convinced that the level of the Corinthian Gulf was higher than that of the Saronic, and that the adjacent shore, with the neighbouring islands, would be inundated by the union of the two seas, those who came after him would not have persevered in so destructive an undertaking. Sesostris, and afterward Darius, were in the same manner deterred from finishing a ca-lation of Corinthian as far as the Isthmus, but it was nal from the Red Sea to the Nile, by an apprehension divided into smaller bays, the names of which were that Egypt would be inundated. (Strab., 38.-Id., 804.) sometimes poetically used for the entire gulf. Its Dio Cassius tells nearly the same story about digging different names were the Crissæan, Cirrhæan, Delphic, the isthmus as that which is related to travellers at Calydonian, Rhian, and Halcyonian. Besides being this day. He says that blood issued from the ground; now called the Gulf of Lepanto, the Sinus Corinthiacus that groans and lamentations were heard, and terrible ap- is often known by the name of the Gulf of Nepaktos or paritions seen. In order to stimulate the perseverance Salona. The victory of Don John of Austria, in 1571, of the people, Nero took a spade and dug himself. (Dio over the Turks, has immortalized the name of the Gulf Cass., 63, 16.-Compare Suet., Vit. Ner., 19.-Lu- of Lepanto in modern history. (Dodwell's Tour, vol. cian, de perfoss. Isthm.) Lucian informs us, that Ne- 1, p. 111.) CORINTHUS, a famous city of Greece, now Corito or ro was said to have been deterred from proceeding, by a representation made to him, similar to that which De- Corinth, and situate on the isthmus of the same name. metrius received respecting the unequal levels of the Commanding by its position the Ionian and Ægean seas, and holding, as it were, the keys of Peloponnetwo seas. He adds, however, a more probable reason; the troubles, namely, that were excited by Vindex in sus, Corinth, from the pre-eminent advantages of its Gaul, and which occasioned the emperor's hasty re- situation, was already the seat of opulence and the turn from Greece to Italy. (Lucian, de perfoss. Isthm. arts, while the rest of Greece was sunk in compara-Op., ed. Bip., vol. 9, p. 298.) It is probable, as tive obscurity and barbarism. Its origin is, of course, far as the supernatural appearances went, that the lost in the night of time; but we are assured that it priests at Delphi had some influence in checking the already existed under the name of Ephyre long before enterprise." (Dodwell's Tour, vol. 2, p. 184.) Trav- the siege of Troy. According to the assertions of the ellers inform us, that some remains of the canal under- Corinthians themselves, their city received its name taken by the Roman emperor are yet visible, reaching from Corinthus, the son of Jove; but Pausanias does from the sea, northeast of Lechæum, about half a mile not credit this popular tradition, and cites the poet It terminates on the southeast Eumelus to show that the appellation was really deacross the isthmus. side, where solid rock occurs, which, as Dr. Clarke rived from Corinthus, the son of Marathon (2. 1). thinks, must have opposed an insurmountable obsta- Homer certainly employs both names indiscriminately. cle. (Trav., vol. 6, p. 562.) Sir W. Gell remarks, that (Il., 2, 570; 13, 663.) Pausanias reports, that the the vestiges of the canal may be traced from the port descendants of Sysiphus reigned at Corinth until the or bay of Schoenus, along a natural hollow at the foot invasion of their territory by the Dorians and Heraof a line of fortifications. There are also several pits, clide, when Doridas and Hyanthidas, the last princes probably sunk to ascertain the nature of the soil, through of this race, abdicated the crown in favour of Aletes, which the canal was to be carried. The ground, how-a descendant of Hercules, whose lineal successors reever, is so high, that the undertaking would be attend- mained in possession of the throne of Corinth during ed with enormous expense. (Itin. of the Morea, p. five generations, when the crown passed into the family 208.)-We hear also of various attempts made to raise of the Bacchiade, so named from Bacchis, the son of fortifications across the Isthmus for the Peloponnesus Prumnis, who retained it for five other generations. when threatened with invasion. The first undertaking After this the sovereign power was transferred to anwas made before the battle of Salamis, when, as Henual magistrates, still chosen, however, from the line rodotus relates, the Peloponnesian confederates, hav- of the Bacchiade, with the title of Prytanes. Strabo ing blocked up the Scironian way, collected together a affirms that this form of government lasted 200 years; vast multitude, who worked night and day, without in- but Diodorus limits it to ninety years: the former termission, on the fortifications. Every kind of mate-writer probably includes within that period both the rial, such as stones, bricks, and timber, were employed, and the insterstices filled up with earth and sand. (Herodot, 8, 73.) Many years after, the Lacedæmonians and their allies endeavoured to fortify the isthmus from Cenchrea to Lechæum against Epaminon das; but this measure was rendered fruitless by the conduct and skill of that general, who forced a passage across the Oneian Mountains. (Xen., Hist. Gr., 7, 1.) Cleomenes also threw up trenches and lines from Acrocorinthus to the Oneian Mountains, in order to prevent the Macedonians, under Antigonus Doson, from penetrating into the peninsula. (Polyb., 2, 52. -Plut., de Cleom.)-The Isthmus of Corinth derived great celebrity from the games which were celebrated there every five years in honour of Palemon or Melicerta, and subsequently of Neptune. (Pausan. 1, 44. kings and Prytanes of the Bacchiada, Diodorus only tively pursued by that prince, who added Ambracia, | around Corinth, was the Acrocorinthus, an account Anactorium, and Leucas to the maritime dependencies of which has been given in a previous article. (Vid. of the Corinthians. (Strabo, l. c.-Aristot., Polit., 5, Acrocorinthus.) On the summit of this hill was 9.) Cypselus was succeeded by his son Periander. erected a temple of Venus, to whom the whole of the On the death of this latter, after a reign of forty-four Acrocorinthus, in fact, was sacred. In the times of years, according to Aristotle, his nephew Psammeti- Corinthian opulence and prosperity, it is said that the chus came to the throne, but lived only three years. At shrine of the goddess was attended by no less than his decease Corinth regained its independence, when a one thousand female slaves, dedicated to her service moderate aristocracy was established, under which the as courtesans. These priestesses of Venus contribrepublic enjoyed a state of tranquillity and prosperity uted not a little to the wealth and luxury of the city; unequalled by any other city of Greece. We are told whence arose the well-known expression, où aνTÒS by Thucydides, that the Corinthians were the first to ἀνδρὸς εἰς Κόρινθον ἐστ ̓ ὁ πλοῦς, or, as Horace ex build war-galleys or triremes; and the earliest naval presses it (Epist., 1, 17, 36), Non cuivis homini engagement, according to the same historian, was contingit adire Corinthum," in allusion to its expenfought by their fleet and that of the Corcyreans, who sive pleasures.-Corinth was famed for its three harhad been alienated from their mother-state by the bours, Lechæum, on the Corinthian Gulf, and Cencruelty and impolicy of Periander. (Thucyd., 1, 13.- chrea and Schoenus on the Saronic. Near this last Compare Herodot, 3, 48.) The arts of painting and was the Diolcos, where vessels were transported over sculpture, more especially that of casting in bronze, at- the isthmus by machinery. (Vid. Corinthi Isthmus.) tained to the highest perfection at Corinth, and rendered The first of these is now choked with sand, as is likethis city the ornament of Greece, until it was stripped wise the port of Cenchreæ. The shallow harbour of by the rapacity of a Roman general. Such was the Schoenus, where was a quay in ancient times, has now beauty of its vases, that the tombs in which they had almost disappeared. All these harbours are mere mobeen deposited were ransacked by the Roman colonists rasses, and corrupt the air of the city.---Before leaving whom Julius Cæsar had established there after the de- this subject, it may not be amiss to say a few words struction of the city; these, being transported to Rome, in relation to the well-known Corinthian brass of anwere purchased at enormous prices. (Strabo, 381.) tiquity. The common account is, that when Corinth An interesting dissertation on these beautiful specimens was destroyed by the Romans, all the metals that were of art will be found in Dodwell's Tour (vol. 2, p. 196). in the city melted and mixed together during the -When the Achæan confederacy, owing to the in- conflagration, and formed that valuable composition, fatuation of those who presided over its counsels, be-known by the name of "Corinthian brass," Es Corincame involved in a destructive war with the Romans, thium. This, however, bears the stamp of improbaCorinth was the last hold of their tottering republic; bility on its very face. Klaproth rejects the account. and, had its citizens wisely submitted to the offers pro- He seems to think, and adduces the authority of Pliny posed by the victorious Metellus, it might have been in his favour, that it was merely a term of art, and preserved; but the deputation of that general having applied to a metallic mixture in high estimation among been treated with scorn, and even insult, the city be- the Romans, and, though of a superior quality, nearly came exposed to all the vengeance of the Romans. resembling aurichalcum. This last was composed of (Polyb., 40, 4, 1.-Strabo, 381.) L. Mummius, the either copper and zinc, or of copper, tin, and lead; consul, appeared before its walls with a numerous army, the former of a pale yellow, the latter of a darker and, after defeating the Achæans in a general engage- colour, resembling gold. The mixture by means of ment, entered the town, now left without defence, and calamine was rendered tough and malleable. (Cromdeserted by the greater part of the inhabitants. It was bie's Gymnasium, vol. 2, p. 127, not.) then given up to plunder, and finally set on fire; the walls also were razed to the ground, so that scarcely a vestige of this once great and noble city remained. Polybius, who witnessed its destruction, affirmed, as we are informed by Strabo (381), that he had seen the finest paintings strewed on the ground, and the Roman soldiers using them as boards for dice or draughts. Pausanias reports (7, 16), that all the men were put to the sword, the women and children sold, and the most valuable statues and paintings removed to Rome. (Vid. Mummius.) Strabo observes (l. c.), that the finest works of art which adorned that capital in his time had come from Corinth. He likewise states, that Corinth remained for many years deserted and in ruins; as also does the poet Antipater of Sidon, who describes in verse the scene of desolation. (Anal., vol 2, p. 20.) Julius Cæsar, however, not long before his death, sent a numerous colony thither, by means of which Corinth was once more raised from its state of ruin. (Strabo, 381.) It was already a large and pop. ulous city, and the capital of Achaia, when St. Paul preached the gospel there for a year and six months. (Acts, 18, 11.) It is also evident that, when visited by Pausanias, it was thickly adorned by public buildings, and enriched with numerous works of art (Pausan., 2, 2); and as late as the time of Hierocles, we find it styled the metropolis of Greece. (Synecd., p. 646.) In a later age, the Venetians received the place from a Greek emperor; Mohammed II. took it from them in 1458; the Venetians recovered it in 1687, and fortified the Acrocorinthus again; but the Turks took it anew in 1715, and retained it until driven from the Peloponnesus.-An important feature in the scenery CORIOLANUS, Caius Marcius, a distinguished Roman of patrician rank, whose story forms a brilliant legend in the early history of Rome. His name at first was Caius Marcius, but having contributed, mainly by his great personal valour, to the capture of Corioli, and the defeat of a Volscian army, assembled for its aid, on the same day, he received for this gallant exploit the surname of Coriolanus. Not long after this, however, during a scarcity at Rome, he opposed the distribution of a supply of provisions, in part sent by Gelon, of Sicily, and advised the patricians to make this a means of recovering the power which had been wrested from them by the commons. For this and other conduct of a similar nature, he was tried in the Comitia Tributa, and condemned to perpetual banishment. Resolving, upon this, to gratify his vindictive spirit, Coriolanus presented himself as a suppliant to Tullius Aufidius, the leading man among the Volsci, was well received by him and the whole nation, and, war being declared, was invested, along with Aufidius, with the command of the Volscian forces. By his military skill and renown Coriolanus at once defeated and appalled the Romans, till, having taken almost all their subject cities, he advanced at the head of the Volscian army against Rome itself, and encamped only five miles from it, at the Fossa Cluilia. All was thereupon terror and confusion in the Roman capital. Embassy after embassy was sent to Coriolanus, to entreat him to spare his country, but he remained inexorable, and would only grant peace on condition that the Romans restored all the cities and lands which they had taken from the Volsci, and granted to the latter the freedom of Rome, as had been done in the |